Exam 3 Study Set

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT abstract symbols. an equation. a spatial layout. a statement.

a spatial layout.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of into their network model. spreading activation cognitive economy typicality back propagation

spreading activation

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were , some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were . using visual images; activated using visual images; deactivated perceiving stimuli; activated perceiving stimuli; deactivated

using visual images; deactivated

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used in answering the question. the visual search her visual icon visual imagery mental chronometry

visual imagery

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because some people have great difficulty forming visual images. visual images vary in detail. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately seconds. 2 3 4 6

2

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate? 4 3 2 1

3

Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial? 30 degrees 60 degrees 90 degrees 180 degrees

30 degrees

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a wolf. an anteater. a rhinoceros. a bumblebee.

a bumblebee.

Items high on prototypicality have family resemblances. no weak moderate strong

strong

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? A field sparrow is a bird. A field sparrow is a sparrow. A field sparrow is an animal. A field sparrow is a field sparrow.

A field sparrow is an animal.

is a "typical" member of a category. A prototype An exemplar A unit A component

A prototype

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? Turtles are turtles. A turtle is an animal. A turtle is related to a fish. A turtle is an amphibian.

A turtle is an animal.

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage. Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. The connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights.

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? True lies Amazing grace Cake mug Mission impossible

Cake mug

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful? Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects. Categories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling. Categories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories. Categories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it.

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks? Distributed processing Cognitive economy Prototype formation Serial processing

Cognitive economy

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? Exemplar Prototype Definitional Network

Exemplar

are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. Icons Prototypes Units Exemplars

Exemplars

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? Family resemblance Hierarchical organization Cognitive economy Spreading activation

Family resemblance

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? Baseball America Apple pie Freedom

Freedom

Which of the following represents a basic level item? Musical instrument Guitar Rock guitar Paul McCartney's bass guitar

Guitar

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique? Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented: An apple is a fruit. YES NO Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO Fill in the blank in the following sentence: An apple is a(n) . Fill in the blank in the following sentence: A(n)is a fruit.

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? Semantic network theory The prototype approach Parallel distributed processing theory Enhancement due to priming

Parallel distributed processing theory

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? Exemplar Network Typicality Prototype

Prototype

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category? Crow Goose Hummingbird Sparrow

Sparrow

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization? Typical Basic Subordinate Superordinate

Superordinate

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? The results of scanning experiments Depictive representations The tacit-knowledge explanation The distinction between propositional and spatial representations

The tacit-knowledge explanation

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. Imagery is closely related to language.

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? Truck Vehicle Pickup truck Transportation

Truck

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? Hidden units Input units Working units Output units

Working units

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that a carrot would be named before eggplant. an eggplant would be named before carrot. a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first. the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant.

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using tacit knowledge. a proposition. the method of loci. a depictive representation.

a depictive representation.

Mental-scanning experiments found a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a statement is true. a presented stimulus is a word. a stimulus is presented. two stimuli are associated.

a presented stimulus is a word.

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members.

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

Imagery neurons respond to all visual images. only visual images in a specific category. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images.

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing right at the front door. two feet from the front door. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. one mile away from the house.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a. b___ - h___. b. boat _______ - car ________. house. a blank piece of paper for free recall

b. boat _______ - car ________.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. graceful degradation error verification spreading activation back propagation

back propagation

According to Rosch, the level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience. superordinate prototypical basic subordinate

basic

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 583: 518: 653 msec b. 518: 583: 653 msec c. 583: 653: 518 msec d. 653: 583: 518 msec

c. 583: 653: 518 msec

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property is stored at the node. can fly; bird can fly; canary has feathers; ostrich bird; penguin

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on the definition of the category. a universal set of category members. a defined set of category members. category members that have been encountered in the past.

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Two different definitions of offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas." exemplars concepts units prototypes

concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network connection weights. nodes. hidden units. output units.

connection weights.

One of the key properties of the approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. semantic network hierarchical spreading activation connectionist

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with semantic networks. connectionist networks. reasoning about categories. spreading activation.

connectionist networks.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of , which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties. obstruction convergence crowding overlapping

crowding

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that it loses information at a very slow rate. damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation. it is either functioning at 100 percent, or it is not functioning at all. it can be set to operate at "low efficiency" or "high efficiency" depending on the demand of the current task.

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the approach to categorization. prototype exemplar definitional family resemblance

definitional

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being specific. subordinate. graded. distributed.

distributed.

The definitional approach to categorization is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. was proposed to replace the prototype approach.

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and dual coding. dreams. inner audition. the visual buffer.

dreams.

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n) epiphenomenon. inner scribe. convergent behavior. propositional behavior.

epiphenomenon.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the approach to categorization. exemplar definitional family resemblance prototype

exemplar

Research suggests that the approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). semantic network definitional prototype exemplar

exemplar

Mental imagery involves experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. sensory representations of a stimulus. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus disrupts the processing of another stimulus. acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars.

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is family resemblance. prototypicality. graded membership. instance theory.

family resemblance.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at visual centers. lower; higher higher; lower both lower and higher; higher higher; both lower and higher

higher; both lower and higher

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that imagery and perception are two different phenomena. imagery and perception can interact with one another. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated how easy mental rotation is for humans. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT studying images was a way of studying thinking. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness. imagery requires a special mechanism. thought is impossible without an image.

imagery requires a special mechanism.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used in playing the game. mental chronometry mental synthesis visual imagery inner audition

inner audition

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. is a dog that does not bark. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered.

is a dog that does not bark.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery actually exists. can be used to inform non-visual sensory systems. is identical for all people. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

According to the typicality effect, objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects.

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using image scanning. mental chronometry. epiphenomena. propositional representations.

mental chronometry.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves visual icons. mental images. perceptual images. echoic schemas

mental images.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the procedure. mental scanning categorization priming mental walk

mental scanning

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved image synthesis. mental scanning. method of loci. propositional representations.

mental scanning.

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the experiment. image scanning mental walk mental synthesis mental set

mental walk

Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray. imitative anticipatory redundant mirror

mirror

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves more prototypes than Bob's. more exemplars than Bob's. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

more exemplars than Bob's.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a link. input unit. node. output unit.

node.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex is an epiphenomenon. can be inferred using mental chronometry. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Spreading activation primes associated concepts. inhibits unrelated concepts. creates new links between associated concepts. weakens the link between unrelated concepts.

primes associated concepts.

"3x + 9 = 16" is a representation. depictive spatial propositional descriptive

propositional

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the approach to categorization. exemplar prototype network parallel processing

prototype

According to the approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. semantic category neuronal limitation multiple-factor sensory-functional

semantic category

The model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. parallel distributed processing connectionist network neural network semantic network

semantic network

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes and one that distinguishes . sensations; facts sensory attributes; function serial nodes; familiar concepts sequential networks; familial resemblance

sensory attributes; function

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the size of the field of view. recognition of objects in the left side of space. ability to visually recognize objects. ability to draw objects from memory.

size of the field of view.

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves representations. epiphenomenal propositional spatial unilateral

spatial

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the level. superordinate; subordinate superordinate; basic subordinate; basic basic; subordinate

subordinate; basic

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from categories results in the largest gain in information. superordinate level to basic level basic level to subordinate level subordinate level to basic level basic level to superordinate level

superordinate level to basic level

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the explanation of imagery. epiphenomenon depictive representation spatial representation tacit-knowledge

tacit-knowledge

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by the amount of information contained in each concept. the distance that must be traveled through the network. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept.

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00. the output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes "locked" into the system. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned. the output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate.

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories. no measurable priming effect. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories.

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." interfered with by faster than the same as slower than

the same as

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana.

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer and Itzaj participants would answer . tree; tree tree; oak oak; tree oak; oak

tree; oak

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the effect. resemblance typicality priming reaction-time

typicality