Exam 3
If a polar expedition of Baylor scientists discovered a thriving form of archaea bacteria within the frozen walls of an iceberg, what would you guess is most likely to be true about this bacteria given the conditions it lives in? Select all answers that apply! A.Increased levels of cholesterol in the cell membrane B.A generally rigid cell membrane C.A pump for water soluble molecules D.Increased peripheral proteins along cell membrane E.An efficient means of breaking down glycerol for energy
1, 2, 3 A.True because cholesterol helps stabilize cell membranes in low temps. Specifically preventing lipid clustering via intercalation B.True because cell membranes become more rigid in lower temps. C.True because while water soluble molecules can diffuse through most cell membranes one that stays at below freezing temps would likely be too tightly packed to rely of simple diffusion alone D.False because there's no indication that peripheral proteins would play a role in this case E.False because glycerol is needed to reduce mechanical damage caused by crystalline species, breaking it down would be maladaptive
What are the general characteristics of neutral lipids? (choose all that apply) I.Monocarboxylic II.Unbranched chains of FAs III.Even numbers of carbons in FAs IV.12-24 carbons in FAs
1, 2, 3, 4 16-18 carbons are the most common but lipids can have 12-24 carbons
Which are true of HMG-CoA reductase? I.Stimulated by insulin II.Feed-forward stimulated by HMG-CoA III.Inhibited by free cholesterol IV.Dependent on NADH V.Committed and regulated step of cholesterol synthesis
1, 3, 5 4 is false because it is dependent on NADPH not NADH
Match (answers can be used more than once) Lipoprotein Class 1)HDL 2)LDL 3)VLDL 4)Chylomicrons Major core lipid triglycerides cholesterols ester
1- cholesterol ester 2- cholesterol ester 3- triglycerides 4- triglycerides
A total of 14 NADPH are required for the synthesis of one molecule of palmitate. Where do exactly 8 of the NADPH come from? A) Malic enzyme reaction B) Pentose phosphate pathway C) Malate DH D) Acyl CoA DH
A
ApoE is a specialized apolipoprotein that is... A.known to have several allelic variants, one of which confers increased risk of progressive neurodegeneracy B.a protein component involved in LDL receptor binding during cholesterol metabolism C. an activator of lipases, which subsequently hydrolyze triacylglycerols D.None of the above
A
During a well-fed state, which of these have an elevated LPL synthesis and activity? A.Adipocytes B.Skeletal cell C.Muscle cell D.All of the above E.A and B F.B,D, and C
A
Glycophorin A is... A.A major glycoprotein of the erythrocyte membrane B.A major glycolipid of the erythrocyte membrane C.A major glycoprotein of the hepatocyte membrane D.A major glycolipid of the hepatocyte membrane
A
Most Fatty Acids Can Be Synthesized from ________ A.Palmitate B.Stearate C.Oleate D.Linoleate E.Arachidonate
A
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released into the bloodstream during physical exercise and acute stress to engage the fight-or-flight response. What is the effect of these transmitter molecules on fatty acid metabolism? A.Stimulate lipolysis in hepatocytes B.Inhibit lipolysis in hepatocytes C.Stimulate glycolysis in hepatocytes D.None of the above
A
The behavior of the lipid bilayer is like a viscous liquid at body temperature. A.True B.False
A
The use of FA by tissue is proportional to the plasma free FA level. A.True B.False
A
What order kinetics is carrier mediated transport? A.1st Order B.0 Order C.2nd Order
A
Which apolipoprotein organizes the assembly of chylomicrons within enterocytes? A.ApoB48 B.ApoB100 C.ApoCII D.ApoE E.ApoF
A
Which of the following FA has the highest melting point? A.19:0 B.19:2 C.19:1 D.18:0
A
Which of the following are paired correctly: A.ATPase ion transporters are phosphorylated during the transport cycle B.ATPase ion transporters are methylated during the transport cycle C.ATPase ion transporters are transcriptionally modified during the transport cycle D.ATP binding cassettes have sphingolipid dons in the active sites
A
Which of the following enzymes facilitates the committed step of fatty acid metabolism A.Acyl-CoA Synthetase B.Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase C.Enoyl-CoA Hydratase D.B-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase E.B-ketothiolase
A
Which of the following mediates facilitated diffusion using an antiport carrier? A.Ca2+-Na+ transporters in the membranes of myocardial cells B.Na+-glucose transporters on the brush border C.GLUT1 transporters in the membranes of most somatic cells D.Na+-K+ ATPase pumps located in the axon hillock of neuronal cells
A
Which of the following process is inhibited by palmitoyl CoA A.FA synth B.Beta oxidation C.Gluconeogenesis D.Johnny Football's cocaine metabolism
A
Which of the following tissues can process/excrete cholesterol? A.Liver B.Adipose C.Pancreatic D.All of the above
A
Which of these is a anaplerotic product of beta oxidation and which chain length is able to make it? a.Succinyl coA; 15:0 b.Succinyl coA; 16:0 c.Citrate 15:0 d.Citrate 16:0
A
Beta Oxidation is inhibited by _____ ; Fatty Acid Synthesis is inhibited by _____ a.Malonyl CoA ; Palmitoyl CoA b.Palmitoyl CoA ; Malonyl CoA
A A.Malnoyl CoA formation is the committing step for Fatty Acid Synthesis so it will inhibit Beta Oxidation.
Fatty Acid Synthesis forms _ enantiomer of 3-Hydroxybutarate. a.D b.L c.R d.S
A A.The D-enantiomer of Hydroxybutarate is formed, instead of the L-enantiomer during fatty acid synthesis.
Which enzyme is responsible for the committed step in FA synthesis? A)Acetyl- CoA carboxylase B)Acetyl- CoA decarboxylase C)Acyl- CoA carboxylase D)Acyl- CoA decarboxylase
A Acetyl- coA carboxylase catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA to malonyl- CoA with the use of ATP and the cofactor biotin
Which value on a Complete Blood Content should be the highest in a healthy adult? A.Cholesterol B.Triglyceride C.LDL D.HDL
A Because that's a category that includes the other categories. From Case Study Material PLO
Which lipoproteins are metabolized by lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, respectively? A.Chylomicrons and VLDLs; IDLs and VLDL remnants B.HDLs; VLDLs C.VLDLs; chylomicrons and IDLs D.VLDLs; chylomicrons
A figure 25.3-4
Select which of these is/are an "essential" FA? A.Linoleic acid B.18:0 C.Arachidonic Acid D.18:3 delta 9,12,15
A and D
Which of the following are considered primary lipoproteins? (Select all that apply) A.Chylomicrons B.VLDLs C.LDLs D.IDLs E.HDLs
A, B
Which of the following are symptoms of Abetalipoproteinemia? (select all that apply) A.Deficient TAG transfer B.Absence of LDL C.High levels of cholesterol D.High level of HDL E.Absence of VLDL F.Absence of chylomicrons
A, B, E, F
Which of the following are untrue regarding lipids? I.Lipids exist mostly in their acid form in tissues II.They can be hormones III."Simple lipids" describes the molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen IV.Most carbon chains in lipids are even numbered Select all that apply A.I. B.II. C.III. D.IV.
A, C
Which are the two extra enzymes needed for beta oxidation of polyunsaturated FAs? A)Cis-delta3-Enoyl CoA isomerase B)trans-delta3-Enoyl CoA isomerase C)2,4- dienoyl CoA reductase D)Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
A, C all 4 are used but A and C are used specifically for polyunsaturated FA
The liver cannot efficiently use which of the following as fuel sources? (Select all that apply) A.Glucose B.Fatty Acids C.Alpha-Keto Acids D.Ketone Bodies
A, D
During FA synthesis what protein are the intermediates attached to? (Specifically in the complex. Free Response.)
Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)
Abetalipoproteinemia causes a severe accumulation of triglycerides in which of the following organ tissues? A) Liver cells only B) Liver and intestinal mucosa cells C) Adipose cells only D) Liver and heart cells
B
ApoB-100 is a specialized apolipoprotein that is... A.known to have several allelic variants, one of which confers increased risk of progressive neurodegeneration B.a protein component involved in LDL receptor binding during cholesterol metabolism C. an activator of lipases, which subsequently hydrolyze triacylglycerols D.None of the above
B
Carnitine deficiency causes hypoketotic hyperglycemia and muscle cramps/weakness. A) True B) False
B
How much ATP is needed for Activation of Fatty Acids? A.4 equivalent B.2 equivalent C.0 because it's anabolic D.0 because its catabolic
B
In unsaturated FAs, the first double bond is separated from the carbonyl by at least _____ methylene groups A)One B)Two C)Three D)Four
B
Johnny Football is back at it again, no he's not getting himself fired from yet another NFL team because of misbehavior, but he's come back to A&M to finish his degree. Only a few short weeks after starting school, he's decided he wants to relive the glory days and starts working out excessively. What is true in regards to the regulation of LPL in Johnny's body following a brutal workout? A.All the cocaine and marijuana in his system competes with LPL's active site B.LPL synthesis slows leading to a decrease in activity in his fat cells, but activity of LPL in his muscle cells increases C.LPL activity is increased everywhere, so he can mobilize FA for energy to sustain his strength during the workout. D.He's Johnny effing football, his body does what he tells it to do.
B
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released into the bloodstream during physical exercise and acute stress to engage the fight-or-flight response. Which receptor mediates their physiologic effects? A.ɑ-receptors B.β-receptors C.𝛾-receptors D.Δ-receptors
B
Saturated fatty acids have less stability than unsaturated fatty acids. True or False? A)True B)False
B
Select the correct name for the given fatty acid below: A.20:4 Δ4,7,10,13 B.20:4 Δ5,8,11,14 C.20:4 Δ6,9,12,15 D.20:4 Δ5,9,11,14
B
The activated donor in fatty acid synthesis is: A.Acyl-ACP B.Malonyl-ACP C.Palmityl-ACP D.Acetoacetyl-ACP
B
The rate limiting step/committed step of cholesterol biosynthesis is stimulated by? A) Free cholesterol B) Insulin C) Glucagon D) Cortisol
B
Triglycerides are transported from the liver to extrahepatic tissues via __________ A.Chylomicrons B.VLDLs C.LDLs D.IDLs E.HDLs
B
What does pancreatic lipase from the intestine cleave triacylglycerols into? A)1-monoacyl glycerol + 2 FA B)2-monoacyl glycerol + 2 FA C)2-monoacyl glycerol + 3 FA D)1-monoacyl glycerol + 3 FA
B
What happens to the fatty acid/ketone body ratio in the plasma as days of starvation increase? A) Increases B) Decreases C) Does not change
B
What is the committed & key regulatory step for Beta oxidation? a.Activation of Fatty Acid into Acyl CoA via Acyl CoA Synthase. b.Transport of Acyl CoA into the mitochondria via Carnitine Acyltransferase. c.Oxidation of Acyl CoA into trans Trans Delta 2 Enoyl CoA via Acyl Coa Dehydrogenase. d.Hydration of Trans Delta 2 Enoyl CoA into L3 Hydroxyacyl CoA via Enoyl CoA Hydrase.
B
What is the committed step in bile acid synthesis? A.Beta-ketothiolase B.7-alpha-hydroxylase C.Beta-hydroxylase D.Taurocholic synthase Glycocholicacid synthetase
B
What is the effect of a carbohydrate-rich meal on hormone-sensitive lipase activity? A.Increased activity B.Decreased activity C.No change
B
What is the expected life-span of a chylomicron from its secretion to uptake, and the expected life-span of a chylomicron TG in the blood stream, respectively? A.5-10 minutes; 1 hour B.1 hour; 5-10 minutes C.1 day; 2 hours D.2 hours; 1 day
B
What is the primary component of phospholipids that govern fluidity? A.Cholesterol B.Carbon-carbon double bonds C.Carbohydrates D.Integral membrane proteins
B
What type of interactions allow the behavior of polar lipids in water? I.Hydrophobic interactions II.H-bonds III.Van Der Waals interactions IV.Dipole-dipole interactions A.I B.I and III C.I, II and III D.I, II, III, and IV
B
Which apolipoprotein acts as the ligand that triggers the receptor-mediated endocytosis of chylomicron remnants into the liver cells and how many are necessary in order to complete endocytosis? A.Apo A-I; 2 B.Apo E; 2 C.Apo C-I; 3 D.Apo C-II; 1
B
Which enzyme is involved in the committed step of FA synthesis? A.Acetyl transacylase B.Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Biotin) C.Malate dehydrogenase D.Ketoacyl reductase
B
Which is NOT a way free cholesterol regulates the amount of cholesterol in a cell? A.Inducing ACAT: converting free chol to chol esters B.Diffusing out of the cell C.Reducing the synthesis of LDL receptor D.Increasing the degradation of LDL receptor E.Repressing HMG-CoA reductase (this is the rate limiting enzyme in chol synthesis.)
B
Which of the following correctly pairs the specialized apolipoprotein roles? A.Apo B-100; associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer's Disease B.Apo C-II;activator for lipases that hydrolyze triaglycerols in lipoproteins C.Apo E; protein component that is recognized by the LDL receptor in the metabolism of cholesterol D.None of the above
B
Which of the following is NOT a location of fatty acid synthesis in the human body? A.Liver B.Pancreas C.Lactating mammary glands D.Adipose tissues
B
Which of the following is NOT a physiological function of lipids? A)Biological membrane structure B)Transporting other macromolecules C)Energy reserves D)Vitamins and hormones precursors
B
Which of the following is NOT a possible regulatory mechanism of fatty acid metabolism? A.Increase the availability of NAD and FAD coenzymes B.Down-regulation of carnitine acyltransferase by acyl-CoA C.Enhance adipose tissue lipolysis by glucagon D.Reduce adipose tissue lipolysis by insulin E.None of the above
B
Which of the following is a major lipid component of pulmonary surfactant? A.Oleic glyceroethanol B.Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline C.Sphingomyelin D.Cholesterol
B
Which of the following lipoproteins is primarily responsible for cholesterol transport to tissues in the blood? A.Very low-density lipoproteins B.Low-density lipoproteins C.Intermediate-density lipoproteins D.High-density lipoproteins E.Very high-density lipoproteins
B
Which of the following mediates facilitated diffusion using a symport carrier? A.Ca2+-Na+ transporters in the membranes of myocardial cells B.Na+-glucose transporters on the brush border C.GLUT1 transporters in the membranes of most somatic cells D.Na+-K+ ATPase pumps located in the axon hillock of neuronal cells
B
Which of the following processes accurately portrays the sequential action of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump? A.Na+ binds the glycoprotein, Glu is phosphorylated, Na+ released, K+ binds, Glu is dephosphorylated, K+ released B.Na+ binds the glycoprotein, Asp is phosphorylated, Na+ released, K+ binds, Asp is dephosphorylated, K+ released C.Na+ binds the glycoprotein, Asn is phosphorylated, Na+ released, K+ binds, Asn is dephosphorylated, K+ released D.Na+ binds the glycoprotein, Glu is dephosphorylated, Na+ released, K+ binds, Glu is phosphorylated, K+ released
B
Which of the following processes do not occur in the mitochondrial matrix? A.TCA B.Fatty acid synthesis C.Fatty acid oxidation D.Ketone-body synthesis E.All of the above
B
What is a common feature of ABC transporters? A)Having sugar moieties that bind ATP B)Having AA dons that bind ATP C)Being phosphorylated during the transport cycle D)Being dephosphorylated during the transport cycle
B ATP-binding cassette transporters have amino acid dons that bind to ATP during the transport cycle
Which of the following apolipoproteins is not produced in the liver? A.Apo C-II B.Apo B-48 C.Apo B-100 D.Apo E E.Apo C-I
B Apo B-48 is produced by the intestines, which makes sense because it is attached to chylomicrons as they enter the lymphatic space from the intestines.
Rank the following based on increasing diameter. I.LDL II.HDL III.IDL IV.Chylomicron V.VLDL a.II < III < V < I < IV b.II < I < III < V < IV c.V < I < III < II < IV d.II < III < I < V < IV
B Ranking based on diameter, the order goes: HDL < LDL < IDL < VLDL < Chylomicron.
Which of the following statements is true regarding Arachidonic acid? I.It is a polyunsaturated FA with 3 double bonds II.The first double bond is at the 5th carbon III.It is an important precursor of prostaglandins IV.It is an omega-6 FA A.II and IV B.II, III and IV C.I, III and IV D.I, II and IV E.All of the above
B Statement I is false because it has 4 double bonds, not 3. All other statements are true.
Which of the following statements is (are) not true: I.IDLs are taken up by the liver and further processed to LDLs II.LDLs are the primary transporter of cholesterol to the tissues III.LDLs are the primary transporter of cholesterol to VLDLs IV.HDLs are the primary transporter of cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver. A.I only B.III only C.III and IV II, III and IV
B Statement III is false, LDLs transport cholesterol to the tissues and to other HDLs, but not to VLDLs, making this statement false.
What is steatorrhea? a.A condition caused by the inability to properly digest carbohydrates leading to discolored stools. b.Pancreatic failure leading to bulky, fatty, floating stools that contain undigested triglycerides. c.Overproduction of enzymes in the pancreas causing pain after consuming a meal. d.Overproduction of bile leading to elevated cholesterol levels in the blood.
B Steatorrhea is defined as the dysfunction in the pancreatic enzymes leading to the inability to digest fats. These fats will end up in the stool. Steatorrhea can be easily treated by taking oral medication which contain the missing enzymes.
Which are differences in the synthesis of fatty acids vs. the breakdown of fatty acids? I.NADPH instead of NAD and FADH2 II.Exergonic instead of endergonic III.Acyl-carrier protein instead of coenzyme A IV.Multienzyme complex instead of single enzymes A)I & II B)I, III, IV C)II, III, IV D)I, II, III, IV
B anabolism is endergonic
Which FA is most important for synthesis of prostaglandins? A)Eicosatrienoic acid B)Arachidonic acid C)Eicosapentanenoic acid D)Dihomo--gamma-linoleic acid
B because it far more abundant than the others
What is the correct order of the breakdown of a typical fat droplet? A.Lingual lipase breaks down fat, large droplets break down into smaller droplets in the stomach, pancreatic lipase binds to fat droplets with colipase, TG are broken down to FA and monoglycerol which form micelles, micelles diffuse to brush border of intestines B.Lingual Lipase breaks down fat, large droplets break down into smaller droplets in the stomach, pancreatic lipase binds to fat droplets with colipase, TG are broken down to FA and monoglycerol which form micelles, micelles diffuse to brush border of intestines C.Pancreatic lipase breaks down fat, large droplets break down into smaller droplets in the stomach, Lingual lipase binds to fat droplets with colipase, TG are broken down to FA and monoglycerol which form micelles, micelles diffuse to brush border of stomach D.Lingual lipase breaks down fat, large droplets break down into smaller droplets in the stomach, pancreatic lipase binds to fat droplets with colipase, TG are broken down to FA and monoglycerol which form micelles, micelles diffuse to brush border of intestines
B figure 19.4
What is the glycocalyx? A)Hydrophobic coat created by phospholipid heads B)Hydrophilic coat created by glycoproteins C)Hydrophobic coat created by glycoproteins D)Hydrophilic coat created by phospholipid heads
B glycocalyx is a hydrophilic coat created by the carbohydrate tails of glycolipids and glycoproteins
Which is the largest FA that does not need carnitine to get across the inner mitochondrial membrane? A)10 carbons B)12 carbons C)14 carbons D)16 carbons
B only FAs with 12 or less carbons can diffuse across the membrane; larger use carnitine cycle
Hepatic tissues are able to utilize ketone bodies for energy. A)True B)False
B only extrahepatic tissues are able to use ketone bodies for energy
Which of the following is NOT an effect of Pravastatin administered in the blood? A.Decreased concentration of plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration B.It competes with malonyl-CoA for the active site of HMG-CoA Reductase C.It leads to increased synthesis of LDL receptors in extrahepatic tissues D.It can be overcome by increasing the concentration of acetyl-CoA
B while it is a competitive inhibitor, it competes with acetyl-CoA for the active site, not malonyl-CoA
Choose the more energy efficient process A)Diffusing directly through membrane B)Passing through the channel proteins in the membrane C)Processes are equally efficient
B because of the energy expenditure to diffuse through a hydrophobic membrane center, channel proteins (transporters and permeases) are more energy efficient
Which pair(s) is(are) correct? A.Peripheral protein: usually isolated B.Peripheral protein : usually free of lipids when isolated C.Integral protein: soluble in aqueous buffers when extracted D.Integral protein: insoluble in aqueous buffers when extracted
B and D
Membrane fluidity is greatest under which of the following conditions? (Select all that apply) A.When fatty acids have long chain lengths B.When fatty acids have short chain lengths C.When fatty acids contain many double bonds D.When fatty acids contain few double bonds
B, C
The liver prefers to use which of the following as fuel sources? (Select all that apply) A.Glucose B.Fatty Acids C.Alpha-Keto Acids D.Ketone Bodies
B, C
To start the elongation cycle, which two are transferred to the ACP? A)Acyl-CoA B)Acetyl-CoA C)Malonyl-CoA D)Succinyl-CoA
B, C
Which of the following inhibits adipose tissue lipolysis? A- ketone bodies B- glucose C- FA A&B B&C
B, C
A researcher wants to isolate glycophorin A for further structural analysis. Which of the following methods would be most appropriate to extract this protein from the membrane? A.High ionic strength buffer B.Chelating agent C.Detergent D.Inorganic solvent
C
According to the AHA, fats should be less than ____ of total caloric intake for an adult? A)15% B)20% C)30% D)45% E)50%
C
An SR-B1 receptor is responsible for: A) The direct uptake of triglycerides into the liver B) Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters into free cholesterol C) The direct uptake of cholesterol ester into the liver D) The direct uptake of cholesterol ester into the adipose tissue
C
ApoC-II is a specialized apolipoprotein that is... A.known to have several allelic variants, one of which confers increased risk of progressive neurodegeneracy B.a protein component involved in LDL receptor binding during cholesterol metabolism C. an activator of lipases, which subsequently hydrolyze triacylglycerols D.None of the above
C
Approximately how many grams of dietary triglycerides have to be transported from the small intestine to other tissues daily? A.1200g B.60g C.100g D.450g
C
Cholesterol is transported from the liver to extrahepatic tissues via __________ A.Chylomicrons B.VLDLs C.LDLs D.IDLs E.HDLs
C
Eicosanoids have NO effect on which of the following physiological processes? A.Smooth muscle contraction B.Blood pressure C.Sweating D.Inflammation
C
Fatty acid chain growth during synthetic reactions occurs via successive additions of two carbon units, derived from __________. A.Acyl-CoA B.Acetyl-CoA C.Malonyl-CoA D.Palmityl-CoA E.Acetoacetyl-CoA
C
Fatty acid reduction uses which of the following electron carriers? A.NADH + H B.FADH2 C.NADPH + H
C
Following triacylglyceride degradation in the intestinal lumen, long-chain fatty acids are transported to ____________ while medium chain fatty acids are transported to _____________ A.Erythrocytes, Hepatocytes B.Hepatocytes, Enterocytes C.Enterocytes, Hepatocytes D.Hepatocytes, Erythrocytes E.Enterocytes, Erythrocytes
C
How does acyl-CoA from FA oxidation traverse the IMM? A.Diffusion B.Active transport C.Carnitine transport D.Translocase
C
How many steps or reactions are involved in the degradation (oxidation) of FA? A.3 B.5 C.4 D.6
C
In a well fed state, which of the following statements regarding lipoprotein lipase activity is true? A.The synthesis of LPL and its activity will increase in muscle cells B.LPL will become completely deactivated by covalent modification of the beta-3 subunit C.LPL synthesis and activity will increase in fat cells D.There will be an excess of HL competing for the same active site as LPL
C
In the initial steps of lipoprotein transport, hydrolysis of fats in capillaries by lipoprotein lipase yields... A.Very low-density lipoproteins B.Low-density lipoproteins C.Intermediate-density lipoproteins D.High-density lipoproteins E.Very high-density lipoproteins
C
Many chemotherapy drugs use _____ for targeted drug therapies. A)Sphingolipid monolayers B)Bilayer vesicles C)Micelles D)Phospholipid bilayers
C
Prostaglandins have NO effect on which of the following physiological processes? A.Smooth muscle contraction B.Blood pressure C.Sweating D.Inflammation
C
Solution C is isotonic to Solution D. At equilibrium, describe the net flow of solute and solvent molecules: A.At equilibrium, concentrations have equalized and there is no net flow B.At equilibrium, molecules of one solution will continue to flow, but not both C.At equilibrium, solute and solvent molecules will continue to flow, but at an equal rate D.There is not enough information provided
C
Tangier's disease causes accumulation of what type of lipid inside the cell? A)Triglycerides B)Cholesterol esters C)Cholesterol D)Phospholipids
C
The packing of FAs into stable aggregates depends mostly on what? A)Length of FAs B)Polarity of FAs C)Degree of saturation of FAs D)Density of FAs
C
What effect do cardiotonic steroids have on the regulation of intracellular calcium concentration in myocardial cells? A)They reduce the potassium gradient and therefore increase the effectiveness of the Ca2+/K+ antiporter in the plasma membrane B)They increase the sodium gradient and therefore increase the effectiveness of the Ca2+/K+ antiporter in the plasma membrane C)They increase the sodium gradient and therefore increase the effectiveness of the Ca2+/Na+ antiporter in the plasma membrane D)They increase the sodium gradient and therefore decrease the effectiveness of the Ca2+/Na+ antiporter in the plasma membrane
C
What enzyme cleaves the palmityl-CoA from the acyl carrier protein? A) B-keto thiolase B) HMG CoA lyase C) thioesterase D) thiokinase
C
What is a characteristic of sphingolipids? A.Three fatty acid chains B.Contains a glycerol backbone C.Can be glycolipids or phospholipids D.Has an OH at C3
C
What is the last state fats are in that transport cholesterol to the liver? A.VLDL B.LDL C.HDL D.IDL
C
What is the only organ that can degrade cholesterol for excretion? A.Intestine B.Brain C.Liver D.Kidney E.Pancreas
C
Which amino acid residue is phosphorylated/ dephosphorylated to induce a conformational change in sodium potassium pump? A)Glutamate B)Asparagine C)Aspartate D)Proline
C
Which is a type of solute transporter? A.Co-transporter B.Na+ and K+ pump C.Symporter D.ATP-dependent transporter
C
Which is the following is responsible for the transport of dietary triglycerides to storage cells and triglyceride metabolizing cells? A.HDL B.LDL C.Chylomicrons D.VLDL E.IDL
C
Which of the following are correctly identified symptoms of familial hypercholesterolemia? I. Formation of xanthomas II. Fatty streaks III. Pancreatic lesions A) I only B) I and III C) I and II D) I, II, and III
C
Which of the following correctly identifies the pathway of fat from the diet through the body? A.TG incorporated into chylomicrons, Emulsification by bile salts, degradation of TG by pancreatic lipase, chylomicrons travel through lacteals, TG converted to FA by LPL, FA enter tissue cells, FA oxidized for fuel or re-esterified into TG for storage. B.Emulsification by bile salts, degradation of TG by pancreatic lipase, TG converted to FA by LPL, TG incorporated into chylomicrons, chylomicrons travel through lacteals, FA enter tissue cells, FA oxidized for fuel or re-esterified into TG for storage. C.Emulsification by bile salts, degradation of TG by pancreatic lipase, TG incorporated into chylomicrons, chylomicrons travel through lacteals, TG converted to FA by LPL, FA enter tissue cells, FA oxidized for fuel or re-esterified into TG for storage. D.Emulsification by bile salts, TG incorporated into chylomicrons, degradation of TG by pancreatic lipase, chylomicrons travel through lacteals, TG converted to FA by LPL, FA enter tissue cells, FA oxidized for fuel or re-esterified into TG for storage.
C
Which of the following enzymes is allosterically activated by excess citrate formation A.Carnitine acyltransferase I B.Carnitine acyltransferase II C.Acetyl-CoA carboxylase D.Acetyl-CoA decarboxylase
C
Which of the following enzymes is the committed step for Bile Acid Synthesis? a.Acetyl CoA Carboxylase b.HMG CoA Reductase c.7α-hydroxylase d.β-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
C
Which of the following is NOT an essential feature of the fluid mosaic model? A.Existence of peripheral and integral membrane proteins B.Hydrophobic proteins are located on the inner portion of the membrane C.Hydrophilic proteins are located on the inner portion of the membrane D.None of the above
C
Which of the following is not an important major function of lipids in the body? A.Structural support of biological membranes B.Provide energy reserves in the form of triacylglycerides C.ntain the hydrophobic environment of the cytosol of cells D.Lipids and their derivatives serve as vitamins and hormones
C
Which of the following is true about fatty acid elongation? A) The L-enantiomer of hydroxybutyrate is formed instead of the D-enantiomer B) Dehydration of acetoacetyl ACP produces D-3 Hydroxybutyryl ACP C) The D-enantiomer of hydroxybutyrate is formed instead of the L-enantiomer D) NADH and FADH2 are used instead of NADPH
C
Which of the following lipoprotein particles is most atherogenic? A.Chylomicrons B.VLDLs C.LDLs D.IDLs E.HDLs
C
Which of the following lipoproteins are atherogenic? A) LDL, HDL, IDL B) HDL, VLDL C) LDL, IDL, VLDLRD) TG-rich lipoproteins, HDL
C
Which of the following mediates facilitated diffusion using a uniport carrier? A.Ca2+-Na+ transporters in the membranes of myocardial cells B.Na+-glucose transporters on the brush border C.GLUT1 transporters in the membranes of most somatic cells D.Na+-K+ ATPase pumps located in the axon hillock of neuronal cells
C
Which of the following regulatory mechanisms is responsible for preventing excessive futile cycling? A.Allosteric inhibition of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase by palmitoyl-CoA B.Allosteric activation of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase by palmitoyl-CoA C.Allosteric inhibition of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase by malonyl-CoA D.Allosteric activation of carnitine-palmitoyl transferase by malonyl-CoA
C
Which of the following would be at the negative end (origin) after performing a Rudel Method Electrophoresis? A.Beta lipoprotin B.Alpha lipoproteins C.Chylomicrons D.Pre beta lipoproteins
C
Which of the following would not increase membrane fluidity? I.Increasing the length of the acyl chain II.Decreasing the number of double bonds III.Lowering the temperature IV.Add cholesterol at low temperatures V.Add cholesterol at high temperatures A.I and II B.I, II, and III C.II and IV only D.III only E.All of the above
C
Which of these cannot synthesize fatty acids? a.Liver b.Lactating Mammary gland c.Pancreatic Beta cells d.Adipose tissue
C
Which of these is not a function of Prostaglandins? A.Control of blood pressure B.Smooth muscle contraction C.An insulating layer beneath the skin D.Inflammation
C
Which phospholipid motion ntains the asymmetry of the cell membrane? A.Flip Flop B.Rotation C.Lateral Diffusion D.Dab
C
Which of these is not a function of lipids in the body? A.Provides the most energy in the body B.Their derivatives serve as vitamins and hormones C.They are used in membrane diffusion by actively allowing other molecules to pass the membrane D.Provide structural components of cell membranes
C A, B, D: are all functions of lipids in the body. While lipids do make up a lot of cell membrane and many hinder particular molecules from diffusing, protein are actually the structure that facilitate active diffusion.
What is the function of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT)? a.Conversion of cholesterol into cholesterol esters in HDL. b.Transfer of cholesterol from HDL to other lipoproteins for the exchange of triglycerides. c.Conversion of cholesterol into cholesterol esters in extrahepatic cells. d.Stimulates the transfer of cholesterol from LDL into extrahepatic tissues.
C ACAT stimulates the conversion of cholesterol into cholesterol esters IN EXTRAHEPATIC TISSUE. Answer choice A is the definition of LCAT. Answer choice B is the definition of CETP. Answer choice D is the definition of ApoProtein B100. BE FAMILIAR WITH ALL THESE TERMS BECAUSE THIS IS VERY TESTABLE MATERIAL.
Which fatty acid chain is most likely to depend on carnitine? a.2-4 carbon chain b.4- 12 carbon chain c.12 - 20 carbon chain d.> 20 carbon chain
C Carbons less than 20 can freely diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which of the following fatty acid chains is most likely to be a liquid at room temperature? a.Elaidic acid 18: 1 (trans) b.Stearic acid 18:0 c.Oleic acid 18:1 (cis) d.X Acid 29:1 (cis)
C Cis bonds form inflexible kinks which prevent the fatty acids from forming aggregates--this leaves C and D. Shorter carbon chain will require less energy to convert to the liquid state.
What is the function of Carnitine? a.Transport Acetyl-CoA into the Mitochondrial Matrix. b.Transport Acetyl- CoA into the Intermembrane Space of the Mitochondria. c.Transports Acyl-CoA into the Mitochondrial Matrix. d.Transport Acyl-CoA into the Intermembrane Space of the Mitochondria.
C During beta oxidation, fatty acids are converted into Acyl-Coa in the ER and outer mitochondrial membrane. These molecules are transferred into the mitochondrial matrix via Carnitine.
Which of the following are most likely to diffuse through the plasma membrane? a.Sodium Ion b.Glucose c.Carbon Dioxide d.Hydrogen Ion
C Small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules can easily cross the membrane. Although Hydrogen and Sodium are small, they also carry a charge. This charge will prevent them from freely diffusing through the plasma membrane. During the depolarization of nerve cells, the sodium and potassium must pass through voltage gated channels in order to pass through the membrane.
What is the omega carbon number for this fatty acid chain? a.8 b.11 c.6 d.9
C count backwards from the carbon furthest away from the COOH group. Count until you hit the first double bond.
Which of the following nomenclature formulas are not possible for fatty acids? A)18:1 Δ(9) B)18:3 Δ(9,12,15) C)20:3 Δ(2,4,6) D)20:4 Δ(5,8,11,14)
C first double bond must be 2 carbons away from the COOH group.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the two structures below? I.Both structures are 18:3 fatty acids II.The top structure is an omega-6 fatty acid III.The bottom structure is an omega-6 fatty acid IV.The bottom structure is an omega-3 fatty acid A.I only B.II and III C.II and IV D.All of the above
C omega 3 has the double bond closer omega 6 has the double bond further away
Which type of bonding solidifies the necessary transfer of the acyl chain and malonyl CoA in the synthesis of FA? A.Dipole-Dipole bonds B.Disulfide bridges C.Covalent bonds D.Hydrogen bonding
C slide "Acyl Carrier Protein"
What is the linkage in glycolipids between the glycerol backbone and the head-group? A)Amide B)Phosphodiester C)Glycosidic D)Ether
C the head-group of the glycolipids is a sugar, and it makes a glycosidic link with the glycerol backbone. Sphinoglipidshave amide bonds, phospholipids have phosphodiester bonds, alkyl chained FAs have ether bonds.
What is the configuration of the fatty acid? A)Cis- saturated B)Trans-unsaturated C)Cis-unsaturated D)Trans-saturated
C there is no such thing as a cis/trans saturated FAs
Which is not an essential feature of the fluid mosaic model? A)Hydrophobic proteins at core of membrane B)Hydrophilic proteins on outer surface of membrane C)Existence of cholesterol in membrane D)Existence of integral and peripheral membrane proteins
C while cholesterol is part of the membrane, it is not an essential feature of the FMM
What are the essential fatty acids? (all that apply) A)Linoic B)Lineic C)Linoleic D)Linolenic
C, D
What are the three primary tissues where fatty acids are burned for fuel? A.Brain B.Pancreas C.Muscle D.Liver E.Intestine F.Heart
C, D, F The brain never uses FA, in dire situations it can use ketone bodies synthesized from FA, but never FA themselves.
Which of the following are considered secondary lipoproteins? (Select all that apply) A.Chylomicrons B.VLDLs C.LDLs D.IDLs E.HDLs
C, E
Which of these are characteristics of Tangier Disease? (select all that apply) A.Low HDL B.High HDL C.Absence of HDL D.Absence of ABC1 protein E.High cholesterol F.Low cholesterol
C, E, D
How do cells take in cholesterol from HDL at the liver? (select all that apply) A.Phagocytosis B.Hepatic lipase C.E receptor D.SR-BI receptor
D
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released into the bloodstream during physical exercise and acute stress to engage the fight-or-flight response. Binding of these transmitters cause receptor-mediated activation of the cAMP signaling system. This results in phosphorylation of ____________ by the enzyme ____________ A.Perilipin; Protein kinase B B.Perilipin; Phospholipase C C.Perilipin; Protein kinase C D.Perilipin; Protein kinase A
D
Protein kinase A ____________ perilipin and ___________ hormone-sensitive adipose tissue lipase A.Phophorylates; dephosphorylates B.Dephopshorylates; phosphorylates C.Dephosphorylates; dephosphorylates D.Phosphorylates; phosphorylates
D
Proteins are attached to the plasma membrane _____. a.Ionically, bound to lipids b.Covalently, bound to other proteins c.Hydrophobically, bound to lipids d.Covalently, bound to lipids e.Via Van Der Waals Forces
D
What characteristic of bile salts allows them to emulsify insoluble fat? A.It is a base B.Its hydrophobicity C.Its hydrophilic nature D.Its amphipathic nature
D
What does a deficiency in LCAT and CETP causes problems in... A.TAG transport to tissues B.TAG transport to liver C.Cholesterol transport to tissues D.Cholesterol transport to liver
D
What is the makeup of a typical bile salt? A)Bile acid, associated anion, and a small protein B)Bile acid, associated cation, and a small protein C)Bile acid & associated anion, usually an AA D)Bile acid & associated cation, usually an AA
D
What is the name of the fluffy carbohydrate coat that surrounds cells? A.Lipid bilayer B.Glycolican C.Hydrophilic coat D.Glycocalyx
D
What is the product of a triglyceride being acted on by pancreatic lipase A.3 fatty acids and a free glycerol B.2 fatty acids and a free glycerol C.2 fatty acids, 2-monoacylglycerol, and cholesterol D.2 fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol
D
Which FA serves as the precursor for prostaglandin and prostacyclins? A.Oleic Acid B.Stearic Acid C.Linolenic Acid D.Arachidonic Acid E.None of the above
D
Which apolipoprotein activates lipoprotein lipase? A.Apo A-I B.Apo E C.Apo C-I D.Apo C-II
D
Which of the following amino acid residues is most likely to be found in the integral portion of a membrane protein? A.Gln B.Ser C.Lys D.Phe E.Asp
D
Which of the following are not causative factors or associated symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis? A.Lack of insulin B.Hyperglycemia C.Hyperventilation D.Hypoglycemia E.Increased ketogenesis
D
Which of the following are possible clinical symptoms of defective Beta-oxidation? A.Muscle weakness B.Fasting hypoglycemia C.Muscle cramps D.All of the above
D
Which of the following can be used as a source of glucose to ntainadequate blood glucose levels in a severely fasted state? A.Fatty Acids B.Aliphatic fats C.Cholesterol D.Triglycerides
D
Which of the following does NOT cause fat malabsorption in the intestinal lumen? A.Pancreatic failure B.Decreased bile salt release C.Extensive intestinal disease D.Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
D
Which of the following does not affect Cholesterol Biosynthesis (via its regulating step)? A.Insulin B.Free cholesterol C.NADPH D.Acetyl coA E.These all affect cholesterol biosynthesis
D
Which of the following is responsible for the transport of endogenously synthesized triglycerides to storage cells and triglyceride metabolizing cells? A.HDL B.LDL C.Chylomicrons D.VLDL E.IDL
D
Which of the following is used to initiate transport of LDL into extrahepatic tissues via receptor-mediated endocytosis? a.Apoprotein C b.Apoprotein E c.Apoprotein B48 d.Apoprotein B100
D
Which of the following processes occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane? A.Glycolysis B.TCA C.Ketone body synthesis D.Oxidative phosphorylation E.All of the above
D
Which of the following statements is true? I.When a solute crosses a membrane in the body, it is energetically costly II.In order for a solute particle to cross membrane, it must shed a shell of hydration III.Simple diffusion involves the use of carrier proteins and conformational changes of that protein IV.Transport proteins raise the activation energy required to cross a cell membrane A.I only B.II only C.I, II and III D.I and II All of the above
D
Which of the following types of metabolic storage has the greatest potential energy yield? A.Protein B.Glycogen C.Glucose D.Fats
D
Which of these Fatty Acids do not rely on carnitine transport to enter the mitochondria membrane? a.18:0 b.18:1 c.14:0 d.10:0
D
Which of these is a drug class that reduces Cholesterol? A.Pharmacology B.Beta Blocker C.Mycins D.Statins E.Ace inhibitors
D
Which of these is not a regulation of FA metabolism? A.Availability of FA from adipose tissue lipolysis B.Transport of Fatty acyl coa into the mitochondria C.Availability of coenzymes to promote beta oxidation D.These all regulate FA metabolism
D
Which of these is not a symptom of Hypertriglyceridemia? A.Accumulation of chylomicrons remnants B.Accumulation of VLDL remnants C.Low HDL D.All of the above are symptoms E.A and B are not symptoms F.B and C are symptoms
D
Which tissues can synthesize cholesterol? A.Liver B.Adipose C.Pancreatic D.All of the above
D
Which of the following is used to activate lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT)? a.ApoC-I b.ApoE c.ApoD d.ApoA-I e.ApoA-II
D ApoAI is used activate LCAT to turn cholesterol into cholesterol esters.
Which of the following statements regarding cholesterol biosynthesis is true? I.It requires 33 different steps II.Every carbon in cholesterol is derived from the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA III.It requires 16 ATP A.I only B.II only C.III only D.I and II I, II and III
D Cholesterol biosynthesis requires 18 ATP, not 16, making statement III false. Taken from "Cholesterol biosynthesis" slide
After a carbohydrate rich meal, which of the following enzymes would be expected to be the most active? A.Beta-Ketothiolase B.HMG-CoA Synthase C.Glucose-6-phosphatase D.Carnitine-palmitoyl Transferase I and II
D In a well fed state, The body will not need to synthsize ketone bodies, so A and B are out. It also won't want to put more glucose in the blood, so C is out. D is true, those enzymes transport acetyl CoA into the matrix for oxidation or for storage for future use.
Assuming that the body is breaking down FA in order to create much needed energy, which of the following choices below correctly pairs an inhibitor with the protein it inhibits in regards to beta-oxidation? A.Acetyl-CoA; Citrate synthase B.Acetyl-CoA; Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I C.Malonyl-CoA; Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II D.Malonyl-CoA; Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I E.Malonyl-CoA; Citrate synthase
D MalonylCoA is an inhibitor of CPT-I, which is the rate limiting step of beta-oxidation.
Which of the following is used in fatty acid biosynthesis? I.NADPH II.NADH III.FAD IV.Acyl Carrier Protein V.CoEnzyme A VI.Multienzyme Complex VII.Single Enzymes a.II , IV , and VI b.III , VII, and V c.I, IV, and VII d.I, IV, and VI III, IV, and VI
D The characteristics that differentiate Fatty Acid Synthesis from Beta oxidation is the use of NADPH, Acyl Carrier Protein, and a Multienzyme Complex. Beta oxidation uses NADH/FAD, CoEnzyme A, and Single Enzymes.
What contributes the most to the relative weakness of the phospholipid membrane? A.Low density phospholipids prevent a tight packing of molecules B.Regular transmembrane cellular transportation disrupts membrane conformation C.An uneven distribution of lipids with pliant chains makes the intramembrane distance inconsistent D.A lack of covalent bonds between laterally neighboring mosaic molecules
D While proteins can certainly bind covalently to phospholipids and their derivative the neighboring molecules do not bind with any force other than a shared hydrophobic/hydrophilic interaction.
Which enzyme activates the fatty acid for beta oxidation? A)Acyl CoA dehydrogenase B)Enoyl CoA hydratase C)beta- keto thiolase D)Acyl CoA synthetase
D acyl CoA synthetase activates the FA with 2 equivalents of ATP
Identify the omega carbon in the fatty acid chain below A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 E.None of the above
D omega carbon is on C10
When describing Carbon numbering for lipids, which of the following is true? I.C-1 is the the carbonyl carbon II.Each double bond is listed by the highest number in the bond III.The last methyl carbon is dubbed the "omega" carbon IV.The first carbon in the chain is dubbed the "alpha" carbon A.I & III B.I, II, & III C.I & IV D.III E.I F.III & IV G.All are incorrect H.All are correct
D the final methyl carbon is the omega carbon. I.C-1 is the carboxyl carbon II.Double bonds are numbered by the lowest carbon number III.Correct IV.I haven't read anything about an alpha carbon within lipids.... Yet
What is the mechanism when protein kinase A phosphorylates? A)Perilipin and lipase bind to the fat droplet B)Perilipin binds and lipase detaches from the fat droplet C)Perilipin and lipase detach from the fat droplet D)Perilipin detaches and lipase binds to the fat droplet
D this allows lipolysis
Cholesterol is transported from extrahepatic tissues to the liver via __________ A.Chylomicrons B.VLDLs C.LDLs D.IDLs E.HDLs
E
Which of the following are favored sources of fuel for energy in the liver? A.Glucose B.Fatty acids C.Alpha-keto acids D.Ketone bodies E.B and C
E
Which of the following are functions of fatty acid deposits in adipose tissue? A.Protection from foreign invaders B.Insulation C.Thermoregulation D.Stored source of energy E.All of the above
E
Which of the following is not a derivative of cholesterol? A.Vitamin D B.Steroid Hormones C.Bile Salts D.All of the above E.None of the above
E
Which of the following lipoprotein particles is anti-atherogenic? A.Chylomicrons B.VLDLs C.LDLs D.IDLs E.HDLs
E
Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm? A.Glycolysis B.Gluconeogenesis C.PPP D.Fatty acid synthesis E.All of the above
E
Which of the following statements is (are) true about the enzyme Acetyl-CoA carboxylase? A.It requires biotin as a cosubstrate B.Bicarbonate is needed C.It is the rate limiting step for fatty acid synthesis D.ATP is required, and AMP and ultimately to inorganic phosphate are byproducts All of the above
E
How many carbons in a fatty acid chain are the most abundant in the body? A.16-24 B.18-24 C.16-19 D.20-22 E.16-18
E 16-18 carbon FA are the most abundant in the body but a chain can range from 12-24 carbons
Which of the following is true regarding palmityl-CoA? I.Palmitate is an intermediate of elongation during fatty acid synthesis II.Palmitoyl-CoA is a precursor of monounsaturated fatty acids III.Palmitoyl-CoA is a precursor of polyunsaturated fatty acids A.I and II B.I and III C.II only D.III only E.II and III
E Statement I is false. In her slides she says "Elongation stops at palmitate" which means palmitate is the end product of elongation, not an intermediate. Though elongation can stop sooner, all elongation will eventually be stopped at the 16 carbon length.
Can acetyl-CoA be used to synthesize glucose? A.Yes, but only under extreme fasting B.No, because although acetyl-CoA can be used to make oxaloacetate, the oxaloacetate cannot be transported out of the mitochondria C.Yes, because acetyl-CoA can be converted directly to glucose D.No, because the two carbons that enter the TCA cycle as Acetyl-CoA leave as CO2 in the steps catalyzed by citrate synthase and isocitrate DH E.No, because the two carbons that enter the TCA cycle as Acetyl-CoA leave as CO2 in the steps catalyzed by alpha-ketoglutarate DH and isocitrate DH
E slide entitled "Fatty Acids Cannot Be Used to Synthesize Glucose"
Of the following molecules, which pass the mitochondrial membranes during Fatty acid synthesis? A.Oxaloacetate B.PEP C.Citrate D.Malate E.C and D F.All of the above
E slide titled "Citrate Shuttle"
Which of the following is true about secondary active transport? A.A carrier protein is always required B.Transported molecules are carried against their concentration gradient C.Metabolic energy is required by the primary active transporter D.Metabolic energy is required by the secondary active transporter E.A and B F.A, B and C G.A, B and D
F
Which of the following is true concerning bile salts? A.They act like detergents B.Synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder C.Bile salts are amphiphatic D.Glycocholate and taurocholate are bile salts E.The hydrophobic portions associate with fat F.All of the above
F
Which of the following methods will extract the Na+K+ATPase from the cell membrane? A.High ionic strength buffers B.Chelating agents C.Detergents D.Organic Solvents E.A & C F.C & D
F
Jo was on a backpacking trip through the high sierras, and due to poor planning, he ran out of food 3 days prior to his exit. Jo did ration what was left of his food, but nevertheless, his body began experiencing the consequences of malnutrition. In a state of dire need, which of the following tissues will most likely be using ketone bodies as a source of energy? A.Liver B.Brain C.Muscles D.Heart E.B and D F.B, C and D
F Only extrahepatic tissues can use ketone bodies for energy in a fasted state, the liver synthesizes ketone bodies, but it cannot use them as a source of energy, that would be counterproductive. It sends these KB out into the blood to fuel the extrahepatic tissues.
Biles salts are to __________ as Glycolipids are to myelin sheaths. ★Bile Acids ★Amino Acids ★Glycoproteins ★Triacylglycerides ★Micelles ★Hydrophic ★Digestion ★Peripheral Proteins
Triacylglycerides
