Exam 4

which statement best describes arteries

All carry blood away from the heart.

in the event of severe hemorrage, which of the following factors used in the calculation of blood pressure will increase in order to maintain homeostasis?

B and C(Heart rate and peripheral resistance)

this force is directly related to blood pressure and is the largest factor responsible for bulk fluid flow out of the capillary. It is highest at the arteriolar end and lowest at the venous end

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

the complemantary base for adenine is

Thymine, Uracil

When swallowing the ____ is pushed up, closing off acess to the nasal cavity

Uvula

hemorrahage with a large loss of blood causes

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state

absorption of glucose from the GI tract

After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?

acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh

muscles produce atp most efficiently using what method

aerobic pathway

This hormone of the adrenal cortex regulates mineral salt concentrations in extracellular fluids, causing an increase in blood volume and, thus , blood pressure

aldosterone

which of the following is/are physiological effects of angriotensin II?

all of the above(increased thirst, increased ADH release and vasocontriction)

respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar sacs via ____

alveolar ducts

the main site of gas exhange is the

alveoli

air that fills the conducting passageways yet never contributes to gas exhange is called

anatomical dead space

this hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland causes the kidneys to retain water (i.s. less frequent urination), thus increasing blood volume

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

as the biocarbonate ion in the plasma afteer first entering the red blood cells

which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

atrioventricular (AV) valve

during the isovulmetric phase of the cardiac cycle

atrivascular,aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed

respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar sacs via

aveolar ducts

This granulocyte releases histamine, which acts as a vasodilator and pro-inflammatory agent

basophil

which of the following receives blood during ventricular systole?

both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ______

boyle's law

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

capillaries

which enzyme is responsible for accelerating the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid(h2co3)?

carbon anhydrase

the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following

changes in arterial pressure

when co2 levels rise or 02 levels fall, ____ stimulate the brain stem to increase cardiac output

chemoreceptors

which of the following factors does not affect the force of muscle contraction

class of neurotransmitter released

which of the following signals increases the "stickiness" of platelets, facilitating clotting

collagen fibers

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

compact bone

which of the following types of capillary are most common in the body?

continuous

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ______

coronary arteries

this scientific principle states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

daltons law

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

decrease in pH(acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygyen bond

which of the following factors regulating local blood flow are extrinsic mechanisms that cause vasodilation in an arteriole

decreased sympathetic tone

the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA contains a pentose sugar called ______

deoxyribose

which of the following membranes covers the internal surfaces of bone tissue

endosteum

which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus

enzymatic

this structure is composed of entirely of elastic cartilage and blocks the laryngeal inlet when swallowing

epiglottis

this hormone stimulates the formation of red blood cells in response to hypoxia

erythropoietin

the terms inversion and eversion pertain only to ______

feet

which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis

fibrinolysis

which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?

fibrinolysis

which of the following joints contain a joint cavity, a articuar capsule, reinforcing ligaments, and are well vescularized and innervated

gomphoses, ball-and-socket

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.

has gap junctions

which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood

hemocytoblast

At any given time, oxygen is being transported mostly via______

hemoglobin

this gas law dictates that when a gas is in contact with liquid it will dissoleve into that liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

henry's law

The dissociation of O2 that allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin is defined as the

holdane effect

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

hormones

which of the choices below reflects the balance between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

peripheral resistance

increases as blood viscosity increases

the first step in the repair of damged tissue is

inflammation

which of the following is not an example of hyaline cartilage

intervebral cartilage

Melatonin

is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle

an ___ contraction describes one where the muscle's length does not change, but it still increases tension

isometric

in compact bone, ____ are layers made up of mostly of collagen fibers that surround the central canal of an osteon

lamellae

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.

left atrium

which of the following heart chambers contains the thickest layer of myocardium

left ventricle

this type of channel only opens when it is bound by the appropriate neurotransmitter

ligand-gated

A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells ________.

lines most of the respiratory tract

which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membranes

lipids

loss of fibrinogen within the plasma might cause

loss of blood clotting

loss of fibrogen within the plasma would mostly likely cause which of the following ?

loss of blood clotting

this agranulocyte accounts for 25% of all white blood cells. It plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity. Some cells of this type produce antibodies

lymphocyte

the cells responsible for producing platelets are called

megakaryocytes

the necessary life function concerns all chemical reactions within cells, including cellular respiration and photosynthesis

metabolism

which of the following are granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils

If the SA node is not functioning, an ECG will show ________.

no p waves with a HR between 40-60 bpm

osteoblasts secrete _____ which is made of collagen fibers and unmineralized proteins

osteoid

which body activity would be most affected if a patient has too few erythrocytes (anemia)

oxygen transport

The term refers to spontaneously changing membrane potentials that initiate waves of depolarization that spread throughout the myocardium.

pacemaker potentials

this term refers to spontaneously changing membrane potentials that initiate waves of depolarization that spread throughout the myocardium

pacemaker potentials

which of the following is not an example of a joint

patellar tendon

this layer of connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle divides fibers into groups called fascicles that resemble bundles of sticks

perimysium

the joints found between the radius and ulna, adn atlas and axis of the vertebral column, are both classified under this type

pivot

this temporary endocrine gland secrete a steroid and protein hormones that influence pregancy

placenta

this blood protein is essential to the eventual digestion of fibrin threads in a clot

plasmin

the volume of air that is always left in the lungs, helping to keep the alveoli open, is called

residual volume

this group of muscles and tendons provide stability for the shoulder joint by blending with the articular capsule

rotator cuff

the walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells type i and type ii alveolar cells. The function of type 11 alveolar cells is to __

secrete surfactant

this genetic information is coded in DNA by the

sequence of the nucleotides

lysozyme, mucus, and defensins are all released by which structure of the nasal cavity

seromucous nasal glands

the deltoid and trapezius muscles both got their names based on each muscles

shape

inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue

simple columnar

in red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ____-type od capillaries in red bone marrow

sinusoid

which of the following factors are important to the movement of blood through veins

skeletal muscle "milking" effects, thoracic cavity pressure changes, sympathetic venoconstriction

a ___ is sometimes useful for evaluating losses in respiratory function

spirometer

______ represents the difference between end systolic volume and end diastolic volume

stroke volume

in the event of severe hemorrhage, which of the following factors used in the calculation of blood pressure will increase in order to maintain homeostasis

stroke volume, heart rate

which of the following factors is/are in the calculation of cardiac output

stroke volume, heart rate

which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation?

superior vena cava

on the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?

syndesmosis

in an electrocardiogram the ___, represents ventricular reporalization

t wave

an example of an interosseous fibrous joint is

the radius and ulna along its length

which of the following enzymes is directly responsible for the formation of fibrin

thrombin

when hematopoietic stem cells are exposed to ___ platelets ultimately develop

thrombopotein

these structures of the pharnyx trap and destroy pathogens that enter the nose and mouth quizlet

tonsils

which of the following pairs of bones are joined by a gomphosis joint?

tooth and socket

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.

tunica intima

which of the following ABO blood types is known as the "universal donor"

type O

the narrowing of the blood vessel is ___

vasoconstriction

the narrowing of a blood vessel is known as _______

vasocontriction

the expansion or widening of a blood vessel is known as ______

vasodilation

Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?

ventricles are in diastole

during this phase of cardiac cycle, the AV valves are closed and the SL valves are open

ventricular systole

the overall "thickness" of blood is known as its ___ and this factor increases resistance in blood vessels

viscocity

which of the following substances is in highest abundance in blood plasma

water

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed_______

when the ventricles are in systole

What is the average normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45