Exam 4
which statement best describes arteries
All carry blood away from the heart.
in the event of severe hemorrage, which of the following factors used in the calculation of blood pressure will increase in order to maintain homeostasis?
B and C(Heart rate and peripheral resistance)
this force is directly related to blood pressure and is the largest factor responsible for bulk fluid flow out of the capillary. It is highest at the arteriolar end and lowest at the venous end
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
the complemantary base for adenine is
Thymine, Uracil
When swallowing the ____ is pushed up, closing off acess to the nasal cavity
Uvula
hemorrahage with a large loss of blood causes
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state
absorption of glucose from the GI tract
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
muscles produce atp most efficiently using what method
aerobic pathway
This hormone of the adrenal cortex regulates mineral salt concentrations in extracellular fluids, causing an increase in blood volume and, thus , blood pressure
aldosterone
which of the following is/are physiological effects of angriotensin II?
all of the above(increased thirst, increased ADH release and vasocontriction)
respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar sacs via ____
alveolar ducts
the main site of gas exhange is the
alveoli
air that fills the conducting passageways yet never contributes to gas exhange is called
anatomical dead space
this hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland causes the kidneys to retain water (i.s. less frequent urination), thus increasing blood volume
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
as the biocarbonate ion in the plasma afteer first entering the red blood cells
which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
atrioventricular (AV) valve
during the isovulmetric phase of the cardiac cycle
atrivascular,aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed
respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar sacs via
aveolar ducts
This granulocyte releases histamine, which acts as a vasodilator and pro-inflammatory agent
basophil
which of the following receives blood during ventricular systole?
both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ______
boyle's law
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.
capillaries
which enzyme is responsible for accelerating the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid(h2co3)?
carbon anhydrase
the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following
changes in arterial pressure
when co2 levels rise or 02 levels fall, ____ stimulate the brain stem to increase cardiac output
chemoreceptors
which of the following factors does not affect the force of muscle contraction
class of neurotransmitter released
which of the following signals increases the "stickiness" of platelets, facilitating clotting
collagen fibers
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
compact bone
which of the following types of capillary are most common in the body?
continuous
The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ______
coronary arteries
this scientific principle states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
daltons law
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.
decrease in pH(acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygyen bond
which of the following factors regulating local blood flow are extrinsic mechanisms that cause vasodilation in an arteriole
decreased sympathetic tone
the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA contains a pentose sugar called ______
deoxyribose
which of the following membranes covers the internal surfaces of bone tissue
endosteum
which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus
enzymatic
this structure is composed of entirely of elastic cartilage and blocks the laryngeal inlet when swallowing
epiglottis
this hormone stimulates the formation of red blood cells in response to hypoxia
erythropoietin
the terms inversion and eversion pertain only to ______
feet
which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis
fibrinolysis
which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?
fibrinolysis
which of the following joints contain a joint cavity, a articuar capsule, reinforcing ligaments, and are well vescularized and innervated
gomphoses, ball-and-socket
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________.
has gap junctions
which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood
hemocytoblast
At any given time, oxygen is being transported mostly via______
hemoglobin
this gas law dictates that when a gas is in contact with liquid it will dissoleve into that liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
henry's law
The dissociation of O2 that allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin is defined as the
holdane effect
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
hormones
which of the choices below reflects the balance between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
peripheral resistance
increases as blood viscosity increases
the first step in the repair of damged tissue is
inflammation
which of the following is not an example of hyaline cartilage
intervebral cartilage
Melatonin
is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
an ___ contraction describes one where the muscle's length does not change, but it still increases tension
isometric
in compact bone, ____ are layers made up of mostly of collagen fibers that surround the central canal of an osteon
lamellae
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.
left atrium
which of the following heart chambers contains the thickest layer of myocardium
left ventricle
this type of channel only opens when it is bound by the appropriate neurotransmitter
ligand-gated
A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells ________.
lines most of the respiratory tract
which type of food molecule provides components for cellular structures like plasma membranes
lipids
loss of fibrinogen within the plasma might cause
loss of blood clotting
loss of fibrogen within the plasma would mostly likely cause which of the following ?
loss of blood clotting
this agranulocyte accounts for 25% of all white blood cells. It plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity. Some cells of this type produce antibodies
lymphocyte
the cells responsible for producing platelets are called
megakaryocytes
the necessary life function concerns all chemical reactions within cells, including cellular respiration and photosynthesis
metabolism
which of the following are granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils
If the SA node is not functioning, an ECG will show ________.
no p waves with a HR between 40-60 bpm
osteoblasts secrete _____ which is made of collagen fibers and unmineralized proteins
osteoid
which body activity would be most affected if a patient has too few erythrocytes (anemia)
oxygen transport
The term refers to spontaneously changing membrane potentials that initiate waves of depolarization that spread throughout the myocardium.
pacemaker potentials
this term refers to spontaneously changing membrane potentials that initiate waves of depolarization that spread throughout the myocardium
pacemaker potentials
which of the following is not an example of a joint
patellar tendon
this layer of connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle divides fibers into groups called fascicles that resemble bundles of sticks
perimysium
the joints found between the radius and ulna, adn atlas and axis of the vertebral column, are both classified under this type
pivot
this temporary endocrine gland secrete a steroid and protein hormones that influence pregancy
placenta
this blood protein is essential to the eventual digestion of fibrin threads in a clot
plasmin
the volume of air that is always left in the lungs, helping to keep the alveoli open, is called
residual volume
this group of muscles and tendons provide stability for the shoulder joint by blending with the articular capsule
rotator cuff
the walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells type i and type ii alveolar cells. The function of type 11 alveolar cells is to __
secrete surfactant
this genetic information is coded in DNA by the
sequence of the nucleotides
lysozyme, mucus, and defensins are all released by which structure of the nasal cavity
seromucous nasal glands
the deltoid and trapezius muscles both got their names based on each muscles
shape
inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue
simple columnar
in red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ____-type od capillaries in red bone marrow
sinusoid
which of the following factors are important to the movement of blood through veins
skeletal muscle "milking" effects, thoracic cavity pressure changes, sympathetic venoconstriction
a ___ is sometimes useful for evaluating losses in respiratory function
spirometer
______ represents the difference between end systolic volume and end diastolic volume
stroke volume
in the event of severe hemorrhage, which of the following factors used in the calculation of blood pressure will increase in order to maintain homeostasis
stroke volume, heart rate
which of the following factors is/are in the calculation of cardiac output
stroke volume, heart rate
which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation?
superior vena cava
on the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint?
syndesmosis
in an electrocardiogram the ___, represents ventricular reporalization
t wave
an example of an interosseous fibrous joint is
the radius and ulna along its length
which of the following enzymes is directly responsible for the formation of fibrin
thrombin
when hematopoietic stem cells are exposed to ___ platelets ultimately develop
thrombopotein
these structures of the pharnyx trap and destroy pathogens that enter the nose and mouth quizlet
tonsils
which of the following pairs of bones are joined by a gomphosis joint?
tooth and socket
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
tunica intima
which of the following ABO blood types is known as the "universal donor"
type O
the narrowing of the blood vessel is ___
vasoconstriction
the narrowing of a blood vessel is known as _______
vasocontriction
the expansion or widening of a blood vessel is known as ______
vasodilation
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?
ventricles are in diastole
during this phase of cardiac cycle, the AV valves are closed and the SL valves are open
ventricular systole
the overall "thickness" of blood is known as its ___ and this factor increases resistance in blood vessels
viscocity
which of the following substances is in highest abundance in blood plasma
water
The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed_______
when the ventricles are in systole
What is the average normal pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45