Exam 4
Which of the following are examples of an organism attempting to maintain homeostasis? Select all that apply. ANSWER: -After going outside in the cold without a jacket, you begin to shiver. -After eating a squid, a seal's kidneys work to excrete the excess salt from its blood. -A rabbit runs away from a fox to avoid being eaten. -The levels of the hormones insulin and glucagon change to maintain blood glucose levels in a penguin.
-After going outside in the cold without a jacket, you begin to shiver. -After eating a squid, a seal's kidneys work to excrete the excess salt from its blood. -The levels of the hormones insulin and glucagon change to maintain blood glucose levels in a penguin.
Epithelial tissues covers ________. ANSWER: -the outer lining of intestines -the outer lining of blood vessels -the outer layer of skin -All of the above are covered by epithelial tissues
-All of the above are covered by epithelial tissues
What causes a stomach ulcer?
A bacterial infection
Which of the following is a type of essential nutrient? ANSWER: Organic vitamins Minerals Essential amino acids All of the above are types of essential nutrients.
All of the above are types of essential nutrients.
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Alveoli
The term interface can be used to describe the surface across which molecules and ions are exchanged, often diffusing between external and internal environments or between organ systems. What part of the respiratory system forms the interface between the respiratory system and the circulatory system?
Alveoli
Which are the thinnest blood vessels?
Capillaries
__________ are the fundamental units of life.
Cells
Which of the following is an organ system?
Circulatory system
What type of animal tissue contains blood, cartilage, and bone?
Connective
Which of the following would NOT be considered an essential nutrient?
Dairy
How is diabetes linked with homeostasis?
Diabetes results from the body not responding with a negative feedback to the level of glucose in the blood.
_________ is the regulated balance of the internal environment of an organism.
Homeostasis
Which statement is correct?
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Where are the villi located?
In the small intestine
What are the four stages of food processing, ordered from beginning to end?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a vein?
Is a location of exchange with body cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
Is controlled by involuntary nervous signals
Connective tissue is the most variable of the tissue types. Which one of the following is not categorized as connective tissue?
Muscle
Match the correct structure with its correct tissue.
Neurons make up the nervous tissue.
What happens during diastole?
The heart muscles relax, allowing blood to flow into all chambers of the heart.
Choose the defining characteristic of all arteries.
They only carry blood away from the heart.
Organs are made up of ________ type(s) of tissue.
Two or more
Blood calcium level regulation controlled by the release of hormones when blood calcium levels change is an example of _____________.
a negative feedback mechanism
Maintaining a steady-state internal environment, despite a changing external environment, is called ________.
homeostasis
The aorta transports blood _________.
to the bodily tissues
How does the term "lactase persistent" relate to the term "lactose tolerant"?
A lactase-persistent person is lactose tolerant.
What is kwashiorkor?
A malnourished condition caused by a lack of adequate protein in the diet
_______ is the study of an organism's structures.
Anatomy
________________ refers to the study of the structure of an organism's body parts, while ____________ refers the study of the function of those parts.
Anatomy; physiology
Which of the following correctly explains what a heart attack is?
Arteries that supply the heart with oxygen become blocked.
This substance is stored in the gall bladder and released to aid in the digestion of fat.
Bile
From what you learned in the video, how does blood glucose level change (or not change) in a non-diabetic human?
Blood glucose level hovers within a narrow range.
Select the correct sequence for the pathway of blood through the heart.
Body Left atrium Left ventricle Lungs Right atrium Right ventricle Body
Digestion is ________.
Both mechanical and chemical
How is BMI calculated?
By using a person's height and weight
Which of the following statements about digestion is true?
Digestion can be both mechanical and chemical, and it occurs both in the mouth and in the stomach.
Which of the following can result in an ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori
What is the role of the epithelium?
Helps protect the body from the external environment
Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?
In the small intestine
What is the correct hierarchy of organization, from biggest to smallest, in your body?
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell
Which of the following statements is correct?
Our body can make a subset of the 20 amino acids, and needs proper nutrition to acquire the ones it cannot make.
The respiratory system exchanges which gases?
Oxygen is inhaled, while carbon dioxide is exhaled.
____________ diffuses out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while _______ diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs.
Oxygen; carbon dioxide
What moves the food from your mouth to your stomach when you swallow?
Peristaltic muscle contractions
________ is the study of how an organism's structures function.
Physiology
________ refers to the function of a body part, while ________ refers to the structure of a body part.
Physiology; anatomy
What is the role of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the windpipe
Which of the following describe the integumentary system?
Skin, nails, hair
The heart has four valves that control the flow of blood. Two of the valves (the AV valves) normally prevent blood from flowing upwards. The other two valves (semilunar valves) normally prevent blood from flowing downwards. The AV valves and semilunar valves have different shapes. Which principle of anatomy and physiology does this example represent?
Structure is linked to function.
What is chemical digestion?
The breakdown of food by enzymes
The cardiovascular system consists of ________.
The heart The blood vessels The blood -All of the above are parts of the cardiovascular system
Which accessory organ's secretions neutralize stomach acid before it reaches the intestines?
The pancreas
How does a gastric bypass lead to patient losing weight?
The stomach is reduced in size so patients eat less.
What is mechanical digestion?
The use of physical actions to break down food
What is the role of the villi?
To absorb small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract
What is the primary function of the sinoatrial node?
To initiate the contraction of the heart
What is the difference between vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins are organic nutrients, while minerals are inorganic nutrients.
Anatomy is to physiology as ___________.
a book is to reading
The main role of the large intestine is to ________.
absorb water
What is the specific site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?
alveoli
The blood, blood vessels, and heart in a human constitute __________.
an organ system
Form refers to ________, and function refers to ________.
anatomical structure; physiological actions
The three types of blood vessels are ________________.
arteries, capillaries, and veins
___________ carry blood from the heart, while ____________ carry blood to the heart.
arteries; veins
Veins carry ________.
blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide
Asthma causes constriction of the tiny air passages in the lungs, otherwise known as the __________.
bronchioles
An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body ________.
cannot make by itself
Which of the following options lists the structural elements of organisms in the correct order, from smallest to largest?
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
Contraction of the _____________ causes expansion of the lungs.
diaphragm
Organs are made up of ________ to perform a specific function.
different types of tissues
The pulmonary circuit specifically circulates blood ________.
from the heart to the lungs
The systemic circuit specifically circulates blood ________.
from the heart to the rest of the body
The enzyme lactase breaks the sugar lactose into which compound(s)? Select all that apply. ANSWER: fructose glucose galactose sucrose
glucose galactose
Some fish-such as salmon-hatch in fresh water, move to the ocean to mature, and return to fresh water to reproduce. The concentration of sodium in the blood of the fish does not change very much when they swim from a river to the sea or return to the river. This is an example of ______________.
homeostasis
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
The ____________ and the ____________ are commonly known as the voicebox and windpipe, respectively.
larynx; trachea
Chyme enters the small intestine from the stomach. At this point, _____.
mechanical digestion is essentially complete, but the other processes are ongoing or have not yet begun
Organ systems are often interconnected, and these interconnections allow us to function normally. What two organ systems work directly together when someone runs and jumps?
muscular and skeletal
Response to a stimulus, such that the effect of the stimulus is counteracted, is called a ________ feedback.
negative
Most mechanical processing of food occurs in the _____.
oral cavity and stomach
Which lists the major segments of the alimentary canal in the correct order?
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
The heart is an example of a(n) ___________.
organ
________ is a group of tissues working together.
organ
The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to reach all areas of the body. Together, the heart and blood vessels form a(n) __________.
organ system
Multiple organs that work together are called a(n) ______
organ system.
_____ is made up of many organ systems functioning together.
organism
The pulmonary arteries carry _______________ blood.
oxygen-poor
Which of the following options correctly lists the sequence of structures that air passes through during breathing after it enters the mouth and nose?
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
The main role of the liver is to ________.
produce bile, which helps the process of digestion
A double circulatory system is composed of a ______________ circuit and a(n) ______________ circuit.
pulmonary; systemic
The ______________ is the chamber where blood enters the heart from the body and receives ____________ blood.
right atrium; deoxygenated
Tissues are made up of ________ that work together to perform a function.
similar cells
Absorption of food monomers occurs primarily in the _____.
small intestine
Most of the absorption of nutrients (besides water) takes place in the ________.
small intestine
Several important enzymes and other secretions aid in digestion as food moves down the alimentary canal, as follows: -in the oral cavity, salivary amylase helps break down _____; -in the stomach, pepsin helps break down _____; -and in the small intestine, bile helps break down _____.
starches; proteins; fats and oils
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
The alimentary canal is ________.
the series of digestive organs
A group of cells working together is a(n)
tissue