EXAM 4 BIO

What is the first reaction of the body due to the influenza virus disrupting the normal function of the epithelial cells in the respiratory system?

Fluid accumulation in the lungs

During an influenza infection, most of the symptoms felt are caused by the virus destroying the host cells.

false

The closer two organisms are related, the more time there has been for mutations to occur in the genetic information.

false

Select all of the structural components of a virus.

generic material Plasma membrane and nucleus Protein capsid Fiber proteins

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.

The influenza proteins that target host cells have a complex, ______ shape.

three-dimensional

Evolution will only occur when changes in genetic information are passed on to the next generation.

true

The core proteins of the influenza virus are more effective antigens to be used in a vaccine.

true

To study and understand the diversity of life, biology is deeply rooted in the unifying theory of biology known as __________. This process is able to explain how a population may change over time and give rise to more complex forms.

evolution

Which of the following statements about the component of the flu vaccine and its intended function is true?

Formaldehyde is used to inactivate toxins from the virus or bacteria that may have been present during production.

Physician Edward Jenner promoted the use of cowpox, a harmless pathogen related to the dangerous smallpox virus, as a vaccination to provide patients immunity from future smallpox epidemics. Today a similiar method is used with the influenza vaccine. This is an example of __________.

active immunity

Primary target of influenza virus

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system.

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA.

The following statements relate to either the innate or the adaptive system. Select those that only apply to the adaptive immune system. (Check all that apply.)

Antibody production Cell-mediated immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Inflammatory response

Which of the following statements accurately describes how viruses reproduce?

Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a protein capsule. They are only capable of reproducing once inside a living host cell.

The adaptive immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens by holding ______ in reserve.

memory B cells

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

a killed version of the virus or antigens specific to the virus.

The immune system's role is to

actively seek and destroy pathogens.

__________ has the ability to target cells of the body that are infected with pathogens, while also responding to any pathogens that are free in the blood or interstitial fluid of the body.

Adaptive immunity

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection?

All of the answer choices describe the relationship between mutations and evolution.

Which of the following events would result in the formation of an influenza virus that would threaten humans?

Viral genetic material exchange between different populations

The primary target of the influenza virus is the

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system.

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its abililty to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

The contents of genes in viruses are ______ that of living organisms.

less than

The chickenpox virus can remain latent in host cells by integrating its DNA into the host cell genome. This virus uses the ______ cycle as its main life cycle pathway.

lysogenic

The cytochrome c protein is sometimes used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species. This is because

the closer the DNA sequences are between species, the closer they are related on an evolutionary scale.

Select three of the components that were proposed by Darwin for natural selection to occur.

Breeding is done intentionally with the intent to increase the frequency of desired traits. Variation within a population is heritable. Populations experience competition for resources.

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, the vaccine was less than 30% effective. This is an example of __________.

antigenic drift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________.

antigenic shift

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ______ cycle.

lytic

Which of the following are common symptoms associated with the influenza virus?

sore throat congestion itchy watering eyes body aches fever

Studying the Hox gene has shown geneticists that

the more similiar the Hox gene is between organisms, the more similiar the embryonic development is between those organisms.

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

Which of the following statements is true about the production of the influenza vaccine?

All three methods describe different approaches used to make flu vaccines.

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

Which structure on the influenza virus provides attachment to the surface of the targeted host cell?

The H spikes

Which of the following circumstances are necessary for evolution to occur? Select all that apply.

The environment does not change.The environment does not change. A particular trait must be able to be passed on to the next.

When pathogens are ingested by the macrophages and dendritic cells of the immune system, they are digested and a small portion of the pathogen, __________, is attached to the surface of the macrophage.

an antigen

One method of constructing an influenza vaccine is to use an influenza strain that has been modified by removing proteins that contribute to its virulence. This process is called __________.

attenuation

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes term-71and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

Which of these best describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

From the list provided, select all viruses that have DNA as the genetic material. (Check all that apply.)

ALl

Which of the following characteristics of life are present in viruses?

Ability to evolve over time

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine?

All of the answer choices are challenges in creating an annual influenza vaccine.

Antigenic shift

All of the answer choices are correct.

B cell activation, through antibody-mediated immunity, results in the

All of the answer choices are correct.

Biologists, who study ______, are interested in understanding evolution as process of life.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

All of the answer choices are correct.

One of the four categories of the innate immune system is the inflammatory system. Its role is to

All the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus?

An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

As influenza A progresses through the respiratory tract, the ______ of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface.

H spikes

Select all of the following that are characteristics that explain the process of natural selection.

In a population, individuals vary in their heritable traits. In a population, individuals struggle to exist. Over multiple generations, populations become adapted to their environment.

From the list provided, select all characteristics of the influenza envelope. (Check all that apply.)

It contains RNA.It contains RNA. It separates the genetic material and the capsid.It separates the genetic material and the capsid. It contains N and H spikes.

Which of the following disorders are in response to the immune system's inablility to differentiate self from non-self?

Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

Determine whether the statements concerning mutations are true or false. a. Mutations represent the source of genetic variation in a population. True b. Natural selection causes mutations. True c. Mutations are constantly occurring in the genetic material. False d. Natural selection favors variation, which increases the ability of the individual to reproduce and pass the trait on to the next generation, and acts against detrimental traits. True

Mutations impact on evolution

Which of the following statements are true concerning how an influenza virus identifies and infects its target cell? Select all that apply.

Proteins located on the capsid of the virus allow the virus to attach to molecules on the surface of a host cell. The capsid proteins of a virus may attach to protein receptors on the surface of the host cell.Upon identification of a specific protein molecule on the surface of the host cell, the virus can integrate into the host cell.

Consider the following scenario: A fish that was normally found in freshwater has evolved and can now survive in brackish (containing a mixture of fresh and salt) water. How would this affect other levels of biology?

The evolution of the fish would affect all other levels of biology, including other populations, communities, and ecosystems.

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Select all of the following statements that are true concerning the flu vaccine.

The influenza vaccine is designed to protect humans against three or four influenza viruses that are most likely to spread and cause a pandemic during the flu season Flu vaccines take up to six months to prepare and are synthesized based on surveillance information sent to the five influenza centers across the world.

Which of the following best distinguishes viral genetic material from the genetic material of a living organism?

The viral genome is either DNA or RNA and encodes for fewer proteins.

Two processes by which the flu virus evolves

There are two basic methods by which the influenza virus changes its genetic information: mutations or reassortment. Antigenic drift occurs when a mutation causes a change in the H and N spikes on the influenza virus. Antigenic shift occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same host cell, and a new form of the virus is manufactured.

From the list provided, select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

There must be a variation for a trait within a population. The environment should remain constant.

The influenza virus targets epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract. What is the normal function of epithelial cells?

They form boundaries between the body tissue and internal environments

Determine which of the following statement(s) are true concerning how flu vaccines are produced.

Vaccines contain either inactivated or weakened viruses. People with egg allergies should pay attention to how the flu vaccine is made, since some flu shots may contain remnants of eggs due to the egg-based technology used to make the flu vaccine.

The most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine because

it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses.

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a(n) __________ over a period of time.

population

The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a ______ over time.

population