Exam 4 Genetics and Evolution #1

Place the following steps in order to describe how DNA is packaged into cells. 1. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins 2. DNA is bundled into structures called nucleosomes 3.DNA is coiled into chromosomes

1. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins 2. DNA is bundled into structures called nucleosomes 3.DNA is coiled into chromosomes

Place the following events in order to describe the human life cycle. Begin by placing the process that occurs to form newborn babies at the top.

1. Mitosis, fully grown fetus 2.Mitosis, fully diploid grown adult 3.Meiosis, production of haploid gametes 4. Fertilization, diploid zygote

Select all of the following ways that mutations change the protein for hemoglobin.

A mutation causes a change in a single amino acid for the hemoglobin protein. A single mutation results in a mutated beta-globin molecule.

If an individual with Type A blood marries a person with Type AB blood, which blood types may be present in their offspring?

AB, A, B

Which of the following statements best defines sexual reproduction?

Adult humans produce haploid gametes through meiosis.

Mendel's law of segregation proposed which of the following? Choose the best answer. All of the above. Individuals possess two copies of each trait. Alleles separate during gamete formation. Gametes contain a single copy of each trait.

All of the above.

_____ are variations of a gene.

Alleles

Two forms of globins

Alpha globin, Beta globin

The interaction of the respiratory and circulatory systems occurs where?

Alveoli of the lungs

Select all of the following that are stages of meiosis II.

Anaphase II Metaphase II

Which of the following may be caused by sickle cell disease

Anemia, Pain in joints, blockages in the capillaries of the respiratory system.

Which of the following sentences best summarizes how genes and chromosomes are involved in transmitting information to future generations?

Chromosomes are composed of long strands of DNA organized into genes that code for specific traits. Because genes are inheritable, those specific traits are inheritable also.

How does meiosis produce genetic variation in offspring?

Crossing-over during prophase I allows homologous chromosomes to swap alleles and homologous chromosomes are randomly aligned at the center of the cell during metaphase I.

Chromosomes are composed of long strands of_____, organized into________that code for specific traits.

DNA, Genes

Which of the following best describes the difference between recessive and dominant forms of inheritance?

Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles. So, an individual must have two recessive alleles to express a recessive trait, but only one dominant allele to express a dominant trait.

Which of the following are considered to be genetic traits and therefore inheritable?

Eye color Facial features, including nose shape, dimples, and freckles

Which of the following best explains Mendel's law of independent assortment?

For multiple-trait crosses, each pair of factors separates independently from the others, meaning all possible combinations of factors can occur in gametes.

Which of the following is part of a hemoglobin molecule?

Four globin proteins, A heme group

Select all of the following that result from meiosis in humans.

Gametes are genetically different from each other and the parent. Four haploid gametes

Select the statements that best describes the relationship between genes and chromosomes.

Genes are composed of long strands of DNA organized into chromosomes.

Which of the following best defines the information stored in genes?

Genes store only the information for making proteins and other gene products.

Which of the following statements best explains why genetic traits are inheritable?

Genetic traits are controlled by our genes and are passed down over generations from parents to offspring.

The work of which of the following researcher(s) used radioactively labeled material to determine whether proteins or DNA are the genetic material?

Hershey and Chase

An intermediate phenotype in a heterozygous individual is an indication of which pattern of inheritance?

Incomplete dominance

Recall what information is stored within genes.

Information for the production of genes Information for the production of RNA

Which of the following information is stored in genes?

Instructions for converting information in DNA into proteins

A genetic disease has which of the following characteristics

It can be passed from one generation to the next. It is due to changes in the DNA of an individual.

PCR differs from DNA replication in which of the following?

It uses a thermostable DNA polymerase. It uses primers to target specific segments of the DNA molecule. It can produce large numbers of copies of a specific gene.

Select all of the following traits that are associated with sickle-cell disease.

Malfunctioning hemoglobin proteins Red blood cells that are sickle-shaped in appearance.

Which of the following best describes the role of meiosis during sexual reproduction?

Meiosis produces haploid gametes that are genetically different from each other and their parents.

How are red blood cells impacted by mutations in the gene for hemoglobin?

Mutated hemoglobin molecules clump together, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped.

All of the following statements are true. Which one statement describes the biggest impact that sickle-cell disease has over the organs and organ systems of the body?

Mutated hemoglobin molecules result in misshapen red blood cells that cannot function to transport oxygen in the body.

Which of the following statements best explains the reason for most of the impacts of sickle-cell on the body?

Mutated hemoglobin molecules result in misshapen red blood cells that cannot perform their function in the body.

Which of the following traits are associated with sickle-cell disease?

Mutated hemoglobin proteins that result in sickle-shaped red blood cells

Which of the following best explains how mutations change the hemoglobin protein?

Mutations cause a change in a single amino acid, resulting in a mutated beta-globin molecule and a nonfunctional hemoglobin molecule.

Which of the following best supports this statement: Traits are hereditary. Multiple choice question. Our genes determine our specific traits. Genes are used to make proteins, Because proteins are stored within chromosomes and these chromosomes are inheritable, our traits are inheritable also. Our proteins determine our traits. Because proteins are stored within chromosomes and chromosomes are inherited from parent to offspring, specific traits are inheritable also. Our genes determine our specific traits. Because genes are inheritable, specific traits are inheritable also. Our DNA determines our traits. Because an offspring's DNA is a clone of either the mother or the father, those traits will be clones of either the mother or father's traits. In this way traits are inheritable.

Our genes determine our specific traits. Because genes are inheritable, specific traits are inheritable also.

Place the stages of meiosis I in order, beginning with the first stage.

PMAT

Which of the following terms refers to the physical characteristics associated with a trait?

Phenotype

During which of the following is genetic variation introduced into the cells that will become the gametes?

Prophase I, Metaphase I

Which of the following best describes the function of red blood cells in the body?

Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

Which of the following best explains why sickle-cell disease is a good candidate for studying genetic diseases?

Sickle-cell disease results from a single mutation on a single gene.

Genes are often considered the basic unit of inheritance

TRUE

Males have XY chromosome for their sex chromosome. TRUE

TRUE

Select all of the following that are expected to result from a cross between two individuals with the following genotypes: Tt x TT.

TT Tt

Select all of the following ways that the mutation in sickle-cell disease changes the resulting protein.

The hemoglobin molecule is malformed. A glutamine amino acid is replaced by a valine amino acid. The beta-globin gene is mutated.

Which of the following best describes the fate of information contained within a gene?

The information within genes can be used as instructions for making proteins through the processes of transcription and translation.

Which law states that each individual has two factors for each trait, these factors separate during the formation of gametes, and the resulting gametes have only one factor for each trait?

The law of segregation

Which of the following traits are controlled entirely by our genes? Multiple choice question.

The likelihood of developing sickle-cell disease

Which one of the following statements concerning the basic characteristics of a gene is false?

The majority of genes contain information to code for physical traits.

Select all of the following traits that are controlled by our genes.

The presence and functioning of our internal organs Our likelihood for developing sickle-cell disease Eye color, hair color, and skin color

homologous chromosomes

Two copies of different chromosomes, found in diploid organisms

sister chromatids

Two copies of the same single chromosome that are attached to each other physically

Sickle cell disease results from

a change in the structure of hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in our red blood cells. The change is due to a mutation.

What is hemoglobin?

a complex protein that consists of four polypeptide chains, called globins.

Sickle cell anemia

a single change in a gene causes the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells to form in correctly, preventing it from transporting oxygen to the tissues of the body.

Variations in eye color, height, blood type, and physiological differences are considered to be the result of differences between the_____of genes.

alleles

In sickle-cell disease, it is the change of a single______, ________in the polypeptide chain that results in a misshapen hemoglobin molecule.

amino acid

Genes carry instructions for making proteins or other gene products. This means that:

changes in genes can change our physical traits.

Which of the following are processes within meiosis that produce genetic variation in offspring?

crossing-over during prophase I metaphase I

During the human life cycle,______(haploid/diploid) zygotes grow into_____(haploid/diploid) adults through mitosis.

diploid, diploid

During the human life cycle (haploid/diploid) adults produce (haploid/diploid) gametes through meiosis.

diploid, haploid

During sexual reproduction, meiosis is responsible for the production of haploid male and female_________that later fuse to form a diploid zygote.

gametes

Basic Unit of Inheritance

gene

Basic units of inheritance that contain information to make products are called

genes

Segments of DNA called _____ contain information that produce a product.

genes

The basic units of inheritance are called______and are carried on chromosomes

genes

Units called_______control our physical traits through controlling the manufacturing of proteins and other products.

genes

Diseases that are caused by mutations to genes that are passed down from parent to offspring are called

genetic diseases

The sickle-cell mutation causes the amino acid_______to be replaced by the amino acid_______resulting in a nonfunctional beta globin protein.

glutamine,valine

The process of spermatogenesis produces _____ and the process of oogenesis produces _____.

haploid sperm; haploid egg

An individual with the genotype Gg would be considered _____.

heterozygous

In order to be packaged into a chromosome, DNA is wound around______protein to form bundles called nucleosomes.

histone

An individual with the genotype tt would have two recessive alleles for a trait. Another name for this genotype is

homozygous

The law of _____ describes how each pair of factors separate independently of each other, so that all possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes.

independent assortment

In order for something to be inherited:

it must be able to be passed on from one generation to the next.

Anemia

low oxygen concentrations in the body.

During the human life cycle, the process of______cuts the chromosome number in half in order for fertilization to double the chromosome number.

meiosis

During the life cycle of humans, the process of________results in haploid gametes and the process of__________results in diploid adult humans.

meiosis,mitosis

A genetic disease is

one that is caused by a change(mutation) in the genetic information of an individual that can be passed on from one generation to the next.

A chart that depicts a family's history in the context of a particular genetic trait is called a(n)

pedigree

The _____ refers to an organism's physical appearance or characteristics, while the _____ refers to the allele combination it has.

phenotype; genotype

Interpret the following scenario to distinguish between recessive and dominant forms of inheritance. Two parents that are heterozygous for a genetic disease have a child with the genetic disease. This form of inheritance follows a _____ form of inheritance.

recessive

Function of a Red Blood Cells

responsible for the exchange of gases in our bodies

Genes are

segments of DNA that contain instructions for the production of proteins and RNA molecules.

Those chromosomes that determine if an individual is male or female are called________chromosomes, while all other chromosomes are called__________chromosomes.

sex, autosomal

The process where adult humans produce haploid gametes through meiosis is called

sexual reproduction

Sickle-cell disease is also referred to as

sickle cell anemia

Identical copies of the same chromosome are called________,and two different copies of a chromosome are called____________.

sister chromatid, homologous chromosomes

The process of creating gametes is called _____ in males and _____ in females.

spermatogenesis; oogenesis

In pea plants, tall (T) is dominant over short (t) and green pods (G) are dominant over yellow pods (g). If two individuals that were both heterozygous were crossed, what would be the possible genotypes of the gametes produced? Select all that apply.

tG tg Tg TG