EXAM 4

Which of the following is a function of the skin?

All of the answer choices are functions of the skin

Which of the following organisms will contain hemolymph as the fluid of their circulatory system?

All of the answer choices have hemolymph.

Bilaterally symmetrical animals

All of the choices are correct.

Sharks

All of the choices are correct.

The leading cause of preventable death in the United States is cardiovascular disease. Which of the following are lifestyle modifications that would lower a person's risk of CVD?

All of the choices are means of lowering risk for CVD.

Which of the following functions performed by the skin would be lost or seriously compromised if someone suffered a severe burn over most of the body?

All of these are vital functions of the skin and would be compromised.

Which of the following features are found in invertebrates that enable them to exchange nutrients and gases without the use of a circulatory system?

All of these features enable invertebrates to exchange gases and nutrients without a circulatory system.

______ were the first vertebrates to live on land and they evolved from _____.

Amphibians; fish

What is the main difference between an open circulatory system and a closed one?

An open system will have the blood leave the blood vessels and dump into the hemocoel while the closed one will retain the blood within the system.

Which statement most accurately describes the colonial flagellate hypothesis?

Animals are descended from an ancestor that resembles a spherical colony of flagellated cells.

Which is most closely associated with negative feedback?

As the temperature falls in a house, the heater comes on.

Which statement concerning body symmetry is NOT correct?

Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile.

Which of the following has a four-chambered heart like humans?

Birds and crocodiles.

Which of the following features are shared by all of the jawed fish?

Cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, gills and scales

When people have health issues associated with their kidneys doctors may prescribe diuretic drugs. Why would someone with high blood pressure be prescribed these drugs?

Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped.

Which of the following statements best describes the jawless fishes?

Ectotherms that have a smooth nonscaly skin.

Which of these statements is NOT correct about flatworms?

Flatworms are deuterostomes.

During the course of fish evolution, two of the gill arches evolved into ________.

Jaw

______ is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and producing a response to stimuli.

Nervous tissue

In some chordates, the _______ is (are) replaced by ________.

Pharyngeal pouches; gills

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sponges?

Sponges have three tissue layers.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidarians?

The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical

Which feature would have given the jawed fish an evolutionary advantage over the jawless fish when it came time to hunt for food?

The evolution of jaws from the gill slits that would enable them to bite more efficiently.

which description best fits that of an open circulatory system?

The heart pumps hemolymph into tissue spaces that are enlarged into saclike sinuses. Correct

In aquatic vertebrates, which kidney function is critical to helping the organism maintaining homeostasis?

The kidneys function to maintain the balance between water and several types of salts.

What is the main reason that mammals underwent adaptive radiation after the demise of the dinosaurs?

The mammals had little competition so it was easier for them to evolve into the niches that were once occupied by the dinosaurs.

Which statement is NOT true about cartilage?

The matrix of cartilage includes calcium salts

What is most likely to occur when an individual is exposed to UV radiation?

The melanocytes will produce melanin, the melanin is distributed into epidermal cells, a steroid is converted into vitamin D and stem cells can mutate leading to cancer. Correct

What is the function of the buds formed by hydra?

They are a form of asexual reproduction.

Which statement is NOT true about red blood cells

They are mainly produced in the liver.

Which of the following reptilian features enabled them to adapt to a terrestrial environment?

Two pairs of paired limbs, a septum that divides the ventricle, and well developed kidneys

Why is it advantageous for the embryos of reptiles and birds to produce uric acid instead of ammonia?

Uric acid is relatively nontoxic and won't harm the developing embryo as it is stored inside of the egg. Ammonia is far more toxic and could cause developmental problems if it was confined to the interior of an egg alongside of the embryo. Correct

Which of the following statements about the glomerulus is INCORRECT?

Which of the following statements about the glomerulus is INCORRECT?

A notochord is

a stiff dorsal supporting rod that is replaced by the vertebral column during development.

which of the following nitrogenous waste products is secreted by organisms that live in water and have body surfaces in direct contact with water?

ammonia

A very highly soluble nitrogenous waste, excreted into water by bony fishes, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic amphibians is

ammonia.

Deamination of amino acids, in the excretory system, will initially result in the formation of

ammonia.

Flukes are divided into the groups Monogenea and Digenea. Monogenea have a posterior holdfast with hooks, clamps, and suckers, while Digenea have suckers but never hooks and clamps. Monogenea have only one host in the life cycle and usually live on gills or skin of fish and amphibians. Digenea have at least two hosts, and are named for having two reproductive states in their life cycle (an adult and intramolluscan phase). Based on this information, the blood fluke Schistosoma would be classified as

an endoparasite and Digenean.

Which of the following would be an indication of kidney failure?

arge amount of protein in the urine

A thin layer of protein, within epithelial tissue, that anchors the epithelium to the extracellular matrix is the

basement membrane.

What two forces control the movement of fluid through the capillary wall?

blood pressure and osmotic pressure

What is the body's response to a rise in temperature above 37.0 degrees C?

blood vessels in the skin begin to dilate which increases blood flow to the surface of the skin. Environmental variables will help decrease the temperature of the blood. The nervous system also activates the sweat glands which help decrease temperature.

Which of these white blood cells are phagocytic?

both neutrophils and macrophages

Which organ system does NOT play a role in acquiring materials and energy?

cardiovascular

Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?

cardiovascular system Correct

Which of the following excretory structures is used by birds?

cloaca

What type of fiber accounts for the strength of various connective tissues?

collagen

Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps (processes) involved in urine formation?

countercurrent mechanism

Human tapeworm infections occur by

eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef.

Exocrine glands that secrete products onto the surface of the skin through ducts are classified as _____ tissue.

epithelial

What type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces?

epithelial tissue

All of the following are characteristics of vertebrates EXCEPT

exoskeletons.

Which type of animal is most likely to gain water by osmosis from its environment?

freshwater bony fishes

Skeletal muscle

has bands of actin and myosin filaments perpendicular to the length of the cell that produce contractions.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?

he adult form is diploid in an alternation of generation life cycle.

The coronary arteries are important because they serve the

heart.

The structure that absorbs nutrients from the small intestines and delivers the nutrients in the blood to the liver is the

hepatic portal vein.

Identify which of the following feature(s) are found in the cnidarians but not in the comb jellies.

hey contain a capsule called a nematocyst.

Normally, concentrations of metabolically important substances, such as glucose, are

high in glomerular filtrate but only a trace in urine.

Which of the following cardiovascular diseases is caused by a narrowing of the arteries causing the heart to work harder when pumping?

hypertension

Malpighian tubules are the excretory system attached to the gut in

insects.

When you step on a cockroach or smash a fly, the blood appears colorless because

it does not contain hemoglobin or any other respiratory pigment.

The jawed fish and all other vertebrates are gnathostomes, which means they have

jaws.

The vertebrates that lack jaws are called

lampreys.

All of the following are functions of connective tissue EXCEPT to

line body cavities and cover surfaces.

Amphibians evolved from

lobe-finned fishes with lungs.

Homeostasis is the

maintenance of normal internal conditions by means of self-regulating mechanisms.

Excretion is a process in which ____ is (are) removed from the body.

metabolic wastes

Animals are classified according to all of the following features EXCEPT

mode of reproduction.

During fertilization in humans, sperm reach the egg by traveling through the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes. In which body cavity does the sperm locate the egg ?

pelvic cavity

The four defining characteristics of chordates are

pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.

Which type of blood component is involved in the initiation of clotting?

platelets

Which is NOT a function of the kidneys?

production of water from oxygen and bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

In _____, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore.

protostomes

elective reabsorption of glucose and amino acids occur in the ____ of the nephron.

proximal convoluted tubule

In deuterostomes,

radial cleavage occurs, and the fate of the cells is indeterminate.

Which of these is NOT one of the characteristics of a vertebrate?

radial symmetry

The following are differences between amphibians and reptiles EXCEPT

reptiles are ectothermic, while amphibians are endothermic.

After leaving our left ventricle, blood next passes through the

semilunar valve.

The amphibians' unique contribution to the evolution of land vertebrates was

separation of lung/gill and systemic (body) circulation.

Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra?

sessile polyp form with the mouth pointing upward

A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtles' stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by their calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in the turtles' digestive systems. These protective structures are called

spicules.

The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is

sponges.

Which organs are located in the ventral cavity of the body?

stomach, liver, heart and bladder

The epidermis consists of

stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following features would be found in the epidermis layer of the skin?

stratified squamous epithelium, cells produce keratin, contain melanocytes, offers a layer of protection against bacteria

Which feature is found in the bony fish but not in the cartilaginous fish?

swim bladder

A person working in a rice paddy in Asia becomes infected with the liver fluke by

swimming or wading in infected water, where the cercariae enter the skin.

Sponges feed differently than comb jellies because a sponge feeds by

the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current; the current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells.

The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has limited vessels feeding into or out of it. How many major "connections" must be cut in transplant surgery for one kidney?

three: the renal artery and vein and the ureter

Penicillin leaves the blood plasma through tubular walls and not through the glomerulus. Therefore, penicillin is removed from the blood by the process of

tubular secretion.

What would you find in the heart of an amphibian?

two atria and one ventricle

What would you find in the heart of a human?

two atria and two ventricles

Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians?

two-chambered heart

he nitrogenous waste material of an embryo that accumulates inside the eggshell of a bird or reptile is

uric acid.

Although there is no connection between the female urinary and reproductive tracts, there is a connection between these systems in males because

urine is voided from the body through the urethra and the urethra carries sperm during ejaculation.

Which structure does blood pass through immediately before entering the right atrium?

vena cava

Identify the correct flow of blood through a one-circuit system.

ventricle - gill capillaries - systemic capillaries - sinus venosus - atrium

dentify the correct pathway of blood flow through a two-circuit pathway.

ventricle - systemic circuit - right atrium ventricle - pulmonary circuit - left atriu