Exam 5
Delta
- Less than 4 Hz - Most often seen in slow-wave sleep (non-REM stage 3) - Brain wave type with the lowest frequencies
Theta
- Most often seen in Stage 1 sleep (non-REM) - 4-7 Hz
Alpha
- Most often seen when one is drowsy, but still awake - 8-12 Hz
Wakefulness
- Muscles are active - High frequency, low amplitude brain waves (EEG) with muscle movements
REM sleep
- Paradoxical sleep - Rapid eye movements combined with paralyzed muscles - Most vivid dreams occur during this state
Stage 2 sleep
- Sleep spindles observed in EEG - K-Complex waves seen in EEG
Stage 3 sleep
- Slow-wave sleep - Delta waves in EEG
Beta
12-30 Hz
Typically, an individual will spend _____ of the night in non-REM sleep.
80%
Which type of job poses a higher risk for sleep deprivation?
A truck driver
REM sleep is characterized by
ALL
What is an effect of mild sleep deprivation?
ALL
What is a cognitive effect of sleep deprivation?
All
Which of the following is a theory on why we need sleep?
All
Which of the following is characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?
All of the above
Amateur neurologist: Priscilla's aunt can not name the water glass sitting in front of her even though she can pick it up and drink from it. What is your diagnosis?
Anomia
Which brain wave type contains the lowest frequencies?
Delta
Recorded electrical brain waves are
EEG
This method is capable of monitoring brain activity during sleep
EEG
What tool is used to measure brain activity during sleep?
EEG
What tool is used to measure muscle activity during sleep?
EMG; Electromyography
What technique is used to measure eye movements during sleep?
EOG
Awake
EOG indicates eyes are moving, EMG indicates muscle contractions, EEG shows high frequency, low amplitude waves
REM sleep
EOG indicates eyes are moving, EMG indicates muscles are paralyzed, EEG shows high frequency, low amplitude waves
Deep Sleep
EOG indicates eyes are stationary, EMG indicates muscles are relaxed, EEG shows low frequency, high amplitude waves
Stage 2 Sleep
EOG indicates eyes are stationary, EMG indicates muscles are relaxed, EEG shows sleep spindles.
Eye movements are to ______ as brain activity is to _______.
EOG; EEG
What is E? (look at word doc pic 1)
Ear
About half of the population does not dream
False
Cognitive impairment doesn't begin in humans until the individual has been awake for more than 36 hours.
False
Most people are either "left-brained" or "right-brained", few people process information in both hemispheres
False
One of the best ways to study is to listen to tapes while you are sleeping, that way your brain absorbs information into your subconscious.
False
Sleep deprivation affects the body more than it does the brain.
False
An individual who is concentrating hard on a task would likely show which wave type on an EEG?
Gamma
If you are concentrating on this quiz, then your EEG pattern would likely show which EEG wave pattern?
Gamma
Which sleep disorder is characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness?
Hypersomnia
Which of the following would not be considered to be an example of aphasia?
Impaired language comprehension in a college sophomore after a single night of drinking during spring break.
What is the most common sleep problem?
Insomnia
Which sleep disorder is characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep?
Insomnia
Someone who seems to be irritable and is having difficulty concentrating may be experiencing
Mild sleep deprivation
The sleeping/waking system is referred to as ___________, because when one network is active, the other is suppressed.
Mutually inhibitive
One theory of sleep as restorative states that ___________ are replenished during REM sleep.
Neurotransmitters
Which of the following is NOT a brain wave that is observed in an EEG?
Omega
Which of the following is true of handedness and hemispheric speech dominance?
Over 90 percent of the population shows left-hemisphere dominance for speech.
The best way to stay healthy, wealthy and wise is to get a good night's ________.
Sleep
Which of the following is NOT a theory on why we need sleep?
Sleep allows blood to circulate more easily while in a prone position
An EEG shows the presence of delta waves. We can assume that the individual connected to the EEG is
Sleeping
Somnambulism is commonly known as
Sleepwalking
Human circadian rhythms can differ in _________, with some going to bed and rising early, and others going to bed and rising late.
Phase
What is C? (look at word doc pic 1)
Primary Visual Cortex
What is F? (look at word doc pic 1)
Primary auditory cortex
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) is associated with sleep in that when activated, it
Promotes sleep
A larger brain may be required for animals that do not experience __________.
REM
Atonia occurs when the body enters
REM
Most dreaming occurs during
REM
What is a physical effect of sleep deprivation?
Risk of type 2 diabetes
As the night progresses, what happens to the sleep cycle pattern?
There are more periods of REM.
Stage 1 sleep
Theta waves are observed in EEG
How do antidepressants effect sleep?
They quicken sleep onset and suppress REM
Dreaming is possible during non-REM sleep
True
It is possible to train yourself to sleep for less time with no ill effects, as long as the training is gradual.
True
Studies have indicated that a period of sleep including REM and SWS can increase our visual discrimination ability.
True
Dream development in children is correlated with growth in what?
Visuospatial skills
What is C? (Look at word doc pic 2)
Wernicke's area
What is D? (look at word doc pic 1)
Wernicke's area
Anomia refers to
a difficulty in choosing the right word in a sentence.
The KE family is remarkable in that their speech disorder has been linked to
a single gene (FOXP2)
If a person suffers a stroke in their left hemisphere we would expect to see
all of the above.
Which of the following speech deficits is a common feature of all forms of aphasia?
anomia
The damage to or loss of language skills is called
aphasia
Which of the following is a primary disturbance in comprehension or production of speech that is often caused by brain damage?
aphasia
Aphasia means having
difficulty understanding and producing language.
People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty
producing speech.
The left hemisphere is better than the right hemisphere at
production and analysis of speech.
The normal rhythm and stress found in speech is called
prosody
The two overarching types of sleep are
rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM.
When people are experiencing vivid dreams
their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids.
After suffering a stroke that damages the left hemisphere and affects speech, a person could, in theory, regain speaking ability because
there is a transfer of language function to the right hemisphere.
Research shows that humans come into the world pre-programmed to learn language.
true
Damage to portions of the left temporal lobe produces a problem in
understanding speech.
Which of the following is NOT an example of prosody?
using a hand gesture to make a point while talking
Left-handed people
usually have their major language functions in their left hemisphere.
The brain waves present during REM sleep resemble those present during _______.
wakefullness
Historically, a key source of our knowledge about the physiology of language is studies of
people who have suffered brain damage.
The McGurk effect is when
the speech sounds we hear are strongly influenced by what we see.
Wernicke's aphasia is caused by damage to
the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere.
Gamma
- 30-100 Hz - Brain wave type with the highest frequencies - Observed when one is concentrating on a task
Which of the following is true regarding language and apes (specifically, chimpanzees and bonobos)?
Apes such as Washoe and Kanzi have demonstrated sophisticated use of symbols to communicate with humans including symbolism, but ape language is distinct from human language.
______ reflects a(n) ______ in the production or comprehension of speech.
Aphasia; deficit
What is A? (look at word doc pic 1)
Arcuate fasciculus
What is B? (look at word doc pic 2)
Arcuate fasciculus
Which of the following can be used to test speech comprehension in Wernicke's aphasia?
Ask the person to point to an object on a table.
Which of the following brain wave type has the highest frequencies?
Beta
What is B? (Look at word doc pic 1)
Broca's Area
A lesion study in the 1860s led to the discovery of this region of the brain, linked to the production of language
Broca's area
What is A? (Look at word doc pic 2)
Broca's area
Which of the following is NOT true about the FOXP2 gene?
It is expressed only in humans.
Which of the following is true of signed language?
It is usually processed in the left hemisphere like spoken language.
What happens to the circadian rhythm in a typical teenager?
It shifts later, so it is more difficult to go to sleep early and rise early
Which of the following is best description of the location of Broca's area?
Left inferior frontal gyrus
A 57-year old man comes to you after being treated for a stroke at the hospital. He seems to understand what you are saying, but when he tries to talk, nothing he says seems to make any sense at all. In all other ways he seems fine. What is the most likely site of his brain damage?
Left premotor cortex, Broca's area
A direct neural connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area is provided by the
arcuate fasciculus.
When the body enters REM, the muscles are paralyzed, in a process called
atonia
If an individual is having a lucid dream, they are
aware that they are dreaming.
A typical sleep cycle lasts
between 90 and 100 minutes.
A sensitive period for language acquisition
can last up to seven years for learning more than one language fluently.
In the study of handedness and hemispheric speech lateralization, what measure was used to determine hemispheric dominance?
changes in cerebral blood flow
Your natural, internal 24-hour rhythm is called the
circadian rhythm
An EEG shows the presence of gamma waves. We can assume that the individual connected to the EEG is
concentrating on a task.
Slow-wave sleep is the _______ stage of non-REM sleep.
deepest
If one dreams during non-REM sleep, and is awoken while still in this stage, one usually
does not remember dreaming
A primary characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia is
effortless production of meaningless speech.
Reactivation of memories during sleep may result in
encoding
The temporal components of semantic stimuli are best studied using
event-related potentials (ERPs).
Narcolepsy includes
falling asleep at inappropriate times.
The most recent source of information about the physiology of language is from
functional imaging of brain activity during verbal behavior in normal subjects.
The fact that all animals mammals sleep informs us that sleep is _________.
functional, necessary, important, essential.
An individual with Wernicke's aphasia
has major difficulty in understanding speech.
The key brain regions involved in Broca's aphasia is/are
inferior left frontal lobe.
Human language appears unique from non-human language in that
it uses recursive grammar.
Air travel can result in this circadian rhythm problem ________.
jet lag
In most humans, the left hemisphere of the brain is more heavily involved in
language
Creating sounds or signs that convey messages is one component of _____. This function is primarily located in the _____ hemisphere
language; left
Increased levels of SWS activity in specific regions of the brain indicate that
learning is taking place in those regions.
The perception and production of speech is
limited by what speech sounds an infant hears.
Broca's area is an example of ______ function; whereas the semantic maps described by Gallant and colleagues are an example of ______ function.
localized; distributed
In the context of sleep research, an electroencephalography (EEG) is used to
monitor brain activity.
Verbal behavior is said to be a lateralized function of the left hemisphere in that
most language problems are noted after damage to the left rather than the right hemisphere.
Electromyography (EMG) is used to monitor the ________ while an individual is sleeping.
movement of skeletal muscles
Microsleeps may occur in individuals who have experienced _______.
multiple days without enough sleep
One theory of sleep as restorative states that the chemicals in the brain, ___________, are replenished during REM sleep.
neurotransmitters
The hormone that promotes wakefulness is called
orexin
Uncle Chuck calls you in a panic because Aunt Mabelline fell and now she can't speak. She has a history of stroke so you are concerned when he also said she is paralyzed in her ______ arm.
right
A person suffering from Broca's aphasia would be expected to
show great difficulty in articulating words.
What is a dangerous disorder in which breathing stops during sleep?
sleep apnea
An individual engaging in monophasic sleep would _______.
sleep for an extended period (often 6-8 hours) during one portion of a 24 period.
An individual engaging in biphasic sleep would
sleep two times a day, usually with one period being significantly longer than the other (ex: 6 hours at night, and 1.5 hour nap in the afternoon)
In the absence of external cues, the human circadian rhythm will
stay at approximately 24 hours.
What area of the brain receives signals from the eyes and sends signals to the pineal gland to release melatonin?
suprachaismatic nucleus
What structure connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area?
the arcuate fasciculus
The meanings of words are most likely stored in
the association cortex throughout the brain.
Dreams can be made more vivid and frightening by drugs that effect
the dopaminergic system.
Split-brain patients demonstrate that
the left hemisphere is involved in language.
Encoding during sleep happens after
the reactivation of memories.
