Lab 1-2 Reference/Learning Objectives
Elbow Joint
Articulation of the humerus with the ulna and radius -Uniaxial -Hinge -Diarthrodial -Synovial
In the embryonic development of long bones, __________________ secrete and form a shaft of ________________.
Chondroblasts secrete and form a shaft of Hyaline Cartilage
14) Describe the 5 basic types of fractures (Image)
Closed (Simple) Open (Compound) Greenstick Comminuted Impacted
If the end of a broken bone pieces the skin, the fracture is considered a(n)
Compound Fracture
10) Distinguish between the cranium and the facial skeleton
Cranium -Occipital Bone -Parietal Bones (2) -Temporal Bones (2) -Frontal bone -Sphenoid -Ethmoid Facial Skeleton (14 bones in total) -Zygomatic bone -Maxilla (2) -Mandible -Nasal bones (2) -Palatine Bones (2) -Lacrimal Bones (2) -Inferior nasal conchae (2) -Vomer
The medullary cavity of a long bone is located inside the
Diaphysis
Mandible Depression Labeled
Digastric Stylohyoid Mylohyoid
The articular cartilage of a long bone covers the
Distal and Proximal Epiphysis
How do the bones of the radius and ulna attach to each other?
Interosseous Membrane
Which bones compose the nasal septum?
quadrilateral cartilage, perpendicular plate, vomer
The following seven bones for the orbit
sphenoid frontal zygomatic ethmoid lacrimal maxilla palatine
Bell's Palsy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face
Sphenoid Bone Labeled
-Shaped like a butterfly
Place the following steps of bone repair in order (iii,v,ii,i,iv) i. Formation of bony callus ii. Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus iii. Blood clotting and formation of a fracture hematoma iv. Remodeling of bone at the site v. Removal of dead bone cells by osteoclasts
1. Blood clotting and formation of a fracture hematoma 2. Removal of dead bone cells by osteoclasts 3. Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus 4. Formation of a bony callus 5. Remodeling of bone at the site
All of the following are long bones, except
A. Humerus B. Rib (flat) C. Phalanges D. Fibula
Which of the following structural elements are unique to compact bone?
A. Lamellae B. Osteons C. Canaliculi D. Osteocytes
Which of the following facial bones is unpaired?
A. Maxilla B. Zygomatic C. Lacrimal D. Vomer
Flat bones lack which of the following?
A. Medullary Cavity B. Spongy bone C. Periosteum D. Bone Marrow
All of the following bones are cranial bones except
A. Occipital B. Maxilla C. Sphenoid D. Temporal
Which of the following is not a bone of the axial skeleton?
A. Occipital B. Vertebra C. Rib D. Clavicle
Long bones are adapted for all of the following, except: -Function
A. Protecting Internal Organs B. Absorbing Stress C. Supporting Body Weight D. Facilitating Movement
Which of the following is not a flat bone?
A. Rib B. Frontal bone C. Scapula D. Vertebrae (Irregular)
Which of the following is not true about the formation of flat bones
A. They develop through endochondral ossification (x) B. Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix (yes) C. Osteoblasts develop into osteocytes and form Trabeculae (yes) D.A layer of compact bone replaces the upper layers of spongy bone (yes)
Which is an example of an irregular bone?
A. Vertebra/Pelvic Bone B. Patella C. Scapula D. Metacarpal
Ischium Labeled
Acetabular Rim Ischial Tuberosity Ramus
Scapula Side 2
Acromion Border
6) Distinguish between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton -Skull -Larynx -Vertebral Column -Thoracic Cage Appendicular Skeleton -Shoulder Girdle -Pelvic Girdle -Upper and Lower Limbs
5) Organization of the Skeleton
Axial vs. Apendicular
7) Locate and name the major bones of the human skeleton
Basic Human Skeleton
Tarsal Bones Labeled (ankle)
Calcaneus form the heel of the foot
8/9) Define the terms used to describe the skeletal structures and locate examles on the human skeleton
Canal- tubular passage or channel which connects different regions of the body (Carotid canal) Condyle- a rounded protuberance at the end of some bones, forming an articulation with another bone Facet- a small, smooth, flat surface as on a bone or tooth Fissure- a groove or natural division, deep furrow, elongated cleft Foramen- any hole or opening (Foramen Magnum) Fossa- a shallow or depression or hollow (Mandibular Fossa) Margin- the outside limit or edge of something Process- a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body (Zygomatic Process) (Mastoid process)
Humerus labeled
Capitulum Epicondyle Coronoid Fossa
Spine Labeled
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumber (5)
Occipital Bone Markings Labeled
External occipital protruberance
1) Name the 5 groups of bones based on their shape and provide one example of each
Flat bones- cranial bones, scapulae, sternum, ribs Long Bones- Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges Short Bones- carpals, tarsals Irregular Bones- vertebrae and pelvic bones
Frontal Bone Markings Labeled
Glabella Supraorbital Notch Supraorbital Margin Zygomatic process
Maxilla Labeled
Hard Palate forms the roof of the mouth
Ilium Labeled
Iliac Crest Greater Sciatic Notch
Pelvic Girdle or Hip Bones Labeled
Just like the pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the skeleton, the pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the skeleton. The pelvic girdle consists o the right and left hip bones and the sacrum that connects the hip bones on the posterior side. Male V Shaped: 70 Female U Shaped: 90 Each of the hip bones begin as three separate bones: -Ilium -Ischium -Pubis
The joint between each parietal bone and occipital bone is called the __________________ suture
Lambdoid
12) Locate and name the 4 major sutures of the cranium
Lambdoid suture- between the occipital and parietal bones Coronal Suture- between the frontal and parietal bones Sagittal Suture- between the two parietal bones Squamous Suture- between the temporal and parietal
Inner Ear Labeled
Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), Stapes (Stirrup)
Which bones compose the oral cavity?
Maxillary and mandibular bones
In a long bone, yellow bone marrow is found in the _________________ and red bone marrow is found in the ________________
Medullary Cavity Spongy bone
Mandible Labeled
Mental Foramen (Outside) Mandibular Foramen (Inside)
Hand Bones Labeled
Metacarpals Proximal Phalanges Middle Phalanges Distal Phalanges
Which bones compose the nasal cavity?
Nasal, Maxilla, Sphenoid, Vomer, Palatine, Lacrimal, Ethmoid
Hyoid Bone Labeled
Only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone! many muscles and ligaments
The cells that build up bone tissue are called
Osteoblasts
Temporal Lobe Labeled
Petrous Part Carotid Canal Zygomatic process Styloid process Mandibular fossa
Carpus or Carpal bones (Anterior)
Pisiform
Thoracic Cage Labeled
Protects underlying organs such as the heart and lungs Serves as attachment points for respiratory muscles
Ulna Labeled
Radial Notch Trochlear Notch
Osteoporosis results from a higher rate of bone _______________ reabsorption relative to __________________
Reabsorption relative to Deposition
Carpus or Carpal bones (Posterior)
Scaphate Lunate Trapezium Trapezoid Hamate Capitate
Which part of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland?
Sella Turcia
The patella is an example of which bone type?
Sesamoid
The carpals of the wrist are examples of which bone type?
Short bone
Why does the thoracic cage need to be slightly flexible?
So that the lungs can expand when we breath and to add flexibility
Neck Extension Labeled
Splenius Capitis Longissimus capitis Splenius Cervices' Trapezius
Moving from deep (inside) to superficial (external layer), the layers covering bone marrow are:
Spongy bone, Compact bone, Periosteum spc
Neck Muscles Labeled
Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes
Radius Labeled
Styloid Process Ulnar notch
Pectoral Girdle with muscles
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Deltoid (posterior) Deltoid (middle) Deltoid (anterior)
Muscles that aid in Mastication Labeled
Temporalis Medial Pterygoid Lateral Pterygoid Deep Masseter Superficial Masseter
What structure is responsible for articulating with the vertebral column?
The C1 Vertebra articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull
Scapula Side 1
The Scapula articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and with the humerus at the glenohumeral (shoulder joint) Coracoid Process Subscapular Notch Subscapular fossa Glenoid Cavity
Which best describes a comminuted fracture?
The bone is crushed into 3 or more pieces
Clavicle Labeled
The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sernoclavicular joint
Knee (Patella) Labeled
The femur and the tibia compose the knee joint
Lower Limbs Labeled
The lower limb bones supoort the weight of the rest of the body. As a result, they are generally larger and heavier than the bones of the upper limb
Which part of the mandible attaches to the cranium? Where does it articulate?
The mandible attaches to the cranium via the temporomandibular joint
oblique arytenoid labeled
The oblique arytenoid muscle acts to adduct the arytenoid cartilages, bring the arytenoid cartilages closer to the tubercule of epiglottis and it also, through its extended fibers, adducts the aryepiglottic folds.
Subacromial Bursa labeled
The subacromial bursa is the synovial cavity located just below the acromion
Skeletal View of arm
The upper limb consists of the bones of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. -Radius -Ulna
4) Distinguish between compact and spongy bone
There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. The names imply that the two types differ in density, or how tightly the tissue is packed together. There are three types of cells that contribute to bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cell, osteoclasts resorb or break down bone, and osteocytes are mature bone cells. An equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts maintains bone tissue.
Rib Labeled
True Ribs(1-7) The coastal cartilage of these ribs attaches directly to the sternum
Facial Bones
Vomer Inferior Nasal Concha Maxilla
2) Locate and name the major structures of the long bone (Femur pictured)
Yellow Bone Marrow Epiphysis Periosteum Compact bone
The function of osteoclasts
break down bone matrix
sacrotuberous ligament labeled
connects sacrum to ischial tuberosity
Ethmoid Bone Labeled
ethmoid bone is located anterior to the sphenoid bone between the orbits of the eyes.