Exam 5

what stimulates hypothalamic release of growth hormone-releasing hormone?

- decreasing circulating glucose - decreasing circulating fatty acids - increasing circulating amino acids - deep sleep - increased SNS activity (stress/exercise) - decreased GH and IGF (insulin-like growth factor)

endorphin function and what releases it

- reduce pain perception (suppress pain) - released from CNS

osteocyte action

-mature bone cell - exchanges nutrients and wastes (maintains bones)

what stimulates oxytocin release

1. child birth: mechanoreceptor in cervix (stimulated by fetus during labor) 2. breast feeding: mechanoreceptor in nipples (suckling reflex)

how is FSH release inhibited?

FSH releases inhibin that targets the anterior pituitary to stop release of FSH

_________ in liver cells is increased by the binding of insulin to its tyrosine kinase receptor. GLUT 4 transporter Glycogen synthase activity Triglyceride concentration Protein

Glycogen synthase activity (lowers gluc. conc in liver cell) Triglyceride concentration: increase in lipogenesis (synthesis of triglyceride)

______ increases vitamin D3 in the blood which travels to the liver to be converted to _______. Skin sunlight : 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol Skin sunlight : 25 hydroxycholecalciferol Vitamin D ingestion : 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol Vitamin D ingestion : 25 hydroxycholecalciferol

Skin sunlight : 25 hydroxycholecalciferol & Vitamin D ingestion : 25 hydroxycholecalciferol

Gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.

Thyroid hormone is stored in follicular cells ________ and is released by the stimulation of ______ by TSH. a)bound to thyroglobulin : lysozyme fusion b)bound to thyroglobulin : vesicle movement to membrane c)free in vesicles : lysozyme fusion d)free in vesicles : vesicle movement to membrane

a) bound to thyroglobulin : lysozyme fusion

An increase in the release of ___________ increases metabolic rate. a) growth hormone b) epinephrine c) thyroid hormone d) testosterone e) RANKL

b) epinephrine c) thyroid hormone

An increase in testosterone above set point will ________ GnRH secretion from the _______. a. increases : hypothalamus b. increases : anterior pituitary c. decreases : hypothalamus d. decreases : anterior pituitary

c. decreases : hypothalamus

effect of increasing estrogen/testosterone?

decrease GnRH, FSH, and LH *except HIGH estrogen increases GnRH, and therefore LH surge*

general actions of insulin

decrease blood glucose and blood fatty acids increase protein synthesis

Bone growth is stimulated by insulin like growth factors through increases in ________. a. osteoblast collagen secretion b. osteoclast acid secretion c. osteoblast hydroxyapatite secretion d. osteoclast proliferation e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

e. two of the above a. osteoblast collagen secretion & c. osteoblast hydroxyapatite secretion (not osteoCLASTS bc they break down bone)

what hormones are released from the ant. pit. in response to gonadotropin releasing hormone

follicle stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone

how do granulosa cells convert androgen to estrogen

follicle stimulating hormone increases aromatase activity in granulosa call which is an enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen

lipogenesis

formation of fat from fatty acids

In ________, follicle stimulating hormone binds to its receptor on granulosa cells to increase the release of _________. a. males : androgens b. males : testosterone c. males : inhibin d. males : androgen binding protein e. females : androgens f. females : testosterone g. females : inhibin h. females : androgen binding protein

g. females : inhibin can only be females bc males don't have granulosa cells

Upon binding to receptors on ___________ cells, growth hormone will increase ___________ in those cells. a. liver : glycogenolysis b. liver : insulin sensitivity c. muscle : glycogenolysis d. muscle : insulin sensitivity e. adipocyte : amino acid uptake f. adipocyte : glycogenolysis g. two of the above are correct

g. two of the above are correct a. liver : glycogenolysis & c. muscle : glycogenolysis

Following a meal, the absorption-induced increase in blood ______ will increase insulin release. glucose amino acids fatty acids glycerol

glucose amino acids

glycogenesis

glucose to glycogen

The stimulation of protein kinase A in liver cells will increase ________. glycogen phosphorylase activity lipolysis protein synthesis glucose production from glycerol

glycogen phosphorylase activity: glycogen breakdown into glucose lipolysis: lipid breakdown & glucose production from glycerol (protein synthesis is function of insulin)

convection

heat transfer by fluid or gas movement - breaks down barrier layer and increases heat transfer

what allows for a surge of luteinizing hormone to be released?

high estrogen -> release GnRH -> release surge of LH

what causes a decrease in release of TRH and TSH?

high levels of T3/T4

what stimulates insulin release

hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) increased PNS activity elevated amino acid GIP from sm. intestine

what stimulates glucagon release

hypoglycemia increased SNS activity elevated amino acids

Glucagon release from the alpha cell is increased by ________. insulin hypoglycemia norepinephrine somatostatin

hypoglycemia norepinephrine (somatostatin and insulin decrease glucagon release)

In the _______, stimulation will lead to the release of _____ which reduces one's appetite. anterior pituitary : ACTH skin : MSH CNS : endorphin hypothalamus : MSH

hypothalamus : MSH

An ______ in plasma calcium will ______ calcitonin release increase : increase increase : decrease decrease : increase decrease : decrease

increase : increase & decrease : decrease (calcitonin regulates Ca in opposite way of PTH)

alpha cell function

release glucagon in response to low blood glucose

beta cell function

release insulin in response to elevated blood glucose

what releases MSH and what is its function

skin: darken skin hypothalamus: suppress appetite

what hormone does hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulate release of (from the anterior pituitary)?

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

insulin mechanism of action (how does it store energy and increase protein?)

- binds to tyrosine kinase receptor - insulin receptor substrates are phosphorylated by tyrosine kinase - causes insertion of transporters in vesicles in muscle and adipocytes (GLUT 4 and AA transporters) increases glycogenesis (glycogen synthase in liver/skeletal muscle), lipogenesis (liver/adipocyte) increase protein by suppressing protein breakdown (inhibit lysosomes, proteasomes, and organelles) inhibit glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis

short-lived stress response, fight or flight

- enhance essential activity for survival (brain, muscle, heart) - reduce non-essential activity for survival (digestion, urinary, reproductive) - stimulate SNS centers (Epi and NE): heart, vessels, liver, bronchi, digestion, Na and water reabsorption

How does shivering work to keep us warm?

- gamma motor nerve increases muscle tone - alpha motor nerve contracts antagonist muscle spindles repetitive cycle is shivering

what promotes release of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone?

- increasing circulating glucose and fatty acids - decreasing circulating amino acids - aging - high GH and/or IGF

osteoclast life span and production

- life span: 2 weeks - formed when RANKL binds to RANK receptor on macrophage - causes macrophages to fuse to form osteoclasts (osteoclastogenesis)

f cell function

- release pancreatic polypeptide - inhibits somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of digestive enzymes

FSH function in males

- stimulates the Sertoli cells to release androgen binding protein - keeps testosterone conc 100x in seminiferous tubule - promotes spermatogenesis - maintains testes-blood barrier (protect from pathogens and immune system) - releases inhibin to stop FSH release

steps of thyroid hormone synthesis (7 steps)

1. Na-I symporter moves Na and Iodide into follicular cell 2. pendrin: transporter on apical membrane that moves Iodide into colloid 3. thyroglobulin synthesis - protein present in colloid used to synthesize TH 4. oxidation of iodide in colloid - oxidized by thyroid peroxidase (iodine reacts with tyrosine on thyroglobulin) - 1 or 2 iodine bound to each tyrosine 5. Mono and diiodotyrosine coupling - form T3/T4 that are still attached to thyroglobulin 6. pinocytosis of thyroglobulin - thyroglobulin w/ T3/T4 packaged in vesicle 7. TSH binds and stimulates: - lysosomes to fuse with vesicle - release T3/T4 from thyroglobulin - T3/T4 use monocarboxylate transporter for facilitated diffusion of follicular cell into blood

effects of epinephrine (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and metabolic)

1. cardiovascular: increase HR and force of contraction 2. respiratory: bronchodilation 3. digestion: decrease motility and secretion 4. urinary: increase Ang II, aldosterone, and ADH (increases renin release by JG cells) 5. metabolic: - increase blood glucose (liver glycogenolysis) - increase blood fatty acids (liver and adipocyte lipolysis, and stimulates hormone sensitive lipase which releases fatty acids)

2 hypothalamic tropic hormones that regulate growth hormone

1. growth hormone-releasing hormone - increase synthesis and release of growth hormone - *primary regulator of GH* 2. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone - decrease release of growth hormone

steps of cortisol release

1. hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - stimulated by stress or low cortisol levels 2. CRH travels to ant. pit and stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the ant pit 3. ACTH travels to the adrenal cortex, which stimulates release of cortisol

what happens in long term stress / exhaustion

1. muscle wasting: breaking down muscle tissue for amino acids for gluconeogenesis 2. immune suppression: increase disease risk - macrophages secrete interleukin 1, which increases cortisol release, which decreases interleukin 1 3. GI ulceration 4. pancreatic beta cell failure (decrease insulin release) *leads to pathological changes*

how does thyroid hormone regulate development and growth of nervous tissue and bone

1. nervous - promote synapse formation - promote myelin production - promote dendrite growth 2. bone - promote formation of ossification centers in bone - promote synthesis of bone proteins - promote secretion of GH

actions of cortisol (2 main functions, and how are they completed?)

1. resistance to stress, produces energy substrates - increases protein breakdown to release amino acids for gluconeogenesis in the liver - increase liver glucose release (glycogenolysis: glycogen -> glucose & gluconeogenesis: glycerol and amino acids -> glucose) - increase lipolysis in liver and adipocytes to increase release of fatty acids - increase arteriole sensitivity to vasoconstrictors (like NE) to raise BP 2. depress/suppress immune response - inhibit inflammation (impair wound healing and recovery) - inhibit lymphocyte response (reduce number of antibodies produced)

how does sympathetic activity promote heat production

1. skin arteriole constriction - decreases skin temp by decreases BF to skin to reduce heat transfer 2. increase NE/Epi release - increase metabolic activity (generates heat) and metabolic rate in skeletal muscle - increase brown adipose tissue activity

steps of calcitriol production

1. skin produces/ ingest cholecalciferol (vit D3) 2. cholecalciferol travels to liver: 25 hydroxylase in liver converts vit d3 -> 25 hydroxycholecalciferol 3. 25 hydroxycholecalciferol travels to kidney, converted to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) by 1 alpha hydroxylase in prox. tubule cells

long-lived stress response, resistance rxn

1. stimulate hypothalamus 2. increase CRH, GHRH, and TRH (hypothal.) 3. increase ACTH, GH, and TSH (ant. pit) - increase cortisol: increase blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids - increase growth hormone: increase blood glucose and fatty accids - increase thyroid hormone: increase ATP production (the whole goal is to release more energy)

actions of growth hormone (4)

1. stimulate release of IGF - liver: into the blood - skeletal muscle, cartilage, bones: local release - this stimulates tissue growth with GH 2. increase protein synthesis - increase amino acid uptake by muscle/bone (decrease circulating amino acids) 3. increase lipolysis - liver, muscle, adipocytes - breakdown lipids -> fatty acids (fat metabolism) 4. increase blood glucose - decrease insulin receptor sensitivity, which decreases glucose uptake in adipocytes & skeletal muscle - increase liver glycogenolysis (glycogen -> glucose)

what are the cells of the ovaries and what do they release

1. thecal: release androgen 2. granulosa: convert androgen to estrogen

how does our body work in heat lowering?

1. vasodilation or skin arteriole - more BF to skin = increase heat of skin = increase heat loss to environment - active dilation by CNS, passive dilation by relaxing arterioles (no longer respond to SNS activity) 2. sweating (SNS stimulation) - release ACh: binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptor - dissipation of heat requires evaporation (higher relative humidity decreases evaporation)

what does the ant. pit release from POMC

ACTH: stimulates release of cortisol lipotropin: mobilizes lipids from adipocytes

what does the posterior pituitary release?

ADH and oxytocin

oxytocin action and mechanism of action

Action: 1. uterine smooth muscle cell contraction (release of oxytocin stops after birth to stop contraction) 2. myoepithelial cell contraction: (squeeze milk from alveoli into ducts to be released) 3. bonding: impact on CNS (parent-child and couples) Mechanism of Action - bind to Gq receptor - increase phospholipase C, IP3, and DAG - release Ca rom the SR - increase MLCK activity = contraction

An increase in _____ in the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells will increase Ca absorption TRPV channels Calbindin D Ca ATPase Na/Ca exchanger

Ca ATPase Na/Ca exchanger (TRPV channels are in the apical membrane, Calbindin D is in the lumen)

The calcium concentration in the epithelial cell is maintained low for the inward diffusion gradient by _______. TRPV channels Calbindin D Ca ATPase Na/Ca exchanger

Calbindin D: binds to Ca to lower conc in cell Ca ATPase Na/Ca exchanger - transporters that move Ca out of the cell to decrease the conc in the cell

what level of estrogen inhibits GnRH? what level of estrogen stimulates release of GnRH?

GnRH inhibited by moderate levels of estrogen GnRH secreted when high levels of estrogen (from advanced developing follicle)

what causes an increase in IGF half-life in blood?

IGF binding protein stores IGF and keeps it in the blood longer

Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction by increasing _______. Myosin light chain phosphatase activity cAMP concentration Ca binding to tropomyosin Myosin light chain kinase activity

Myosin light chain kinase activity

An increase in sympathetic activity promotes heating by __________. a)constricting skin arteriole b)increasing metabolic rate c)increasing brown adipose tissue activity d)stimulating skeletal muscle contraction (shivering)

a) constricting skin arteriole b) increasing metabolic rate c) increasing brown adipose tissue activity (skeletal muscle is innervated by a gamma motor nerve and alpha motor nerve that stimulate shivering, not related to SNS activity)

Sympathetic nerve release ______ to stimulate sweating. a)acetylcholine b)Epinephrine c)norepinephrine

a)acetylcholine (this is unique to sweat glands)

IGF stimulates osteoblasts to secrete _______ whereas chondrocytes release _______. a)collagen : collagen b)collagen : acid c)hydroxyapatite : collagen d)hydroxyapatite : acid

a)collagen : collagen & c)hydroxyapatite : collagen (chondrocytes only secrete collagen to build cartilage)

High estrogen _________ gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) release causing an increase in _______ that stimulates the release of the ovum from the ovary. a)increases : luteinizing hormone b)increases : follicle stimulating hormone c)decreases : luteinizing hormone d)decreases : follicle stimulating hormone

a)increases : luteinizing hormone

Osteoclasts derive from _______ cells through the action of ________ on receptors in those cells. a)macrophages : RANKL b)macrophages : growth hormone c)osteocytes : RANKL d)osteocytes : growth hormone

a)macrophages : RANKL (RANKL is the ligand, RANK is the receptor)

Due to circulating_________, the half life of thyroid hormone is much _______ than expected from an amino acid based hormone a)thyroid binding globulin : longer b)thyroid binding globulin : shorter c)deiodinases : longer d)deiodinases : shorter

a)thyroid binding globulin : longer

The long loop describes the negative feedback of hormone on tropic hormone release from the anterior pituitary or hypothalamus. a. True b. False

a. True

Thyroid hormone binds to its receptor which increases blood pressure by increasing ________. a. beta adrenergic receptors b. metabolic rate c. Na/K ATPase activity d. two of the above e. All of the above

a. beta adrenergic receptors

Cartilage growth is stimulated by insulin like growth factors through increases in ________. a. chondrocyte collagen secretion b. chondrocyte acid secretion c. osteoblast hydroxyapatite secretion d. osteoblast proliferation e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

a. chondrocyte collagen secretion

A decrease in thyroid hormone (T3/T4) below its set point value will _______ the release of thyrotropin releasing hormone from the __________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

a. increase : hypothalamus

An increase in insulin like growth factor well above its set point value will _______ the release of growth hormone inhibiting hormone from the __________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

a. increase : hypothalamus

An ______ in skin blood flow will increase the temperature of the skin thereby _______ the transfer of heat. a. increase : increase b. increase : decrease c. decrease : increase d. decrease : decrease

a. increase : increase

The transport of iodide into the follicular cell is coupled to ______. Once iodide enters the colloid, it is oxidized by ______. a. sodium : thyroid peroxidase b. sodium : deiodinase c. potassium : thyroid peroxidase d. potassium : deiodinase e. pendrin : thyroid peroxidase f. pendrin : deiodinase

a. sodium : thyroid peroxidase

An increase in body temperature above set point will increase sympathetic activity to __________. a. sweat glands b. skin arterioles c. brown adipose tissue d. skeletal muscle e. two of the above f. three of the above g. all of the above

a. sweat glands

Luteinizing hormone increases the release of ________ from the ______ cells which stimulates spermiogenesis a. testosterone : Leydig b. testosterone : Sertoli c. androgen binding protein : Leydig d. androgen binding protein : Sertoli e. inhibin : Leydig f. inhibin : Sertoli

a. testosterone : Leydig (FSH increases the release of androgen binding protein from the Sertoli cells)

Lipolysis is increased in ____ by the action of glucagon on ______. adipocytes : lipase adipocytes : amylase hepatocytes : lipase hepatocytes : amylase

adipocytes : lipase & hepatocytes : lipase

Epinephrine released from the ____ will bind to its beta receptor to _______ circulating fatty acids. adrenal cortex : increase adrenal cortex : decrease adrenal medulla : increase adrenal medulla : decrease

adrenal medulla : increase (the cortex secretes cortisol)

Insulin is a ______ hormone resulting in the ________ of energy. catabolic : release catabolic : storage anabolic : release anabolic : storage

anabolic : storage

short loop negative feedback

anterior pituitary releases tropic hormone that inhibits release of hypothalamic tropic hormone

Inhibin release is stimulated by ______ to ______ the responsiveness of the FSH secreting cells in the anterior pituitary to GnRH. a)follicle stimulating hormone : increase b)follicle stimulating hormone : decrease c)luteinizing hormone : increase d)luteinizing hormone : decrease

b)follicle stimulating hormone : decrease

When we stand still on a wind free 70 degree day, the layer of air against the skin is ______ air temperature thereby ____ heat loss. a)greater than : increasing b)greater than : decreasing c)less than : increasing d)less than : decreasing e)the same as : not affecting

b)greater than : decreasing

An elevation in tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary will ______ secretion of the target hormone and will (as it continues to increase) _______ secretion of hypothalamic tropic hormone. a)increase : increase b)increase : decrease c)decrease : increase d)decrease : decrease

b)increase : decrease (increasing secretion of target hormone will decrease secretion of hypothalamic tropic hormone through negative feedback)

A(n) _________ in T3/T4 will ________ the secretion of thyrotropin releasing hormone. a)increase : increase b)increase : decrease c)decrease : increase d)decrease : decrease

b)increase : decrease c)decrease : increase

An increase in IGF from the _______ will feedback (as it increases) to _______ growth hormone release. a)liver : increase b)liver : decrease c)liver : not change d)anterior pituitary : increase e)anterior pituitary : decrease f)anterior pituitary : not change

b)liver : decrease growth hormone stimulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF) from the liver

Within the thermoneutral zone, the body ______ to thermoregulate a)stops using energy b)minimizes the energy used c)maximizes the energy used

b)minimizes the energy used

Most of the thyroxine released from the thyroid travels in the blood _________ to muscle cells where it increases _____________. a. bound to a carrier protein : lipogenesis b. bound to a carrier protein : metabolic rate c. bound to a carrier protein : gluconeogenesis d. free in the plasma : lipogenesis e. free in the plasma : metabolic rate f. free in the plasma : gluconeogenesis

b. bound to a carrier protein : metabolic rate

Release of ________ from granulosa cells will stimulate ___________. a. estrogen : the maintenance of the endometrium b. estrogen : selection of a dominant follicle by FSH inhibition c. testosterone : spermatogenesis d. inhibin : FSH inhibition e. inhibin : release of androgen binding protein

b. estrogen : selection of a dominant follicle by FSH inhibition

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on adipocyte will decrease ________. a. amino acid uptake b. glucose uptake c. glycogenolysis d. lipolysis e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

b. glucose uptake

In ________, follicle stimulating hormone binds to its receptor on Sertoli cells to increase the release of _________. a. males : estrogen b. males : inhibin c. males : testosterone d. males : androgens e. females : estrogen f. females : inhibin g. females : testosterone h. females : androgens

b. males : inhibin

In ________, luteinizing hormone binds to its receptor on Leydig cells to increase the release of _________. a. males : estrogen b. males : testosterone c. males : androgens d. males : androgen binding protein e. females : estrogen f. females : testosterone g. females : androgens h. females : androgen binding protein

b. males : testosterone

glucagon mech. of action (how does it increase blood glucose, increase blood fatty acids, and decrease protein synthesis?)

binds to G protein receptor (Gs), which increases cAMP - increase protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates and activates glycogen phosphorylase activity - glycogen phosphorylase performs glycogenolysis (glucose leaves liver through GLUT-2) - increase gluconeogenesis in liver - increase lipolysis in liver and adipocytes (action of hormone sensitive lipase) -inhibits protein synthesis in ALL cells

shell temp

body surface (skin) temp - determines heat transfer - skin acts as insulator: more heat to skin = increased temp = more heat loss to environment (thermal gradient)

lipolysis

breakdown of fat

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

An increase in the secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone is stimulated by a decrease in ___________ a) circulating amino acids b) sympathetic nervous activity c) circulating glucose d) circulating fatty acids e) Insulin like growth factor

c) circulating glucose d) circulating fatty acids e) Insulin like growth factor

When submerged in water, heat transfer to the body is dependent upon _________. a) evaporation b) radiation c) conduction d) convection

c) conduction d) convection

A(n) ________ converts T4 to T3 inside of cells to ________ the action of thyroid hormone a)aromatase : increase b)aromatase : decrease c)deiodinase : increase d)deiodinase : decrease

c) deiodinase : increase (convert T4 to T3 bc T3 has a higher affinity for receptor = greater stimulation)

Granulosa cells are stimulated by _______ to release estrogen due to the release of ________ by thecal cells. a)Luteinizing hormone (LH) : androgens b)Luteinizing hormone (LH) : inhibin c)Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) : androgens d)Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) : inhibin

c)Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) : androgens

In males, FSH stimulates the release of ________ in the seminiferous tubule which plays a role in stimulating ________. a)testosterone : spermatogenesis b)testosterone : ovum release c)androgen binding protein : spermatogenesis d)androgen binding protein : ovum release

c)androgen binding protein : spermatogenesis (maintains high testosterone concentration in seminiferous tubule)

Thyroid hormone enters a cell by ________ where is stimulates an increase in _________. a)diffusion : beta adrenergic receptor b)diffusion : Na/K ATPase activity c)facilitated diffusion : beta adrenergic receptor d)facilitated diffusion : Na/K ATPase activity

c)facilitated diffusion : beta adrenergic receptor d)facilitated diffusion : Na/K ATPase activity (monocarboxylate transporter)

The skin acts as a variable _________ controlling the amount of heat loss by altering skin _______. a)capacitor : blood flow b)capacitor : thickness c)insulator : blood flow d)insulator : thickness

c)insulator : blood flow d)insulator : thickness

Which of the following changes, by their impact on the hypothalamus, would increase the release of growth hormone releasing hormone? a. Increased release of insulin like growth factor 1 b. Increased release of growth hormone c. Deep sleep d. Decreased sympathetic activity e. None of the above would increase GHRH release

c. Deep sleep

_______ moves the iodine from inside the follicular cells to the colloid where iodine act on ________ to begin thyroxine synthesis. a. Na-I symporter : thyroglobulin b. Na-I symporter : thyroxine binding globulin c. Pendrin : thyroglobulin d. Pendrin : thyroxine binding globulin

c. Pendrin : thyroglobulin (the Na-I symporter moves Na and I into the follicular cell)

Thyroid hormone is stored in the follicular cell _________ in a vesicle and is released by thyroid stimulating hormone which ________. a. as diiodotyrosine : stimulates a deiodinase to combine 2 diiodotyrosine b. as diiodotyrosine : stimulates their release to combine in plasma as they bind to thyroxine binding globulin c. bound to thyroglobulin : releases thyroid hormone from thyroglobulin d. bound to thyroglobulin : causes the vesicle to fuse with the cell membrane releasing thyroid hormone e. free : translocates the monocarboxylate transporter to the vesicle to release thyroid hormone f. free : causes the vesicle to fuse with the cell membrane releasing thyroid hormone

c. bound to thyroglobulin : releases thyroid hormone from thyroglobulin

An increase in growth hormone above its set point value will _______ the release of growth hormone releasing hormone from the __________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

c. decrease : hypothalamus

An increase in thyroid stimulating hormone above its set point value will _______ the release of thyrotropin releasing hormone from the __________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

c. decrease : hypothalamus

The ______ within the bone survive for weeks and are stimulated directly by the paracrine _______. a. osteoblast : RANKL b. osteoblast : IGF c. osteoclast : RANKL d. osteoclast : IGF

c. osteoclast : RANKL

The thyroid hormone formed in colloid is bound to ____________ where it remains until __________. a. T3 : released by enzymes b. T3 : vesicle move to membrane c. thyroglobulin : released by lysozymes d. thyroglobulin : vesicle move to membrane e. T4 : vesicle move to membrane

c. thyroglobulin : released by lysozymes

how does bone grow?

cartilage grows from epiphyseal plate and is turned into bone through endochondral ossification

Luteinizing hormone (LH) effect in males

causes increase in testosterone from Leydig cells of testes

central vs peripheral thermoreceptors

central: core temp peripheral: shell temp (skin)

what releases epinephrine

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla - 80% of their secretion is epinephrine, 20% is NE

An increased release of growth hormone will stimulate an increase in liver ______________. a)protein synthesis b)lipogenesis c)glucose uptake d)IGF release e)glycogenolysis

d)IGF release e)glycogenolysis (liver doesn't do protein synthesis, not lipogenesis because that's storing lipids and GH functions to release lipids through lipolysis, and not glucose uptake because GH functions to increase blood glucose)

A decrease in blood flow to the skin will _______ temperature of the skin thereby ______ rate of heat loss. a)increase : increase b)increase : decrease c)decrease : increase d)decrease : decrease

d)decrease : decrease

Cartilage growth is stimulated by insulin like growth factors through increases in ________. a. osteoblast collagen secretion b. osteoblast acid secretion c. chondrocyte hydroxyapatite secretion d. chondrocyte proliferation e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

d. chondrocyte proliferation

A decrease in thyrotropin releasing hormone release will _______ the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from the __________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

d. decrease : anterior pituitary

An increase in growth hormone inhibiting hormone release will _______ the release of growth hormone from the __________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

d. decrease : anterior pituitary

An increase in insulin like growth factor above its set point value will _______ the release of growth hormone from the __________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

d. decrease : anterior pituitary

An increase in thyroid hormone (T3/T4) above its set point value will _______ the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from the __________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

d. decrease : anterior pituitary

Decreased release of growth hormone releasing hormone will ________ the secretion of growth hormone from the ________. a. increase : hypothalamus b. increase : anterior pituitary c. decrease : hypothalamus d. decrease : anterior pituitary

d. decrease : anterior pituitary

Before its release, some of the thyroid hormone (T4) is converted by ________ to T3 which binds to ______ in the plasma (along with T4). a. thyroid peroxidase : IGF binding protein b. thyroid peroxidase : thyroxine binding globulin c. deiodinases : IGF binding protein d. deiodinases : thyroxine binding globulin e. lysosomes : IGF binding protein f. lysosomes : thyroxine binding globulin

d. deiodinases : thyroxine binding globulin

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on liver cells will increase ________. a. amino acid uptake b. glucose uptake c. gluconeogenesis d. insulin like growth factor release e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

d. insulin like growth factor release

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on adipocyte will increase ________. a. local inulin like growth factor release b. amino acid uptake c. glycogenolysis d. lipolysis e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

d. lipolysis

In ________, follicle stimulating hormone binds to its receptor on Sertoli cells to increase the release of _________. a. males : estrogen b. males : testosterone c. males : androgens d. males : androgen binding protein e. females : estrogen f. females : testosterone g. females : androgens h. females : androgen binding protein

d. males : androgen binding protein can only be males bc females don't have Sertoli cells

Bone growth is stimulated by insulin like growth factors through increases in ________. a. osteoclast collagen secretion b. osteoblast acid secretion c. osteoclast hydroxyapatite secretion d. osteoblast proliferation e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

d. osteoblast proliferation

Thyroid hormone binds to its receptor which increases growth of bone by increasing ________. a. growth hormone b. osteoblast protein synthesis c. dendrite growth d. two of the above e. all of the above

d. two of the above a. growth hormone b. osteoblast protein synthesis

Thyroid hormone binds to its receptor which increases growth of nervous tissue by promoting ________. a. growth hormone b. myelin production c. dendrite growth d. two of the above e. all of the above

d. two of the above b. myelin production c. dendrite growth

what happens if ACTH levels are elevated

darken skin

Pregnancy will _______ prolactin inhibiting hormone leading to an increase in ______ as long as estrogen elevated. increase : breast size increase : milk production Increase : milk release decrease : breast size decrease : milk production decrease : milk release

decrease : breast size (prolactin doesn't function to increase milk production until estrogen and progesterone levels are decreased after birth)

Calcitonin ________ blood calcium concentration by ______ osteoblast activity. increases : increasing increases : decreasing decreases : increasing decreases : decreasing

decreases : increasing (more Ca stored in bone)

core temp

deep body temp (regulated by hypothalamus)

function of prolactin during pregnancy and after pregnancy

during: breast tissue development when estrogen and progesterone are high after: breast milk production (when abrupt decrease in estrogen and progesterone)

Osteoclasts are stimulated to _________ by insulin like growth factor. a)proliferate b)secrete collagen c)secrete bone matrix d)secrete acids e)None of the above

e)None of the above (insulin-like growth factor functions to decrease osteoclast activity)

Thyroid hormone binds to its receptor which increases metabolic rate by increasing ________. a. Na/K ATPase activity b. glycolytic enzymes c. mitochondrial size d. two of the above e. all of the above

e. all of the above

In ________, follicle stimulating hormone binds to its receptor on granulosa cells to increase the release of _________. a. males : estrogen b. males : testosterone c. males : androgens d. males : androgen binding protein e. females : estrogen f. females : testosterone g. females : androgens h. females : androgen binding protein

e. females : estrogen can only be females bc males don't have granulosa cells

Thyroid stimulating hormone activates ________ to release thyroid hormone from thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormone exits the cell by ______. a. thyroid peroxidase : monocarboxylate transporter b. thyroid peroxidase : vesicular fusion to the membrane c. deiodinases : monocarboxylate transporter d. deiodinases : vesicular fusion to the membrane e. lysosomes : monocarboxylate transporter f. lysosomes : vesicular fusion to the membrane

e. lysosomes : monocarboxylate transporter

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on liver cells will increase ________. a. insulin like growth factor release b. glucose uptake c. gluconeogenesis d. lipolysis e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

e. two of the above a. insulin like growth factor release & d. lipolysis

Bone remodeling is stimulated by RANKL binding to RANK which increases in ________. a. osteoblast collagen secretion b. osteoclast acid secretion c. osteoblast hydroxyapatite secretion d. osteoclastogenesis e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

e. two of the above b. osteoclast acid secretion & d. osteoclastogenesis

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on liver cells will increase ________. a. amino acid uptake b. lipogenesis c. blood glucose d. glycogenolysis e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

e. two of the above c. blood glucose d. glycogenolysis

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on skeletal muscle cells will decrease ________. a. local inulin like growth factor release b. glucose uptake c. glycogenolysis d. blood amino acids e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

e. two of the above b. glucose uptake & d. blood amino acids

A decrease in body temperature below set point will increase sympathetic activity to __________. a. sweat glands b. skin arterioles c. brown adipose tissue d. skeletal muscle e. two of the above f. three of the above g. all of the above

e. two of the above b. skin arterioles c. brown adipose tissue

An increase in body temperature above set point will increase ___________. a. thyroid hormone release b. sweating c. brown adipose tissue activity d. active skin vasodilation e. two of the above f. three of the above g. all of the above

e. two of the above b. sweating & d. active skin vasodilation

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on skeletal muscle cells will increase ________. a. lipogenesis b. gluconeogenesis c. amino acid uptake d. blood glucose e. two of the above f. three of the above ' g. All of the above

e. two of the above c. amino acid uptake d. blood glucose

conduction

exchange of heat between 2 materials in direct contact

An increase in ________ from the dominant follicle gets high enough to stimulates a surge in the release of _________. a. testosterone : follicle stimulating hormone b. testosterone : luteinizing hormone c. androgens : follicle stimulating hormone d. androgens : luteinizing hormone e. estrogen : follicle stimulating hormone f. estrogen : luteinizing hormone g. androgen binding protein : follicle stimulating hormone h. androgen binding protein : luteinizing hormone

f. estrogen : luteinizing hormone

The transport of iodide from the follicular cell into the colloid is coupled to ______. Once oxidized, iodine interacts with ______. a. sodium : serine b. sodium : tyrosine c. potassium : serine d. potassium : tyrosine e. pendrin : serine f. pendrin : tyrosine

f. pendrin : tyrosine

A decrease in body temperature below set point will increase ___________. a. thyroid hormone release b. epinephrine release c. brown adipose tissue activity d. active skin vasodilation e. two of the above f. three of the above g. all of the above

f. three of the above a. thyroid hormone release b. epinephrine release c. brown adipose tissue activity

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on skeletal muscle cells will increase ________. a. gluconeogenesis b. protein synthesis c. blood glucose d. lipolysis e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

f. three of the above b. protein synthesis c. blood glucose d. lipolysis

An increase in _______would increase body temperature. a. brown adipose metabolism b. epinephrine c. thyroid hormone d. skin blood flow e. two of the above f. three of the above g. all of the above

f. three of the above (a. brown adipose metabolism b. epinephrine c. thyroid hormone)

The binding of growth hormone to its receptor on skeletal muscle cells will increase ________. a. protein synthesis b. amino acid uptake c. gluconeogenesis d. local insulin like growth factor release e. two of the above f. three of the above g. All of the above

f. three of the above a. protein synthesis b. amino acid uptake & d. local insulin like growth factor release

A decrease in body temperature below set point will increase ___________. a. white adipose tissue activity b. gamma motor nerve activation c. thyroid hormone release d. epinephrine release e. two of the above f. three of the above g. all of the above

f. three of the above b. gamma motor nerve activation c. thyroid hormone release d. epinephrine release

Gonadotropin releasing hormones from the hypothalamus enter the hypophyseal portal system to stimulate the release of estrogen from the anterior pituitary. a)true b)false

false gonadotropin releasing hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the release of follicle-stimulating hormone from the ant. pit.

Inhibition of dopamine will _____ prolactin release by ____ the action of prolactin inhibiting hormone. increase : increasing increase : decreasing decrease : increasing decrease : decreasing

increase : decreasing

An _____ in sympathetic nervous activity will _______the release of glucose from liver. increase : increase increase : decrease decrease : increase decrease : decrease

increase : increase & decrease : decrease (SNS releases epinephrine to go to liver to release glucose -- like during exercise)

A decrease in cortisol (to a low level) will ______ CRH release thereby _______ ACTH release. increase : increasing increase : decreasing decrease : increasing decrease : decreasing

increase : increasing

Stretch of the cervix will ____ the release of oxytocin which will stimulate ____ to resolve the error signal. increase : myoepithelial cell contraction increase : uterine contraction increase : bonding decrease : myoepithelial cell contraction decrease : uterine contraction decrease : bonding

increase : uterine contraction

calcitriol function

increase Ca absorption in sm. intestine epithelial cells - increase TRPV channels in apical membrane (Ca into cell from lumen) - increase calbindin D in cytoplasm (binds to Ca, keeps conc. low in cell to generate inward gradient) - increase Ca ATPase & Na-Ca exchanger (basolateral)

general actions of glucagon

increase blood glucose, increase blood fatty acids, and decrease protein synthesis

How does thyroid hormone increase basal metabolic rate?

increase heat production - increase Na/K ATPase activit - increase glycolytic enzymes - increase mitochondrial size and enzyme activity (and increase enzymes)

what stimulates calcitonin release?

increase in blood calcium (hypercalemia) - released by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

Muscle release of amino acids is ________ by cortisol and used by the liver to produce _______. increased : glucose increased : protein increased : glycerol decreased : glucose decreased : protein decreased : glycerol

increased : glucose (through gluconeogenesis)

what inhibits insulin release

increased glucagon or somatostatin increased SNS activity

what inhibits glucagon release

increased insulin and somatostatin

how does thyroid hormone promote heat production when its cold

increasing metabolic rate - increase Na/K ATPase activity - increase glycolytic enzymes - increase mitochondrial size and enzyme activity (and increase enzymes) - increasing sympathetic activity

action of melatonin

induce sleep protect against free radicals inhibit reproductive function

radiation

infrared radiation is absorbed and emitted by body (like from the sun)

why doesn't glucose leave skeletal muscles?

it fuels metabolism

types of cells in the islet of langerhans and where is the islet of langerhans

located in endocrine pancreas (vascular structure) - beta, alpha, delta, and f cells

what stimulates release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus?

low T3/T4 low metabolic rate

actions of IGF

main action: bone, cartilage, and soft tissue growth - mitogenic: stimulate cell proliferation (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and other types) - increase secretion of collagen by osteoblasts and chondrocytes - increase secretion of bone matric by osteoblasts

progesterone function

maintains uterus

what does LH surge cause

ovulation (1 ovum released from ovary) - LH also stimulates formation of corpus luteum

how does thyroid hormone enhance actions of NE and Epi

permissive effect (upregulate beta receptor) - increase heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure increase metabolic rate: increase glycolytic enzyme activity

What is pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)? what other hormones can it produce?

precursor for ACTH - can produce MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) - lipotropin - endorphins

what hormone regulates prolactin release

prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine) from the hypothalamus inhibits prolactin release PIH decreases during pregnancy so prolactin can function

action of calcitonin

promote bone formation (to store Ca) - inhibit osteoclast activityt - lower blood Ca and phosphate, increase bone Ca and phosphate

delta cell function

release somatostatin - inhibits insulin and glucagon release - slows absorption of nutrients in GI tract

osteoclast action

secrete acid that removes hydroxyapatite - bone resorption

osteoblast function and life span

secrete hydroxyapatite and collagen - collagen is the backbone that hydroxyapatite crystallizes (hardens) around to form bone life span: 3 months

Insulin release from the beta cell is decreased by _______ . pancreatic polypeptide somatostatin glucagon epinephrine amino acids

somatostatin glucagon epinephrine - when we exercise, we don't want the body storing energy (insulin release is increased by amino acids, pancreatic polypeptide decreases somatostatin)

Cortisol is a ________ hormone that increases liver _______ . steroid : gluconeogenesis steroid : lipolysis peptide : protein synthesis peptide : glycogenolysis

steroid : gluconeogenesis (produces glucose) steroid : lipolysis (produces fatty acids from lipids) (the goal is to release energy substrates)

how does the cold impact thyroid hormone

stimulates release of: - thyrotropin-releasing hormone (hypothalamus) - thyroid stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary) - thyroid hormone (thyroid gland)

An increase in ________ nervous activity will ______ the release of melatonin by the pineal gland. sympathetic : increase sympathetic : decrease parasympathetic : increase parasympathetic : decrease

sympathetic : decrease (parasympathetic activity doesn't alter melatonin release)

The initial, short lived stress response involves increased ______ which ______ angiotensin II. sympathetic activity : increases sympathetic activity : decreases cortisol release : increases cortisol release : decreases

sympathetic activity : increases

where are oxytocin and ADH synthesized? where are they released from to circulate the body?

synthesized in the hypothalamus released from the posterior pituitary

what does anterior pituitary TSH stimulate release of?

travels to thyroid gland to stimulate release thyroid hormone (T3/T4) from follicular cells

When a stressor remains for a long period, it will result in ______ . ulceration of the GI tract immune suppression muscle wasting bronchodilation

ulceration of the GI tract immune suppression muscle wasting (bronchodilation only results from increased SNS activity)