Exam 6 - Psychological Foundations (Personality & Psychological Disorders)
Juan loves horseback riding. What would be a behavioral factor associated with horseback riding for Juan? A) learning how to ride horses B) having friends that also ride horses C) selecting where he is going to ride horses D) his thoughts and feelings about riding horses
A) learning how to ride horses
Marsha and Ben have been married for thirty years. They have shared everything about themselves, both the good and the bad, with each other. This sharing has helped them grow even closer to one another. Which condition of a growth-promoting climate, as proposed by Carl Rogers, does this exemplify?
Acceptance
How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
According to psychologists and psychiatrists, psychological disorders are marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
What has the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) been used to assess?
Achievement motivation
Zach has applied to graduate school and has an interview coming up. He was told that, while extremely rare, his interview would involve being shown images where he is to tell a story about the image. This interview is likely assessing Zach's _____.
Achievement motivation
Who proposed the inferiority complex and what is it?
Adler proposed the idea of the inferiority complex and had struggled to overcome childhood illnesses and accidents. He believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power.
Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia? A) depression B) hallucinations and inappropriate laughter C) expressionless face and toneless voice D) fear of public places
C) expressionless face and toneless voice
Mimi works in a hospital psychiatric unit. She cares for a patient with schizophrenia who often stands motionless in a corner for several hours. This _____ usually ends abruptly and then the patient becomes quite agitated.
Catatonia
The learning perspective proposes that phobias are.....
Conditioned fears
Geneva has an extremely clean dorm room. She keeps no clutter on her desk, she awakens very early to keep up with her schoolwork, and her car is spotless. Which of the following Big Five personality traits does she exhibit the MOST?
Conscienciousness
Sherry has decided to visit her professor during office hours in order to talk about her grade on the last exam. Upon entering her professor's office, she notices piles of papers everywhere, open books laying on the floor, and candy wrappers on the desk. Regarding the professor's personality, Sherry can make a safe assumption on what personality factor from this experience?
Conscientiousness
Why is the DSM, and the DSM-5 in particular, considered controversial?
Critics have expressed concerns about the negative effects of the DSM's labeling. Recent critics suggest the DSM-5 casts too wide a net on disorders, pathologizing normal behavior.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on....
His study of healthy, creative people
Carl Rogers' person-centered perspective
Holds that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies.
What are the positive and negative effects of high self-esteem?
People who feel confident in their abilities are often happier, have greater motivation, and are less susceptible to depression. Excessive optimism and very high self-esteem can lead to blindness to one's own incompetence, self-serving bias, and narcissism.
Those with paranoid schizophrenia are particularly prone to delusions of:
Persecution
What is OCD?
Persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both characterize obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
What are the three clusters of personality disorders? What behaviors and brain activity characterize the antisocial personality?
Personality disorders are disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. This disorder forms three clusters, characterized by (1) anxiety, (2) eccentric or odd behaviors, and (3) dramatic or impulsive behaviors. Antisocial personality disorder (one of those in the third cluster) is characterized by a lack of conscience and, sometimes, by aggressive and fearless behavior. Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder.
As a child soldier in Uganda, Mukasa witnessed rape, torture, and other traumatic events before escaping several months ago to a refugee camp. As Mukasa grows up, followers of the psychoanalytic perspective would suggest that he will probably _____ these painful experiences. Psychological researchers today claim that high stress and associated stress hormones tend to _____ memory.
Repress; Enhance
According to Freud, what underlies all other defense mechanisms (most basic mechanism)?
Repression
One of the most significant symptoms that can be present in major depressive disorder (MDD) but is not present in persistent depressive disorder is:
Suicidal thoughts
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
The frontal lobes are involved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior.
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called......
Unconditonal positive regard
Based on decades of psychological research, most psychologists agree with the psychoanalytic perspective that much of one's mental life is:
Unconscious
Psychodynamic theories
View personality with a focus on the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences
Around the world, people may experience the same genetically-based disorder quite differently depending on their personal expectations and their cultural definition of abnormality. This best illustrates the need for what kind of model?
a biopsychosocial approach
An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by:
a biopsychosocial approach.
Unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.
bipolar disorder
a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)
major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.
Delusion
a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common
A depressive disorder is characterized by:
a persistently sad mood and low energy level
Anti social personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.
Personality Inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Self serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious? a. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events b. Schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations c. Parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge d. Instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills
a. Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events
Self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
Self Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Shantay is a 37-year-old African-American female previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She currently appears to be experiencing an episode of mania. Her psychiatrist orders bloodwork and a PET scan. The imaging is likely to show:
an abnormally high level of activity across the brain.
Generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
Phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
Panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting.
Although she is underweight, Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of:
anorexia nervosa.
Continued significant dieting after weight loss of more than 15 percent of normal body weight is common in individuals with:
anorexia nervosa.
People with ___________ (anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa) continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight. Those with ____________ (anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa) tend to have weight that fluctuates within or above normal ranges.
anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa
The Big Five personality factors include:
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
Dissociative Disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Over the past 50 years, the incidence of anorexia nervosa has steadily increased. This is probably attributable to:
cultural ideals of beauty that increasingly encourage thinness.
Reflecting on how the definition of psychological disorders has changed in history, one can see that societal views greatly impact the definition of a psychological disorder by:
framing what is perceived as the source of the disorder.
Researchers found that those who possessed a specific gene associated with aggression and were raised in a difficult environment were more likely to exhibit antisocial behaviors as an adult. These findings support:
gene-environment interactions related to aggression.
Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from _____ disorder.
generalized anxiety
People with schizophrenia may hear voices urging self-destruction, an example of a(n)....
hallucination
What are the 3 interacting systems Freud proposed within personality?
id (unconscious energy), Ego (conscious peacemaker between id and superego), Superego (internalized ideals)
Self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by....
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Personality Disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
The biopsychosocial approach enables psychology researchers to study how different factors ______ in a person to produce a psychological disorder.
interact
Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a(n) _____ perspective.
learning
"He is as slow as molasses" might be a good way to describe the energy level for people suffering from:
major depressive disorder (MDD).
A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. It is concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new medication. Its perspective is most aligned with the _____ model.
medical
A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the _________ model.
medical
t one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of the _____ model.
medical
Seventy-five-year-old Walter lost his wife to a heart attack two years ago and most of his friends have passed away. His children live in other states and he has no pets. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Walter is:
more likely to attempt suicide, because the suicide rate surges among older men
The DSM-5 added many new psychological disorders to its list. A criticism of this change was that:
psychiatrists may be over-extending the bounds of normality and labeling normal behavior as a disorder.
Anxiety Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching to see how long it takes her to grow another. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from:
schizophrenia.
Jared has not read the chapter on psychological disorders, so he misunderstands some basic facts. For example, he believes that schizophrenia refers to multiple personalities rather than a(n):
split from reality.
Ian is an inexpressive person who is taking part in a research study on personality. He is being encouraged to be more expressive. At the end of the study, researchers will most likely notice that Ian was:
still less expressive than expressive individuals acting naturally
Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the ___________ which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
superego
According to a study in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the nation with the HIGHEST rate of reported mental disorders was _____.
the United States
Nearly 1 in _____ people will develop schizophrenia.
100
The American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as an illness until the year of _____.
1973
The symptoms of major depression begin to appear at a median age of about:
25
The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from social anxiety disorder in 2008 was:
6.8%
Homosexuality was classified as a mental illness by the _____ until 1973.
American Psychiatric Association
Fear-learning experiences that traumatize the brain can also create fear circuits within the _____.
Amygdala
Personality
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Tom is someone who always needs to be in control. As a young child, he had a difficult time with toilet training. On which psychosexual stage would psychoanalysts say Tom is fixated?
Anal phase
Raquel was initially excited to make the cheerleading squad. However, her parents noticed that she stopped eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She began portioning the amount of food she ate and weighing food. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 115 pounds to 90 pounds. This case demonstrates symptoms of:
Anorexia Nervosa
Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our......
Anxiety
What did Freud say was the "price for civilization"?
Anxiety
The most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are:
Auditory
Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung's (follower of Freud) concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
_____ is characterized by periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement.
Catatonia
______________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior. ______________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.
Defensive; Secure
Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is suffering from _____.
Delusions
_____ affects women and men at a ratio of 2 to 1.
Depression
Panic disorder is characterized by a person experiencing sudden episodes of intense _____
Dread/fear
People with schizophrenia often have disturbed perceptions called _____, which are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation from the environment.
Hallucinations
A person with very high self-esteem is likely to _____ than a person with low self-esteem.
Have fewer sleepless nights
How did Freud think people defended themselves against anxiety?
He believed that people protect themselves with unconscious defense mechanisms (reduce or redirect stress by distorting reality)
The most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia affect the sense of _____.
Hearing
Rebecca is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school?
Her academic transcripts
Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters _______ and _________.
Norepinephrine and serotonin
The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is.....
The presence of books in a home (physical/environment resource)
A person suffering from seasonal affective disorder (SAD) will do best living in:
a sunny location with long days (near the equator)
Psychological Disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
Empirically Derived Test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
Freudian slips
an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.
The medical model, one of the two models currently in use for understanding and treating psychological disorders, uses medical terms. Which of the following is NOT a term from the medical model? A) symptoms B) social stressors C) diagnosis D) mental illness
b) social stressors
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors? a. Conscientiousness b. Anxiety c. Extraversion d. Agreeableness
b. Anxiety
If the self-serving bias is evident in the way an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:
blame her failure on bad officiating (not on herself)
Episodes of overeating (typically with high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with _____.
bulimia nervosa
Rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.
A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience....
delusions
The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of _____ with learned helplessness.
depression
A sudden loss of memory is one symptom of a(n):
dissociative disorder.
Angel has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and that he knows nothing about the crime as his alter ego must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Angel does not suffer from _____ disorder as the host is never co-conscious with the alter egos.
dissociative identity
According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the _________, seeks to gratify the impulses of the __________ in more acceptable ways.
ego; id
Studies of people suffering from depression have found that the depressive episode typically:
ends, with or without treatment.
Narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption.
Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of ______________________ disorder.
generalized anxiety
Marsha just received an income tax refund of $1500. Rather than using this money for some needed expenses, she decides to go out of town. She gets a hotel room with her friends, goes out to eat, spends the day at an amusement park, etc. She seems to be dominated by the:
id
Sibling Rivalry
is the jealousy, competition and fighting between brothers and sisters
Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because....
it is almost never reported outside North America.
Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by signs of depression such as lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities. To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must:
last for two or more weeks.
PET scans of murderers' brains have revealed....
lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobes.
John has been having difficulties getting out of bed. He is not interested in going out with friends, and hardly ever answers the phone. John has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is most likely suffering from:
major depressive disorder.
A lawyer is distressed by feeling the need to wash his hands 100 times a day. He has no time left to meet with clients, and his colleagues are wondering about his competence. His behavior would probably be labeled disordered, because it is _________ —that is, it interferes with his day-to-day life.
maladaptive
Self Transcendence
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
A sudden loss of _____ is one symptom of a dissociative disorder.
memory
A person with schizophrenia who has __________ (positive/negative) symptoms may have an expressionless face and toneless voice. These symptoms are most common with __________ (chronic /acute) schizophrenia and are not likely to respond to drug therapy. Those with __________ (positive/negative) symptoms are likely to experience delusions and to be diagnosed with __________ (chronic /acute) schizophrenia, which is much more likely to respond to drug therapy.
negative; chronic; positive; acute
Those who express anxiety through unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions may have a(n) __________-__________ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
What is the function of the Amygdala?
one amygdala on each side of the brain. They are thought to be a part of the limbic system within the brain, which is responsible for emotions, survival instincts, and memory.
Self Esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth.
Self Efficacy
one's sense of competence and effectiveness.
Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best when....
onset is sudden, in response to stress
Our scores on personality tests best predict.......
our average behavior across many situations.
An episode of intense dread, accompanied by trembling, dizziness, chest pains, or choking sensations and by feelings of terror, is called
panic attack
When people suffer from a(n) _____, they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. These feelings last minutes and include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness.
panic attack
Changes in the rate, production, and content of speech is a significant marker of the shift between depression and mania. How does speech change when someone is suffering from a manic episode?
person talks non-stop
Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a......
phobia
If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects or situations, that person may have a____________.
phobia
Social anxiety disorder is classified as a _____ because there is a clear and specific source for the person's anxiety.
phobia
People who feel irrationally and intensely afraid of specific objects or situations are suffering from _____.
phobias
This disorder is characterized by a person having an irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
phobias
The symptoms of _______ appear around age 10; _______ tend[s] to appear later, around age 25.
phobias; major depressive disorder
Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as:
reciprocal determinism.
Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called ___________
repression
Walter keeps to himself at work, is quiet, and has a number of odd collections. Some people call him eccentric. He has only one friend who comes over to drink with him. Walter may be considered to have:
schizoid personality disorder.
Brain imaging studies allow researchers to:
see the biological difference between different disorders.
The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failures is called ______________-______________ ______________ .
self-serving bias
Binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.
Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Since he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from _____ phobia.
social
Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the __________-__________ perspective.
social-cognitive
These theories build from research on learning and cognition.
social-cognitive
Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.
social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism
DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Humanistic theories
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context
The "gender gap" in depression refers to the finding that _________ risk of depression is nearly double that of _________
womens; mens
Rejection
Rejection is the feeling a person experiences when disappointed about not achieving something desired.
Unconscious
A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. (unaware information processing)
id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive needs.
Fugue State
A sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation.
An attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:
Unconditional Positive Regard
Terror Management theory
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses when reminded of their impending death
According to a study by Adrian Raine, PET scans imply reduced activation in the _____ lobes of a murderer's cortex.
Frontal
Modern brain-scanning techniques reveal that some people with chronic schizophrenia have abnormally low activity in the _____ lobes.
Frontal
By age 50, this anxiety disorder becomes rare......
Generalized anxiety disorder
Rorschach inkblot test
(The most widely used projective test) A set of 10 inkblots (designed by Herman Rorschach) seeking to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of ink blots on a page (what image they see)
Chronic schizophrenia
(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
Acute schizophrenia
(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.
Dr. Burns sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:
Genuineness
According to Freud's ideas about 3 part personality structure, the (1) _____________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain, the (2) _____________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the (3) ______________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (conscience).
1) Ego, 2) id, 3) superego
1) What is the parallel to the Oedipus complex for girls? 2) What was Oedipus famous for in greek mythology?
1) Electra Complex 2) Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother
1) What are three big ideas that have survived from Freud's work in psychoanalytic theory? 2) What are three ways in which Freud's work has been criticized?
1) Freud drew attention to (1) Importance of childhood experiences (2) existence of unconscious mind (3) our self protective defense mechanisms 2) Freud's work has been criticized as (1) not scientifically testable and offering after the fact explanations (2) focused too much on sexual conflicts during childhood (3) based on the idea of repression (not supported by modern research)
Carl Rogers believed that growth-promoting climate required three conditions:
1) Genuineness 2) Acceptance 3) Empathy
What 5 developmental stages did Freud propose? What are each of their focuses?
1) Oral (0-18 months) : (Focus) Pleasure centers of the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing) 2) Anal (18-36 months) : (Focus) Pleasure on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control 3) Phallic (3-6 years) : (Focus) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings 4) Latency (6 to puberty) : (Focus) A phase of dormant sexual feelings 5) Genital (Puberty on) : (Focus) Maturation of sexual interests
What are the 6 defense mechanisms to deal with anxiety & what are they? Can you give an example of each?
1) Regression - Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage where psychic energy remains fixated. (Example): A little boy sucks his thumb for oral comfort before his first day of school. 2) Reaction Formation - Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. (Example) : Repressing anger by displaying exaggerated friendliness. 3) Projection - Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (Example) : The thief thinks everyone is a thief 4) Rationalization - Offering self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions. (Example) : An alcoholic says she drinks with her friends to be sociable 5) Displacement - Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object/person. (Example) : A little girl kicks the dog after her mom sends her to her room. 6) Denial - Refusing to believe or perceive painful realities. (Example) : A partner denies evidence of an affair
Adrian Raine studied the brains of violent repeat offenders and found that their brains had _____ frontal lobe tissue than a normal brain. This may help explain why these people exhibit deficits in cognitive functions such as planning, organization, and inhibition.
11 percent less
In a study in 1973 that examined the biasing power of diagnostic labels, researchers went to mental hospital admissions offices and complained of "hearing voices" saying empty, hollow, and thud. This was the only complaint they reported, and they displayed no other symptoms. They were admitted and released an average of _____ days later.
19
Between 1930 and 1960, the number of dissociative identity disorder (DID) diagnoses in North America was about _____ per decade.
2
The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder begin to appear at a median age of about:
20
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommendation is that women who will be more than _____ month(s) pregnant during the flu season get a flu shot.
3
In one survey of American college and university students, _____ percent reported that on one or more occasion within the last school year, they had felt "so depressed it was difficult to function."
31%
Cliff is homeless, hungry, and desperate for food and shelter. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, Cliff will pursue:
His focus on food
What age does a child recognize the demands of the newly emerging super ego?
4 or 5
In a survey of college students in 1994 , how many % of them believed painful experiences get repressed into the unconscious and out of awareness? Is this correct and correlating with current research on repression?
88% of university students, this does not correlate with research as modern studies have found intense stress and trauma enhance memory, not repress it (which is rare)
Oedipus Complex
A boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Why is there controversy over attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
A child (or, less commonly, an adult) who displays extreme inattention and/or hyper-activity and impulsivity may be diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and treated with medication and other therapy. The controversy centers on whether the growing number of ADHD cases reflects overdiagnosis or increased awareness of the disorder. Long-term effects of stimulant-drug treatment for ADHD are not yet known.
Who were the Neo-Freudians?
A group of personality theorists who recognized the importance of many of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory but went on to develop their own personality theories
Elijah scored high on conscientiousness when given a personality inventory. What would one expect to see in terms of his brain?
A larger frontal lobe
Fixation
A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage where conflicts were unresolved
Free Association
A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing
How do major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder differ?
A person with major depressive disorder experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Persistent depressive disorder includes a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years, along with at least two other symptoms. A person with the less common condition of bipolar disorder experiences not only depression but also mania—episodes of hyperactive and wildly optimistic, impulsive behavior
Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?
A person's average traits persist over time and are predictable over many different situations. But traits cannot predict behavior in any one particular situation.
Projective test
A personality test that provides general stimulus in order to trigger people's answers to give a look into their inner thinking
TAT - Thematic Apperception test
A projective test in which people express inner feelings and interests through stories they make up about random scenes
Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder as well as:
Agoraphobia
How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development, and how do they explore behavior?
Albert Bandura first proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Social-cognitive researchers apply principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to personality. Reciprocal determinism is a term describing the interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors.
Bob has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder.
Antisocial
How do generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias differ?
Anxious feelings and behaviors are classified as an anxiety disorder only when they form a pattern of distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. People with generalized anxiety disorder feel persistently and uncontrollably tense and apprehensive, for no apparent reason. In the more extreme panic disorder, anxiety escalates into periodic episodes of intense dread. Those with a phobia may be irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation. Two other disorders (OCD and PTSD) involve anxiety but are classified separately from the anxiety disorders.
People with a(n) _____ personality disorder have a tendency to exaggerate their own importance. They do not accept criticism very well and are known to react to it with rage or shame.
Narcissistic
Jackie is extremely afraid of rejection. Because of this, she has always been withdrawn. Her inflexible and enduring behavior patterns have impaired her social functioning, and she would likely be considered to have a(n) _____ personality disorder.
Avoidant
Which of the following is NOT a social-cultural influence on the bio-psychosocial approach to the study of personality? A) childhood experiences B) learned responses C) cultural expectations D) influences of the situation
B) Learned responses
A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest which of the following?
Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard.
Preconsciousness
Below the level of immediate conscious awareness, where memories and emotions that have not been repressed can be recalled
What factors contribute to the onset and development of schizophrenia?
Biological factors include abnormalities in brain structure and function, prenatal exposure to a maternal virus, and a genetic predisposition to the disorder. However, a high-risk environment, with many environmental triggers, can increase the odds of developing schizophrenia.
Researchers believe that conditioning and cognitive processes contribute to anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. What biological factors also contribute to these disorders?
Biological factors include inherited temperament differences and other gene variations; learned fears that have altered brain pathways; and outdated, inherited responses that had survival value for our distant ancestors.
What is the biopsychosocial approach, and why is it important in our understanding of psychological disorders?
Biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences combine to produce psychological disorders. This broad perspective helps us understand that our well-being is affected by our genes, brain functioning, inner thoughts and feelings, and the influences of our social and cultural environment.
Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a:
Biopsychosocial approach
Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n):
Bipolar disorder
_____ is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.
Bipolar disorder
Elaine just received her grade for the final exam in her psychology course. She was absolutely sure she knew the material but received a 67 on the exam. Elaine is likely to:
Blame the exam for her grade
Rachel is a manager at a large department store. She is popular with her staff. Many of her employees like her because she is honest, frank, and open without any facade. Carl Rogers would argue that Rachel would score highly on:
Genuineness
An effective way to break the cycle of _____ is to explain stressful events in terms that are specific and temporary.
Depression
Eeyore,a character in the Winnie the Pooh series by E. E. Milne, speaks slowly, has a pessimistic view, and often doesn't wish to participate in social activities. These behaviors suggest that the character suffers from_____.
Depression
Two disorders are found worldwide. One is schizophrenia, and the other is......
Depression
_____ is to the common cold as _____ is to cancer.
Depression; schizophrenia
A(n) _____ disorder is characterized by a persistently sad mood and low energy level.
Depressive
In the module video on personality, how has dick's behavior changed and what is this a sign of?
Dick is less aware of how his actions and behaviors effect other people. Due to a degenerative brain disease eroding the front lobes of his brain that make us different from eachother
Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by:
Disorganized speech and behavior, hallucinations, inappropriate or limited emotions.
Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates:
Displacement
Jorge was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his co-workers. Jorge gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
Displacement
What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?
Dissociative disorders are conditions in which conscious awareness seems to become separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Skeptics note that dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, increased dramatically in the late twentieth century; is rarely found outside North America; and may reflect role playing by people who are vulnerable to therapists' suggestions. Others view this disorder as a manifestation of feelings of anxiety, or as a response learned when behaviors are reinforced by anxiety-reduction.
Finn has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Which of the problems might he exhibit?
Distractibility, Fidgetiness, Impulsiveness
If one has too much _____, the brain's alarm centers may become overactive.
Glutamate
Donald is a 35-year-old man with schizophrenia. He has struggled with mental illness since childhood, when he had anxiety and impaired judgment. He began experiencing psychotic symptoms at age 19, which have been only partially controlled by medication. What is Donald's prognosis?
His condition is likely to deteriorate over time.
While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for _____ in schizophrenia patient's brains, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in the disorder.
Dopamine
_____ overactivity may underlie schizophrenic patients' overreactions to irrelevant external and internal stimuli.
Dopamine
Carl learns that he failed an exam. His self-esteem is temporarily lowered, and he is MORE likely to:
Enact negativity in everyday activities
Susan's mother suffered from the flu during her pregnancy with Susan. Statistically, this increases Susan's risk of later developing schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) _____ factor meaning a heritable change that is not due to DNA.
Epigenetic
Trait Theories
Examine characteristic patterns of behavior (traits)
What is the best way to predict a person's future behavior?
Examine the person's past behavior patterns in similar situations.
Kevin is 18 years old and believes that he is less likely to get into a serious car accident or die at an early age than peers his age. He may be illustrating:
Excessive Optimism
How do excessive optimism, blindness to one's own incompetence, and self-serving bias reveal the costs of self-esteem, and how do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?
Excessive optimism can lead to complacency and prevent us from seeing real risks, while blindness to one's own incompetence may lead us to make the same mistakes repeatedly. Self-serving bias is our tendency to perceive ourselves favorably, as when viewing ourselves as better than average or when accepting credit for our successes but not blame for our failures. Narcissism is excessive self-love and self-absorption. Defensive self-esteem is fragile, focuses on sustaining itself, and views failure or criticism as a threat. Secure self-esteem enables us to feel accepted for who we are.
Social Cognitive Theories
Explore interactions between people's traits, thinking, and social context
Upon reviewing David's blog, people quickly notice that he likes to use adjectives to describe the different social events he attends. This may give people enough information to make a safe assessment about which personality factor for David?
Extraversion
Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?
Factor analysis
In the psychoanalytical view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ____________ at that stage.
Fixation
According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to....
Fixation at that stage
How did Sigmund Freud's treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?
Freud discovered in his private practice that some physical reactions (ie the numb hand) had no connection to physical injury and thus could not be explained. This led him to try hypnosis (unsuccessful) and then free association to discover the deeper workings he called the unconscious mind.
What was Freud's view of personality?
Human personality arises from a conflict between impulse and restraint (between aggressive pleasure seeking biological urges and internal social controls over these impulses)
Which theoretical perspective has influenced counseling, education, child rearing, and management?
Humanistic
How have humanistic theories influenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced?
Humanistic psychology helped renew interest in the concept of self. Critics have said that humanistic psychology's concepts were vague and subjective, its values self-centered, and its assumptions naively optimistic.
What did Clavin and Alice Trillin realize about self concept?
If we have a positive self concept we tend to act and perceive the world positively. The same can be said for negativity vice-versa
Why is it that African women have been found to rate their ideal body type as being significantly closer to their actual shape as compared to European and North American women?
In much of Africa, plumpness is equated with prosperity and thinness can signal AIDS, poverty, and hunger.
What are the three main eating disorders, and how do biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences make people more vulnerable to them?
In those with eating disorders (most often women or gay men), psychological factors can overwhelm the body's tendency to maintain a normal weight. Despite being significantly underweight, people with anorexia nervosa (usually adolescent females) continue to diet and exercise excessively because they view themselves as fat. Those with bulimia nervosa (usually females in their teens and twenties) secretly binge and then compensate by purging, fasting, or excessive exercise. Those with binge-eating disorder binge but do not follow with purging, fasting, and exercise. Cultural pressures, low self-esteem, and negative emotions interact with stressful life experiences and genetics to produce eating disorders.
Nathaniel is a heavy smoker and for the past three months, he has been severely depressed. His doctor told him that it is likely that he smokes so much because nicotine can temporarily:
Increase Norepinephrine which is usually lacking in depressed people
What are some common misunderstandings about introversion? Does extraversion lead to greater success than introversion?
Introversion is often misunderstood as shyness, but introverted people often simply seek low levels of stimulation from their environment. Introversion is also sometimes thought to be a barrier to success, but in fact introverts often experience great achievement, even in sales, through characteristics such as their superior listening skills.
Which two primary dimensions did Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?
Introversion-extraversion and emotional stability-instability
Marcus' twin brother and maternal grandmother both have previously been diagnosed with schizophrenia. This means that Marcus' risk for developing schizophrenia _____.
Is much higher than average
Ashley feels that she has reached her full potential as a physician. According to Maslow, Ashley:
Is self-actualized
Which of the following provides evidence that there is a genetic component to schizophrenia?
It is observed in all cultures
Sam, a 16-year-old boy, has been feeling hopeless, has difficulty concentrating, and experiences chronic sadness. How likely is he to share this information with his parents?
It is very unlikely
Ego
Largely conscious executive part of personality that balances superego, reality and id. Operates on the reality principle (satisfy ids needs in realistic way)
_____ theorists see dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction.
Learning
_____ see dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction.
Learning theorists
One famous personality inventory is the.....
MMPI
Rates of bipolar disorder have risen dramatically in the twenty-first century, especially among.....
Males 19 and under
What does it mean to say that "depression is a whole-body disorder"?
Many factors contribute to depression, including the biological influences of genetics and brain function. Social-cognitive factors also matter, including the interaction of explanatory style, mood, our responses to stressful experiences, and changes in our patterns of thinking and behaving. The whole body is involved.
Historically, there have been a variety of models used to explain psychological disorders. The _____ model assumes that mental disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated.
Medical Model
Do psychological disorders predict violent behavior?
Mental disorders seldom lead to violence, but when they do, they raise moral and ethical questions about whether society should hold people with disorders responsible for their violent actions. Most people with disorders are nonviolent and are more likely to be victims than attackers.
What is the most widely used researched personality test?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Elaine feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from a(n):
Mood disorder
Victor's mother is frustrated because she cannot get Victor involved in any activities. Most days he sits in a chair with no expression on his face. This type of absence of appropriate behavior is known as:
Negative symptoms
What do we call psychoanalysts who became followers to Freud?
Neo-Freudians
Which of Freud's ideas did his followers accept or reject?
Neo-Freudians accepted ideas like personality structures (id, ego, superego), the unconscious mind, the defense mechanism of anxiety but diverged in two large ways: (1) emphasis on conscious minds role in interpreting experience experience and coping with environment. (2) Doubt in sex and aggression as all-consuming motivations.
Anna is embarrassed that it takes her several minutes to parallel park her car. She usually gets out of the car once or twice to inspect her distance both from the curb and from the nearby cars. Should she worry about having a psychological disorder?
No. Anna's behavior is unusual, causes her distress, and may make her a few minutes late on occasion, but it does not appear to significantly disrupt her ability to function. Like most of us, Anna demonstrates some unusual behaviors that are not disabling or dysfunctional, and, thus, do not suggest a psychological disorder.
Victor exclaimed, "The weather has been so schizophrenic lately: It's hot one day and freezing the next!" Is this an accurate comparison? Why or why not?
No. Schizophrenia involves the altered perceptions, emotions, and behaviors of a mind split from reality. It does not involve the rapid changes in mood or identity suggested by this comparison.
Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having disorder.
OCD
Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for four hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time, and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is most symptomatic of a(n):
OCD
The relatively recent 40-fold increase in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in adolescent boys is:
Occurring only in the U.S
How well do personality test scores predict our behavior? Explain.
Our scores on personality tests predict our average behavior across many situations much better than they predict our specific behavior in any given situation.
Episodes of _____ followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with bulimia nervosa:
Overeating
Spotlight Effect
Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).
Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a ____________ disorder.
Panic
_____ is to anxiety as a(n) _____ is to a windy day.
Panic disorder; hurricane
What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait-assessment tools?
Personality inventories (such as the MMPI) are questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors. Test items are empirically derived, and the tests are objectively scored. But people can fake their answers to create a good impression, and the ease of computerized testing may lead to misuse of the tests.
The Oedipus conflict is associated with which stage of psychosexual development, according to Freud?
Phallic stage
This man insisted that madness was not demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions.
Philippe Pinel
What prenatal events are associated with increased risk of developing schizophrenia?
Possible contributing factors include viral infections or famine conditions during the mother's pregnancy; low weight or oxygen deprivation at birth; and maternal diabetes or older paternal age.
Theresa is worried that she will flunk out of college. This is a _____ that she does not want to become.
Possible self
Those with symptoms of recurring memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia for weeks after a traumatic event may be diagnosed with __________ __________ disorder.
Post traumatic stress
Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of:
Post traumatic stress disorder
One predictor of psychiatric disorders that crosses ethnic and gender lines is......
Poverty
What is the relationship between poverty and psychological disorders?
Poverty-related stresses can help trigger disorders, but disabling disorders can also contribute to poverty. Thus, poverty and disorder are often a chicken-and-egg situation, and it's hard to know which came first.
From the many risk factors associated with later onset of schizophrenia, it appears that _____ alters the brain in a profound way.
Prenatal stress
Shaun has been confronted by his roommate for his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drinking several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is Shaun using?
Projection
___________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.
Projective Tests
What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them?
Projective tests are tests that use ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger a projection of ones inner thinking. They are used through ink-blot tests and thematic apperception test but are criticized to not create a consistent valid MRI of the brain and misrepresent tendencies in their user.
Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings. Freud's theory uses the:
Psychoanalytic perspective
The suggestion that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses best illustrates the:
Psychoanalytical perspective
Jung, Adler, and Horney are the key proponents to which personality theory?
Psychodynamic
How many people have, or have had a psychological disorder? Is poverty a risk factor?
Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the time and place of the survey. In one multinational survey, rates for any disorder ranged from less than 5 percent (Shanghai) to more than 25 percent (the United States). Poverty is a risk factor: Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders. But some disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty.
What are two proven Freudian defense mechanisms?
Reaction formation and Projection (usually to protect self image not motivated by sex and aggression)
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment are referred to as _____.
Reciprical Determinism
Joshua's history of romantic relationships influences his attitudes toward romantic relationships, which changes how he now responds to his current girlfriend. This is an example of:
Reciprocal determinism
How might Rogers explain how environment influences the development of a criminal?
Rogers might assert that the criminal was raised in an environment lacking genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), and empathy, which inhibited psychological growth and led to a negative self-concept.
_____ conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels.
Rosenhan
How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?
Schizophrenia typically strikes during late adolescence, affects men slightly more than women, and seems to occur in all cultures. In chronic (or process) schizophrenia, the disorder develops gradually and recovery is doubtful. In acute (or reactive) schizophrenia, the onset is sudden, in reaction to stress, and the prospects for recovery are brighter.
In European and North American psychology, the _____ is thought to be the organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality.
Self
The significant difference between suicidal behavior and self-injury is:
Self injury is an attempt at coping
A psychology instructor asks his class to write down all of their thoughts and feelings about themselves. This exercise is a way to describe:
Self-concept
According to a study in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the LOWEST rate of reported mental disorders was in the city of _____.
Shanghai
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed that the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on.....
Social Interactions
Critics say that _________-_________ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual's interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person's enduring traits.
Social-Cognitive
The _____ perspective views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context.
Social-Cognitive
What criticisms have social-cognitive theorists faced?
Social-cognitive theorists build on well-established concepts of learning and cognition. They tend to believe that the best way to predict someone's behavior in a given situation is to observe that person's behavior in similar situations. They have been faulted for underemphasizing the importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits.
Are psychological disorders universal, or are they culture-specific? Explain with examples.
Some psychological disorders are culture-specific. For example, anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in North American cultures, and taijin-kyofusho appears largely in Japan. Other disorders, such as schizophrenia, are universal-occurring in all cultures.
How did humanistic psychologists assess a person's sense of self?
Some rejected any standardized assessments and relied on interviews and conversations. Rogers sometimes used questionnaires in which people described their ideal and actual selves, which he later used to judge progress during therapy.
This is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share one's beliefs and behaviors.
The false consensus effect
What factors increase the risk of suicide and what do we know about nonsuicidal self-injury?
Suicide rates differ by nation, race, gender, age group, income, religious involvement, marital status, and (for gay and lesbian youth, for example) social support structure. Those with depression are more at risk for suicide than others are, but social suggestion, health status, and economic and social frustration are also contributing factors. Environmental barriers (such as jump barriers) are effective in preventing suicides. Forewarnings of suicide may include verbal hints, giving away possessions, withdrawal, preoccupation with death, and discussing one's own suicide. Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) does not usually lead to suicide but may escalate to suicidal thoughts and acts if untreated. People who engage in NSSI do not tolerate stress well and tend to be self-critical, with poor communication and problem-solving skills.
What is susto, and is this a culture-specific or universal psychological disorder?
Susto is a condition marked by severe anxiety, restlessness, and fear of black magic. It is culture-specific to Latin America.
What is PTSD?
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include four or more weeks of haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or sleep problems following some traumatic experience.
What patterns of perceiving, thinking, and feeling characterize schizophrenia?
Symptoms of schizophrenia include disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking and speech, and diminished, inappropriate emotions. Delusions are false beliefs; hallucinations are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Schizophrenia symptoms may be positive (the presence of inappropriate behaviors) or negative (the absence of appropriate behaviors).
What did Freud believe about dreams?
That the content of the dreams (manifest content) was a censored expression of the dreamers unconscious wishes (latent content)
What did Freud believe about the mind?
That there was a large part of our personality determined from unconscious brain (memories, repressed feelings, etc.) and it was like an iceberg (small conscious visible and large unconscious beneath the water)
How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders, and why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) contains diagnostic labels and descriptions that provide a common language and shared concepts for communication and research. Most U.S. health insurance organizations require a DSM diagnosis before paying for treatment. Some critics believe the DSM editions have become too detailed and extensive. Others view DSM diagnoses as arbitrary labels that create preconceptions, which bias perceptions of the labeled person's past and present behavior.
What are the Big Five personality factors, and why are they scientifically useful?
The Big Five personality factors are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), openness, and extraversion (CANOE). These factors may be objectively measured, and research suggests that these factors are relatively stable over the life span and apply to all cultures in which they have been studied.
Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?
The Big Five personality factors—conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion (CANOE)—currently offer the clearest picture of personality. These factors are quite stable and appear to be found in all cultures.
What is the most widely used projective test?
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?
The answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect
Repression
The basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Psychosexual stages
The childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
In a psychology class debate on the humanistic perspective, students need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the humanistic perspective can they cite?
The descriptions of self-actualizing people reflect Abraham Maslow's personal values.
What did the discovery of syphilis in the 1800's do for asylums?
The discovery of Syphilis infecting the brain and distorting the mind drove further gradual reform for psychological disorders. Hospitals replaced asylums, and the medical model of mental disorders was born.
The ego operates on the reality principle, what is the reality principle?
The ego's control of the pleasure-seeking activity of the id in order to meet the demands of the external world. (Seeks to gratify id's impulses in realistic long term ways)
Defense Mechanisms
The ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?
The humanistic psychologists' view of personality focused on the potential for healthy personal growth and people's striving for self-determination and self-realization. Abraham Maslow proposed that human motivations form a hierarchy of needs; if basic needs are fulfilled, people will strive toward self-actualization and self-transcendence. Carl Rogers believed that the ingredients of a growth-promoting environment are genuineness, acceptance (including unconditional positive regard), and empathy. Self-concept was a central feature of personality for both Maslow and Rogers.
The id operates on the pleasure principle, what is the pleasure principle?
The instinctive drive to seek pleasure and avoid pain, need for immediate gratification
The onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) occurs around:
The late teens and twenties
How do conditioning, cognition, and biology contribute to the feelings and thoughts that mark anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD?
The learning perspective views anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD as products of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, fearful behavior reinforcement, and observational learning of others' fears and cognitions (interpretations, irrational beliefs, and hypervigilance). The biological perspective considers the role that fears of life-threatening animals, objects, or situations played in natural selection and evolution; genetic predispositions for high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitter production; and abnormal responses in the brain's fear circuits.
At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of:
The medical model
How do the medical model and the bio-psychosocial approach influence our understanding of psychological disorders?
The medical model assumes that psychological disorders are mental illnesses with physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured through therapy, sometimes in a hospital. The biopsychosocial perspective assumes that three sets of influences—biological (evolution, genetics, brain structure and chemistry), psychological (stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories), and social and cultural circumstances (roles, expectations, definitions of "normality" and "disorder")—interact to produce specific psychological disorders. Epigenetics also informs our understanding of disorders
Superego
The part of personality that represents internal ideals and is a part of your conscience (good will or lack thereof) for future ambitions
Identification
The process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
The psychodynamic and learning perspectives agree that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are ways of dealing with anxiety. How do their explanations differ?
The psychodynamic explanation of DID symptoms is that they are defenses against anxiety generated by unacceptable urges. The learning perspective attempts to explain these symptoms as behaviors that have been reinforced by relieving anxiety in the past.
Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to psychology and to human well-being?
The self is the center of personality, organizing our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Considering possible selves helps motivate us toward positive development, but focusing too intensely on ourselves can lead to the spotlight effect. Self-esteem is our feeling of self-worth; self-efficacy is our sense of competence on a task. High self-esteem correlates with less pressure to conform, with persistence at difficult tasks, and with happiness. But the direction of the correlation is not clear. Psychologists caution against unrealistically promoting children's feelings of self-worth. It's better to reward their achievements, which leads to feelings of competence.
People overestimate the degree to which others notice and evaluate their appearance, performance, and blunders. Thomas Gilovich termed this:
The spotlight effect
When Chris noticed that he had spilled coffee on his new shirt, he overestimated that other people at the meeting would notice. His reaction best illustrates:
The spotlight effect
Psychopathology
The study of mental illness or mental disorders
What is the false consensus effect?
The tendency to overestimate the extent which others share our beliefs and behaviors
One of the ways one knows that many different biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors impact the development is through studies of _____.
Twins
What is the value, and what are the dangers, of labeling individuals with disorders?
Therapists and others use disorder labels to communicate with one another using a common language, and to share concepts during research. Clients may benefit from knowing that they are not the only ones with these symptoms. The dangers of labeling people are that (1) people may begin to act as they have been labeled, and (2) the labels can trigger assumptions that will change our behavior toward those we label.
Before Serene's first appointment date with a psychologist, she wants her to take the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Serene is uncomfortable taking a personality test for someone she barely knows. What argument can she use to persuade this psychologist that she should NOT take the test?
There are questions about the validity of the test.
How do contemporary psychologists view Freud's psychoanalysis?
They see Freud's view as limited and without more complex data of DNA. They see some of his specific ideas as wrong such as development only occurring as a child (which we now see as lifelong). We also think Freud overestimated parental influence and underestimated peer influence. Researchers think that defense mechanisms do not only disguise sexual and aggressive impulses. Freud is flawed in that he offers explanations after the fact of any characteristic (ie smoking) and yet doesn't accurately predict behavior and traits.
How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?
This movement sought to turn psychology's attention away from drives and conflicts and toward our growth potential, with a focus on the way healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization, which was in contrast to Freudian theory and strict behaviorism.
In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, students need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the social-cognitive perspective can they cite?
This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.
Despite having several features in common, what is the primary distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
Those suffering from anorexia nervosa are drastically underweight, while those suffering from bulimia nervosa are within or above the normal range.
What does it mean to be empathic? How about self-actualized? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?
To be empathic is to share and mirror another person's feelings. Carl Rogers believed that people nurture growth in others by being empathic. Abraham Maslow proposed that self-actualization is the motivation to fulfill one's potential, and one of the ultimate psychological needs (the other is self-transcendence).
Which elements of traditional psychoanalysis have modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists retained, and which elements they have left behind?
Today modern day psychodynamic theorists still rely on Freud's techniques and focus on childhood development and unconscious influences/. They do not however dwell on fixation in the psychosexual stage or the ida that resolution of sexual issues is a basis for personality.
___________ theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.
Trait
How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?
Trait theorists see personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior. They describe our differences rather than trying to explain them. Using factor analysis, they identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together. Genetic predispositions influence many traits.
Do genes influence schizophrenia? What factors may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children?
Twin and adoption studies indicate that the predisposition to schizophrenia is inherited. Multiple genes probably interact to produce schizophrenia. No environmental causes invariably produce schizophrenia, but environmental events (such as prenatal viruses or maternal stress) may "turn on" genes for this disorder in those who are predisposed to it. Possible early warning signs of later development of schizophrenia include both biological factors (a mother with severe and long-lasting schizophrenia; oxygen deprivation and low weight at birth; separation from parents; short attention span and poor muscle coordination) and psychological factors (disruptive or withdrawn behavior; emotional unpredictability; poor peer relations and solo play).
How do biological and psychological factors contribute to antisocial personality disorder?
Twin and adoption studies show that biological relatives of people with this disorder are at increased risk for antisocial behavior. Negative environmental factors, such as poverty or childhood abuse, may channel genetic traits such as fearlessness in more dangerous directions—toward aggression and away from social responsibility.
Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a:
Word Salad
A fortune cookie advises, "love yourself and happiness will follow." Is this good advice?
Yes, if that self-love is of the secure type. Secure self-esteem promotes a focus beyond the self and a higher quality of life. Excessive self-love may promote artificially high or defensive self-esteem, which may lead to unhappiness if negative external feedback triggers anger or aggression.
Last week Tate went into the hospital for a painful medical procedure. Amazingly, he did not seem worried beforehand, and he showed no signs of autonomic nervous system arousal. In addition, Tate seems to lack a conscience for wrongdoing. It is possible that Tate would be diagnosed as having:
antisocial personality disorder.
Although the cause of antisocial personality disorder is unclear, some people do appear to have a genetic vulnerability. For example, twin and adoption studies indicate that biological relatives of those with antisocial personality disorder:
are at increased risk for antisocial behavior.
Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa? a. People with bulimia continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight. b. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges. c. Bulimia patients often come from middle-class families that are competitive, high-achieving, and protective. d. If one twin is diagnosed with bulimia, the chances of the other twin's sharing the disorder are greater if they are fraternal rather than identical twins.
b. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges.
Many psychologists reject the "disorders-as-illness" view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved—for example, the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the __________ approach.
biopsychosocial
What brain abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?
people with schizophrenia have increased dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia. Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid-filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex. Brain scans reveal abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala. Interacting malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections may produce schizophrenia's symptoms.
According to Carl Rogers, genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are to _____ as water, sun, and nutrients are to _____.
positive growth in humans; the growth of healthy trees
How can the biological and social-cognitive perspectives help us understand depressive disorders and bipolar disorder?
the biological perspective on depressive disorders and bipolar disorder focuses on genetic predispositions and on abnormalities in brain structures and function (including those found in neurotransmitter systems). The social-cognitive perspective views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences.
Medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
One of the strengths of the biopsychosocial model, in comparison to the medical model, is that the biopsychosocial model incorporates _____ into an understanding of psychological disorders.
the effect of culture
Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about.......
the existence of unconscious mental processes.
Reciprocal Determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
One of the negative outcomes of giving a person a psychiatric diagnosis is that a person may then live up to others' expectations. This means that:
the label itself may create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Self Actualization
the process of fulfilling our potential
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
If one of the members of the following pairs suffers from anorexia nervosa, the other has the highest risk of developing the illness in which case?
two identical twins
Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate _________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend against ____________.
unconsciously; anxiety
