EXAM 9

40. _____ is a crucial step in managing change that examines the skills and competencies that employees must have to achieve the goals of the change.

A needs analysis

10. Identify an internal force that can stimulate change in an organization.

A strike

38. Which of the following is the first part of Harry Levinson's approach for organizational diagnosis?

Achieving an understanding of an organization's history

34. _____ is a high achievement-oriented career stage in which people focus on increasing their competence.

Advancement

26. Which of the following individuals are more likely to become frustrated in the new career paradigm?

Individuals who are rigid in their thinking

46. _____ are examples of qualitative methods for organizational culture assessment.

Interviews

68. Which of the following is true of cyberloafing?

It can cost companies millions of dollars in lost productivity.

49. Identify a true statement about management by objectives.

It clarifies what is expected of employees.

39. Which of the following is true of a psychological contract?

It encourages social support for new employees.

35. In the context of the career stage model, which of the following is true of the maintenance stage?

It is a stage that finds the individual trying to uphold productivity while evaluating progress toward career goals.

35. Identify a true statement about organization development.

It is a structured cycle of diagnosing organizational problems and opportunities and then applying expertise to them.

48. Which of the following is true of a career lattice?

It is an effective way to develop an array of skills to ensure one's employability.

28. Which of the following is a key strategy for managing resistance to change that establishes a feeling of ownership in the change process among employees?

Participation

53. _____ is a group-focused organization development intervention technique designed to improve the effectiveness of a work group.

Team building

67. Which of the following is a form of job redesign?

Telecommuting

44. In which of the following stages of the career stage model do individuals reassess their goals and feel the need to make changes in their career dreams?

The advancement stage

56. Flextime, compressed workweeks, work-at-home arrangements, part-time hours, job sharing, and leave options:

are all considered alternative work arrangements to manage work-home conflicts.

66. Employees who work in high-trust cultures:

are more aligned with their company's values.

14. Stories give meaning and identity to organizations as they:

are retold.

1. A _____ is a pattern of work-related experiences that spans the course of a person's life.

career

47. According to the career stage model, a _____ is a structured series of job positions through which an individual progresses in an organization.

career ladder

46. In the context of the career stage model, _____ are sequences of job experiences along which employees move during their careers.

career paths

69. Matching an individual's job aspirations with the opportunities in an organization is _____.

career planning

51. According to the career stage model, during the advancement stage, _____ involves providing advice in both career and job performance to protégés.

coaching

9. In the context of the old career paradigm, the top-down firm meant:

competitiveness and added value were the responsibility of corporate experts.

17. To prevent conflicts during the organizational choice and entry process, an individual should:

conduct a careful self-analysis.

51. One of the key principles on which the famed Toyota Way of doing business is focused on is:

continuous improvement dedicated to innovation.

5. In the context of the new career paradigm, occupational excellence means:

continuously honing skills that can be marketed across organizations.

64. Individuals can meet and clarify their expectations of each other using the technique of _____ for organization development intervention.

role negotiation

12. Which of the following is an example of an internal force for change in an organization?

An increased grievance rate

39. Which of the following methods can be used for gathering data in each stage of Harry Levinson's diagnostic approach?

Archival record

7. Identify a true statement about workforce diversity.

As the workforce ages, there will be fewer young workers and more older workers.

22. Which of the following is a similarity between internal and external change agents in an organization?

Both exhibit adaptability as a key skill.

69. _____ are a network of self-perceived talents, motives, and values that guide an individual's career decisions.

Career anchors

70. _____ can be used to identify and nurture talented employees for potential promotion in an organization.

Career planning

26. Which of the following is an essential key strategy for managing resistance to change that can help prevent unfounded fears and potentially damaging rumors from developing among employees?

Communication

55. Which of the following processes is most often targeted in process consultation?

Conflict resolution

67. _____ is a term that describes using the Internet for personal business at work while pretending to do legitimate work.

Cyberloafing

37. Which of the following is an essential first step for any organization development intervention?

Diagnosis

41. Which of the following types of psychological contracts for social support is concerned with empathy, care, and esteem toward newcomers in an organization?

Emotional support

45. Identify a guideline that should be followed by organizations to make survey feedback effective.

Feedback should be reported in a group format.

3. Which of the following is true of globalization?

Global business carries unique risks not found by firms competing within a single nation.

4. Which of the following statements is true of globalization?

Globalizing an organization means rethinking the most efficient ways to use resources.

5. Identify a true statement about globalization.

Globalizing an organization requires changes in the minds of employees.

57. In the context of group-focused techniques for organization development intervention, which of the following statements is true of process consultation?

It is an interactive technique between employees of a company and an outside consultant.

62. Identify a true statement about executive coaching.

It is typically a special investment in top-level managers.

49. In the context of career functions provided by a mentor to a protégé, which of the following is true of sponsorship?

It means actively helping the individual get job experiences and promotions.

53. In the context of psychosocial functions provided by a mentor, which of the following is true of role modeling?

It occurs when the mentor displays behavior for a protégé to emulate.

50. Which of the following is true of management by objectives?

It provides knowledge of results.

68. Which of the following is true of bridge employment?

It takes place after a person retires from full-time work but before a permanent withdrawal from the workforce.

66. _____ is an organization development intervention method that alters jobs to improve the fit between individual skills and the demands of the job.

Job redesign

47. _____ is an organization-wide intervention technique that involves joint goal setting between employees and managers.

Management by objectives

48. _____ involves the setting of initial targets, periodic progress reviews, and problem solving to remove any obstacles to goal achievement.

Management by objectives

46. Which of the following guidelines should organizations follow to make survey feedback effective?

Management should be prepared to follow-up on the survey results.

34. _____ is the second step in Kurt Lewin's change model in which new attitudes, values, and behaviors are substituted for old ones.

Moving

27. Which of the following is a key strategy for managing resistance to change in which employees must be engaged and involved in order for change to work?

Participation

51. In the context of the Kilmann-Saxton Culture-Gap Survey, which of the following areas includes long-term human orientation norms?

Personal freedom

1. _____ results from a deliberate decision to alter an organization.

Planned change

41. Identify a group-focused technique for organization development intervention.

Product and service quality programs

52. According to the career stage model, which of the following is a career function of a mentor?

Protection

2. Which of the following is an example of unplanned change in an organization?

Responding to an increase in excise tax on gasoline

63. Identify an individual-focused technique for organization development intervention.

Role negotiation

65. _____ results in a better understanding between the two parties in a working relationship.

Role negotiation

59. Which of the following techniques is an organization development intervention that is targeted at individuals?

Skills training

9. Which of the following is true of managing ethical behavior?

Society expects organizations to maintain ethical behavior in relationships with customers.

60. Which of the following is true of leadership training and development programs?

Some leadership training and development programs combine classroom learning with on-the-job experiences.

43. _____ is a widely used organization development intervention method whereby employee attitudes are solicited using a questionnaire.

Survey feedback

44. Which of the following is true of survey feedback?

The effectiveness of survey feedback is contingent upon trust between management and subordinates.

57. According to Carolyn Smith Paschal, in which of the following stages should companies give employees sabbaticals instead of bonuses?

The maintenance stage

61. Which of the following statements is true of action learning?

The outcome of action learning is that leaders learn about themselves through the challenges of their comrades.

55. In the context of phases in mentoring relationships, which of the following is the phase that comes after a successful separation phase?

The redefinition phase

11. Which of the following is an internal force that can stimulate the need for change in an organization?

The resignation of a key decision maker

19. Which of the following is a disadvantage that internal change agents have in managing the change process in an organization?

They are too close to the situation to have an objective view of what needs to be done.

21. Which of the following is true of external change agents?

They bring an outsider's objective view to an organization.

70. Which of the following is true of career anchors?

They help an individual in finding a match between the individual and an organization.

63. Which of the following statements is true of older workers?

They may face discrimination and stereotyping.

20. Which of the following is true of change leaders within organizations?

They use a balance of technical and interpersonal skills.

68. _____ focus on helping employees manage their stress.

Wellness programs

6. Which of the following is true of workforce diversity?

Women's participation in the workforce has climbed steadily.

36. Before any organization development intervention is planned, _____.

a thorough organizational diagnosis should be conducted

36. Levinson's life stages are characterized by:

an alternating pattern of stability and transition.

24. During an organizational change, fear of loss occurs when:

an employee's status is threatened.

54. In the _____ of a mentoring relationship, the relationship becomes more meaningful than the previous stages, and the protégé shows rapid progress because of the career support and psychosocial support provided by the mentor.

cultivation phase

8. The team approach adopted by many organizations leads to:

decentralized decision making.

64. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits:

discrimination against older workers.

59. During the maintenance stage, a career plateau is a point where an:

employee's probability of moving up the hierarchy is low.

56. In process consultation, the ownership of a successful outcome rests with the _____.

employees

37. According to Levinson, during the _____, an individual begins to separate from his or her parents and becomes less emotionally and financially dependent on them.

establishment stage

23. An employee's resistance to change that introduces ambiguity into what was once a comfortable situation is the result of:

fear of the unknown.

29. Kurt Lewin's model of the change process is based on the idea of _____.

force field analysis

42. Management by objectives, team building, and survey feedback are _____ techniques for organization development intervention.

group-focused

15. Restructuring of an organization is an example of a(n) _____.

strategic change

54. Emerald Inc. sponsors a corporate outing for its employees annually wherein employees participate in activities such as scavenger hunts and laser tag. This scenario illustrates that Emerald Inc. is using outdoor challenges to:

improve team building.

13. Change of a relatively small scope, such as making small improvements, is called _____.

incremental change

14. An adjustment in the price of gasoline by an oil company in response to an excise tax increase is a(n):

incremental change.

58. Leadership training and development, executive coaching, and job redesign are _____ techniques for organization development intervention.

individual-focused

16. In strategic change in an organization, _____.

it moves from an old state to a known new state during a controlled period of time

66. According to Levinson, during the _____, one's own mortality becomes a major concern, and the loss of family members and friends becomes more frequent.

late adulthood transition stage

42. When psychological contracts are broken or breached, employees experience negative emotional reactions that can lead to:

loss of trust.

60. According to the career stage model, during the _____, individuals can make a contribution by sharing their wealth of knowledge and experience with others.

maintenance stage

58. In the context of the career stage model, sustaining performance and becoming a mentor are two issues individuals in an organization need to address during the:

maintenance stage.

43. According to the career stage model, the advancement stage is a period when:

many individuals strive for achievement.

62. Following the age-fifty transition is a fairly stable period in people's careers. During this time, _____.

most people begin to plan seriously for withdrawing from their careers

65. An essential activity of the withdrawal stage in one's career is:

planning for change.

38. A _____ is an implicit agreement between an individual and an organization that specifies what each is expected to give and receive in the relationship.

psychological contract

45. Most people in the advancement stage of the career stage model:

seek greater responsibility and authority and strive for upward mobility.

33. In Kurt Lewin's change model, the maintenance of status quo can be viewed as a(n):

state of equilibrium.

43. In the context of the stage of the organizational socialization process, _____ involve the actual work performed.

task demands

25. When employees question their competence to deal with changes that might result in increased workloads or increased task difficulty, they are most likely experiencing:

the fear of failure.

30. According to Kurt Lewin's model of the change process, current behavior is maintained when:

the force pushing toward preserving the status quo and the force pushing for change are approximately equal.

18. In _____, an organization moves to a radically different, and sometimes unknown, future state.

transformational change

17. The most massive scope of change in an organization is known as:

transformational change.

31. Kurt Lewin's change model begins with _____, which is a crucial first hurdle in the change process.

unfreezing

32. According to Kurt Lewin's change model, _____ involves encouraging individuals to discard old behaviors by shaking up the equilibrium state that maintains the status quo.

unfreezing

7. Which of the following is true of project allegiance in the new career paradigm?

A successful outcome of a project is more important than holding the project team together.

21. _____ are the deeply held beliefs that guide behavior and tell members of an organization how to perceive situations and people.

Assumptions

20. _____ reflect a person's inherent beliefs of what should or should not be.

Values

29. Which of the following is a perplexing question about the strong-culture perspective about the relationship between organizational culture and performance?

What can be said about evidence showing that strong economic performance can create strong cultures, rather than the reverse?

10. On the foundation day of an organization, the president of the organization awards exceptionally performing employees with a bouquet and a plaque at a banquet every year. This is an example of:

a ceremony.

30. The fit perspective about the relationship between organizational culture and performance argues that:

a culture is good only if it fits an industry or a firm's strategy.

2. An example of the subjective element of a career is:

a person's perception of his or her potential in a chosen occupation.

25. The people who will be most successful in the new career paradigm are individuals who:

are tolerant of ambiguity.

3. According to Edgar Schein, _____ are the most visible and accessible level of organizational culture.

artifacts

2. According to Edgar Schein, the three levels of organizational culture are:

artifacts, values, and assumptions.

10. In the context of the old career paradigm, corporate allegiance meant:

being loyal to one's work group can be more important than the project allocated to the group.

6. A(n) _____ is an example of the artifacts of organizational culture.

ceremony

54. Changing an organization's culture is difficult because:

culture is deeply ingrained.

47. Qualitative methods for organizational culture assessment, such as interviews and observations, are valuable because of their _____.

descriptiveness

23. One of the important attributes that a person should possess if he or she wants to climb the corporate ladder in the present age is _____.

emotional intelligence

60. Cultural change effort in an organization can be deemed successful if:

employees automatically respond to a crisis in ways consistent with the corporate culture.

56. In the context of changing organizational culture, managers must examine the justifications for changed behavior because:

employees sometimes do not really believe in the new values, and just comply.

33. An adaptive organizational culture is the one that:

encourages confidence and risk taking among employees.

31. The _____ is the first stage of a person's career in which the person learns a job and begins to fit into an organization and occupation.

establishment stage

28. Organizations with strong cultures:

facilitate performance.

23. When employees internalize the values of a company, they:

find their work intrinsically rewarding.

8. In the context of the old career paradigm, the one-employer focus meant:

forgoing technical or functional development in favor of firm-specific learning.

55. Even when behavior in an organization changes, the change is not sufficient for cultural change to occur because:

individuals may change their behavior but not the values that drive it.

58. In the context of changing organizational culture, leaders should pay attention to the _____ more so than structural positions in leading organizational change.

informal social networks

28. Almost 40 percent of new managers fail within the first 18 months on the job because of a(n):

lack of interpersonal skills.

19. In the context of realistic job preview (RJP), when candidates are given both positive and negative information, they:

make more effective job choices.

5. Artifacts are the _____.

most frequently studied manifestation of organizational culture

25. A company's culture:

must be characterized by open communication.

4. In the context of the new career paradigm, discrete exchange:

occurs when an organization gains productivity while a person gains work experience.

24. Leaders can use _____ to help employees understand the changing nature of their organizational identity.

organizational symbols

7. In the context of artifacts, when the behavior of an organization's members reflects the organization's values, it is called _____.

personal enactment

64. To develop a positive, cohesive organizational culture, managers should:

promote the philosophy that ethical behavior makes good business sense.

18. Giving potential employees the actual picture of the job they are applying for is known as a(n) _____.

realistic job preview

61. With rapid changes in business environment such as globalization, workforce diversity, and technological innovation, managers must focus on:

reinforcing ethical behavior.

59. The last step of the process of changing the organizational culture of a firm involves:

reshaping the workforce to fit the intended culture of the organization.

13. In the context of organization ceremonies and rites, grievance hearings and the negotiation of union contracts are examples of:

rites of conflict reduction.

12. In the context of organization ceremonies and rites, company functions such as annual picnics can be considered:

rites of integration.

11. In the context of organization ceremonies and rites, retirement dinners are examples of:

rites of passage.

44. In the encounter stage of the organizational socialization process, _____ involve the expectations placed on newcomers in an organization.

role demands

37. In Kotter and Heskett's study, compared to nonadaptive firms, adaptive firms:

showed significantly better long-term economic performance.

48. The two underlying dimensions of the Organizational Culture Inventory (OCI) are:

task/people and security/satisfaction.

49. The underlying dimensions of the Kilmann-Saxton Culture-Gap Survey are:

technical/human orientation and short-term versus long-term time.

27. Executives succumb to the temptation of fraud because:

they feel pressure to keep up with changes in cultural norms.

24. To have a successful career, the best attitude toward organizational change is:

to think of change as the central focus of work and not a disruption.

52. The use of multiple methods to measure organizational culture is known as:

triangulation.

35. Unlike adaptive organizational cultures, nonadaptive organizational cultures:

value the orderly and risk-reducing management process more highly than leadership initiatives.

70. _____ promotes an inclusive workplace.

Ensuring diversity in every meeting

32. In the context of organizational culture, which of the following is true of the fit perspective?

It is not useful in explaining long-term performance.

33. Which of the following is the final stage in the career stage model?

The withdrawal stage

19. Everyday, repetitive, organizational practices are _____.

rituals

45. In which of the following stages of the organizational socialization process do newcomers begin to master the demands of a job?

Change and acquisition

42. In the context of anticipatory socialization, which of the following is a type of congruence between an individual and an organization?

Congruence between the individual's abilities and the demands of a job

1. _____ is a pattern of basic assumptions that are considered valid and that are taught to new members as the way to perceive, think, and feel in an organization.

Corporate culture

14. According to John Holland's theory of occupational choice, which of the following is an example of a social occupation?

Counselor

3. Which of the following is a characteristic of the new career paradigm?

Discrete exchange

13. According to John Holland's theory of occupational choice, which of the following is an example of an investigative occupation?

Economist

38. Which of the following statements is true of a leader's role in shaping and reinforcing culture?

Employees observe the behavior of leaders to find out what an organization values.

6. Which of the following is true of organizational empowerment in the new career paradigm?

Everyone in an organization is responsible for adding value and improving competitiveness.

62. Which of the following poses additional challenge to managers in their pursuit of positive, cohesive cultures?

Globalization

34. In terms of core values, which of the following is a difference between adaptive organizational cultures and nonadaptive organizational cultures?

In adaptive organizational cultures, most managers care deeply about customers, whereas in nonadaptive organizational cultures, most managers care mainly about themselves.

53. Which of the following statements is true of triangulation?

It is the best approach to assessing organizational culture.

22. Identify a true statement about organizational culture.

It provides a sense of identity to members of an organization.

11. Which of the following is a characteristic of corporate allegiance?

Keeping a work group together is a more important goal than project completion.

69. Which of the following statements is true of inclusive culture?

Leader behavior drives an inclusive culture more strongly than policy statements.

63. Which of the following steps would enable organizations to develop an effective global organizational culture?

Management should award employees who support the global view.

65. In the context of developing an ethical organizational culture, which of the following statements is true?

Managers can encourage ethical behavior by communicating that rationalizations for unethical behavior are not tolerated.

12. According to John Holland's theory of occupational choice, which of the following is an example of a realistic occupation?

Mechanic

36. _____ are characterized by cautious management that tries to protect its own interests.

Nonadaptive organizational cultures

4. Identify a true statement about artifacts of an organizational culture.

One of the important ways to understand culture through artifacts is figuring out the meaning of symbols.

40. _____ is the process by which newcomers are transformed from outsiders to participating, effective members of an organization.

Organizational socialization

39. Which of the following is an example of perception-shaping mechanisms used by leaders to reinforce organizational culture?

Policies

41. _____ is the degree to which a newcomer in an organization holds pragmatic expectations about the job and organization.

Realism

20. _____ can be thought of as inoculation against disappointment during the organizational choice and entry process.

Realistic job previews

29. Which of the following is an attribute of emotional intelligence?

Self-awareness

31. In the context of the fit perspective, which of the following industry characteristics affects culture?

Societal expectations

50. In the context of the Kilmann-Saxton Culture-Gap Survey, which of the following areas includes long-term technical norms?

Task innovation

16. Which of the following is a conflict that might occur during an employee's entry into an organization?

The conflict between an organization's effort to attract candidates and an individual's choice of an organization

32. Which of the following is the first stage in the career stage model?

The establishment stage

57. In the context of changing organizational culture, which of the following is a step that a manager should take immediately after he or she has examined the justifications for changed behavior of the employees?

The manager should send a consistent message about the new values and beliefs.

16. Which of the following statements is true of organizational stories about how a company deals with crisis situations?

These stories show how the company overcomes obstacles.

27. Which of the following is true of strong organizational cultures?

They are characterized by goal alignment.

26. Identify a true statement about strong organizational cultures.

They are deeply held and widely shared.

18. Which of the following is true of effective organizational stories?

They can create renewed energy.

15. In the context of artifacts, which of the following statements is true of organizational stories?

They help in orienting new employees.

9. Which of the following statements is true of organizational ceremonies and rites?

They provide opportunities to reward and recognize employees whose behavior is congruent with the values of a company.

17. Identify a true statement about organizational stories.

They should be backed by reality.

30. Which of the following statements is true of people with high emotional intelligence?

They work efficiently with other team members.

21. _____ in a realistic job preview (RJP) involves knowing what to expect, both good and bad, which gives a newcomer in a company a sense of control that is important to job satisfaction and performance.

Uncertainty reduction