Exam III

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? 1. "Because he always jogs a mile" 2. "he always jogs" 3. "a mile seems" 4. "Because he always jogs"

1. "Because he always jogs a mile"

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify 1. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices 2. 100% of the words spoken by their own voices 3. 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs 4. none of the words spoken by others

1. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices

A phoneme refers to 1. the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word 2. a mental grouping of words being heard during "inner audition" 3. the property of combining words into unique sentences 4. the first word produced by infants, usually during their second year

1. the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed 1. only the "insect" meaning of the word. 2. both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word. 3. only the "hidden listening device" meaning of the word. 4. neither the "insect" nor the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

2. both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ___ brain mechanisms. 1. the same 2. different

2. different

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure". Results showed the participants' ____ was shorter for the target word _____. 1. eye movement; demure 2. fixation; pretty 3. fixation; demure 4. eye movement; pretty

2. fixation; pretty

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect? 1. the two groups would show equal phonemic restoration effects 2. The group with 10 years of English instruction 3. The group with one year of English experience 4. Neither group would show an effect because they are non-native English speakers

2. the group with 10 years of English experience

The interactionist approach to parsing states that 1. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity. 2. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. 3. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. 4. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence.

3. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support 1. the syntax-first approach to parsing. 2. the garden-path model to parsing. 3. the interactionist model to parsing. 4. both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing.

3. the interactionist approach to parsing.

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And the of course, we grill them." The reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

anaphoric

The given-new contract is a method for creating

coherence in people's conversations

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up an unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

"Kitchen tables" consists of _____ morphemes.

three