exam notes (unit 3)

The mission and strategic priorities of VicHealth

'In partnership with others, we promote good health. We recognise that the social and economic conditions for all people influence their health. We promote fairness and opportunity for better health. We support initiatives that assist individuals, communities, workplaces and broader society to improve wellbeing. We seek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians.' Priorities (EATAM): 1. Promote healthy EATING 2. Encourage regular physical ACTIVITY 3. Prevent TOBACCO use 4. Prevent harm from ALCOHOL 5. Improve MENTAL wellbeing

The values that underpin the Australian health system

(SEECARS) Safe - reduction of unacceptable limits Effective - action that achieves the desired outcome Efficient- Intervention achieves desired results cost effective Continuous- uninterrupted, coordinated care Accessible- irrespective of income, physical location and cultural background Responsive- client-oriented, respect for dignity, confidentiality, participation in choices Sustainable- organisation's capacity to provide facilities and equipment and respond to emerging needs (related to research and funding

Direct, Indirect and Intangible costs to individuals and communities of NHPAs

- Direct costs can result from the prevention, treatment or diagnosis of disease or illness. These costs often relate to the monetary expenditure associated with treating or diagnosing illness such as costs of medical treatment and medication. - Indirect costs are measures that are more difficult to value in monetary terms. They refer to the costs incurred because of the consequences that the illness may have on an individual's work and social activities but do not include costs associated specifically with treating or diagnosing the disease or illness. - Intangible costs include those costs that cannot be associated with a dollar value and relate to the human costs (social and emotional) of loss of quality of life rather than financial impact

Non-government organisation aid

- NGO's take different approaches to aid, which include specific projects or programs, emergency aid, volunteering, education and development. - many NGO's work directly with communities, focusing on education programs to increase knowledge and access to healthcare which improves global health and sustainable human development. - addresses and reduces suffering and the effects of poverty, including slum dwelling, lack of sanitation, and disease for individuals, families and communities (achieves global health). - addresses social and gender inequalities, eliminates hunger - an example of this aid is child sponsorship, which a number of NGO's organise and which directly improves the health of a child, but also their family and often community as well.

The role of the UN in providing global health and sustainability through social and economic development

- The UN aims to promote higher standards of living by improving economic resources such as infrastructure, healthcare and education, which directly improves the health of individuals and their communities, and increases sustainable human development. By decreasing physical illness people experience increased security and improved self-worth, and with security comes a greater opportunity to participate in the community.

The role of the UN in providing global health and sustainability through human rights

- The UN works for the protection of all human rights for all people. Issues of human rights directly affecting health include access to education, adequate housing, food, health, safe water and sanitation, poverty and HIV/AIDS. When these rights are protected, life expectancy is increased which improves global health. Protecting human rights leads to equity and the ability to make decisions, and encourages people to participate in their community, which improves sustainable human development.

The role of the UN in providing global health and sustainability through humanitarian assistance

- Through human assistance, the UN's role is to promote preparedness and prevention, alleviate human suffering and facilitate sustainable solutions. - Provision of food, medicine and shelter reduces hunger and illness, which increases life expectancy and therefore improves global health. - short-term assistance helps communities re-establish and rebuild, sustaining themselves in the long term.

Bilateral aid

- aid is given by one country directly to another - improving infrastructure and services assists with disease prevention and therefore increases life expectancy and provides a decent standard of living. Access to education also increases, which enables people and communities to make informed decisions and creates an environment for sustainable human development - examples include when Australia provides aid to East Timor, such as building infrastructure, improving access to water and accessibility by establishing roads, and providing medical care by building hospitals/training medical staff

Characteristics of developing countries

- low gross domestic product - less access to technology, poor industry and limited trade arrangements - poor infrastructure - poor education/healthcare/business/finance systems - weak social security systems - shorter life expectancy, high morbidity, low literacy and immunisation rates

State governments' responsibilities for health and health funding

- managing public hospital services - home and community care services for those aged under 65 years (and Indigenous Australians aged under 50 years) - school and workplace primary care programs - emergency/ambulance services via hospital emergency departments - community health services (e.g. general sexual health services, rehabilitation, public dental health services) - provision of information and education programs promoting health through government agencies

Multilateral aid

- provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, UN or WHO. Combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to fund health programs. - an example of this aid is The World Food Programme as it provides food to people who are suffering food insecurity and shortage, fighting global hunger and therefore improving global health. - most multilateral programs promote sustainable human development and health by focusing on and providing education.

Emergency aid

- rapid assistance given to people or countries to relieve suffering from immediate stress during and after man-made emergencies such as wars and natural disasters. - examples include sending water, food, shelter, healthcare and doctors to the area - short-term only solution

The role of the UN in providing global health and sustainability through world peace and security

- the UN improves world peace and security by investigating ways to settle disputes through mediation, prevention and peacekeeping missions in regions or countries experiencing conflict. - This then improves global health by increasing morbidity and mortality rates and life expectancy as stability and safety results in people being able to continue to work, creating income for food and healthcare, rather than fleeing their homes and experiencing violence/food insecurity. - It improves sustainable human development by creating environments where people have freedom, human rights and social justice is promoted and protected. Economic growth is experienced during times of peace and this increases resources such as access to healthcare, education, safe water, sanitation and food. This enables people to develop to their full potential and be able to lead productive lives.

Characteristics of developed countries

- well developed industry, mining or agriculture sectors, and that, therefore enjoy a healthy economy based on trade - high gross domestic product - established healthcare and educational systems - experience longer life expectancy, higher literacy and immunisation rates

Similarities and differences in health status and human dev between developing countries and australia (Burden of disease and disability)

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Similarities and differences in health status and human dev between developing countries and australia (Human development index)

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Similarities and differences in health status and human dev between developing countries and australia (Life Expectancy)

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Similarities and differences in health status and human dev between developing countries and australia (morbidity)

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Similarities and differences in health status and human dev between developing countries and australia (mortality)

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The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

An approach to health development by the World Health Organization that attempts to reduce inequalities in health. It was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as 'the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health' Priority actions of The Ottawa Charter (DR. CBS): 1.Develop personal skills 2.Reorient health services 3.Create supportive environments 4.Build healthy public policy 5.Strengthen community action The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion: enable, mediate and advocate

Definitions of Sustainability: Appropriatness

Appropriate programs include and empower the local people, respect cultural values and ensure accessibility for all. (example: improve access to insecticide treated nets and anti malarial medication for a community with high child mortality as a result of malaria)

the responsibilities of the Australian Government's AusAID? Initiative and the role it plays in developing programs to improve global health and sustainable human development

Australian AID is responsible for managing Australia's international aid program and delivering development initiatives and programs. Australian AID has improved global health by targeting issues that impact health such as inaccessibility to clean water, HIV/AIDS and food security. It promotes sustainable human development by improving access to education/healthcare and addressing causes of poverty, which allows more people the ability to lead a productive life, which includes gaining employment, having an income, adequately supporting their families and also passing on knowledge to others, making the human development which occurs sustainable, as it is continuous and ongoing.

variations in the health status of population groups in Australia including males and females

Australian females are expected to live approx five years longer than Australian males. Mortality rates reported in 2010, show that the male death rate was 1.4 times as high as the female rate. The under-five mortality rate for males is consistently slightly higher than that for females due to biological differences. Conditions such as asthma, hearing and vision inabilities, overweight/obesity, muscle and back pain causing disability and mental ill health are usually more prevalent among males than females. Woman have a lower mortality rate for cardiovascular disease and a higher mortality rate for cerebrovascular disease (stroke), dementia and breast cancer compared to men. Where as males have a higher mortality rates for lung cancer and chronic lower respiratory diseases.

The role of nutrition in addressing the following conditions of the NHPAs: Calcium/Phosphorus (nutrient functions and food sources)

Calcium: function - the construction, hardening and maintenance of bones and teeth food sources - milk, cheese, yoghurt, some legumes and nuts, broccoli Phosphorus: function- combines with calcium in bones and teeth to form calcium phosphate used for ossification of bones food sources - milk, meat, eggs, legumes and grains

Definitions of Sustainability: Equity

Equity is about providing all people and communities with equal access to services to promote their health and sustainable human development.

The role of nutrition in addressing the following conditions of the NHPAs: Fats/Water (nutrient functions and food sources)

Fats: function - a concentrated source of energy and transporter of some nutrients. Types of fats include: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated (including omega 3 and omega6 fatty acids) and trans. Omega 3 and Omega 6 lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, and assist in the regulation of blood pressure and blood clotting. food sources (saturated) - meat, full-fat milk, cheese, butter (monounsaturated) -olive/canola oils, margarine, avacado (polyunsaturated) - fish, seafood, vegetable oils, nuts and seeds (Omega 3 and omega 6) - canola oil, margarines, salmon (Trans fats) - vegetable fat, baked or fried processed foods Water: function - plays a role in digestion and absorption, circulation, lubrication of joints and the movement of waste material

Australian Dietary Guidelines: Guideline 1

Guideline 1 - to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs (reduce overweight/obesity)

Australian Dietary Guidelines: Guideline 2

Guideline 2 - Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day and drink plenty of water (prevention of chronic diseases and illness such as CVD, diabetes and some cancers)

Australian Dietary Guidelines: Guideline 3

Guideline 3 - Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol (reduce overweight/obesity and prevent chronic disease)

Australian Dietary Guidelines: Guideline 4 and 5

Guideline 4 - Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding (to provide health benefits to infants such as reduced risk of infection, asthma, obesity and chronic diseases)

The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating

Guideline 5 - Care for your food; prepare and store it safely (reduce the incidence of foodborne illness)

The role of the behavioural determinant of health in explaining variations in health status.

Higher levels of health risk behaviours such as smoking and alcohol misuse, inadequate nutritional intake and exposure to violence increase mortality/morbidity/U5MR rates, contribute to a lower life expectancy and burden of disease.

Definition of Human Development (including human development index)

Human Development - Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities , having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives. Human Development Index - A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions - health, education and living standards and their four indicators - life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita.

health status of Australians compared with populations in other developed countries

In 2012, Australia's life expectancy had risen to be one of the highest in the world (ranked ninth) at 81.9 years for males and females combines. On the otherhand, Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world, at 83.91 years. Australian males have the joint fourth-highest life expectancy in the world (along with Switzerland) for the period of 2010. Only, Iceland, Japan and Hong Kong have higher male life expectancy than Australia. In Australia, 85% of people reported to be in good health, higher than the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) average. Overall, Australia matches or leads other developed countries in most aspects of health status.

The influence of peace/political stability on the health status of developing countries compared to australia

In Australia: - A stable political environment and a democratic government have contributed to a history of peace - this means that people have more choices, a larger per cent of GDP Is spent on health and education, human rights are respected, and there is less discrimination, less poverty and increased life expectancy. - Times of peace also contribute to less violence, injury and premature death In Developing countries: - some governments in developing countries are not very stable due to corruption, conflict or a lack of democracy. - People have fewer rights, less access to healthcare and education due to money being spent on the military, discrimination based on gender or religion or reduced life expectancy.

The influence of education on the health status of developing countries compared to australia

In Australia: - Higher percentage of GDP being spent on education increases access to education, leading to higher literacy rates. - Literacy increases choices in relation to employment, which can improve health status. In Developing countries: - reduced access to education, especially for girls, as a result of Lower GDP and cultural beliefs. This further increases gender inequality - This leads to low literacy rates and illiteracy reduces choices, ability to get employment and break the poverty cycle.

The influence of gender equality on the health status of developing countries compared to australia

In Australia: - In Australia, both genders usually have equal access to education and other resources such as healthcare, which makes it unlikely for gender inequality to result in differences to health - As a result our teenage pregnancy rate is much lower, leading to lower maternal and infant mortality rates. - Due to poverty, many girls are forced to marry at a young age, increasing the rate of infant and maternal mortality. - Girls are more likely to be at risk of being trafficked, forced into prostitution or child labor, leading to under nutrition, abuse and violence. - Differences in culture mean Females are generally less educated than males, which increases the risk of early marriage or labor-intensive work. This further contributes to under nutrition in females.

The influence of income on the health status of developing countries compared to australia

In Australia: - lower rates of unemployment increases the income of many individuals, which increase the options available in relation to healthcare, access to food and shelter, therefore reducing illness and mental health problems. - Higher GDP for the country increases the money available to spend on healthcare, education and social security to support individuals with lower incomes so that they can get access to healthcare and healthy foods. In Developing countries: - No social security (eg. centrelink) reduces the income of individuals and families, leading to reduced choices and access to resources. - Low GDP countries means less money spent by governments on healthcare and education therefore reduced access to safe water/sanitation, education, healthcare and social security. This leads to increased under nutrition, low immunisation rates, low literacy rates and high infant/maternal mortality rates.

The influence of access to healthcare on the health status of developing countries compared to australia

In Australia: - most Australians have access to a high standard of healthcare including free immunisation, which leads to a lower number of deaths, longer life expectancy and lower infant/maternal mortality rates. In developing countries: - Poorer access to healthcare as a result of fewer doctors and lack of government funding leads to higher rates of communicable diseases and other illnesses, under-five mortality, infant and maternal mortality.

The influence of global marketing (of alcohol, tobacco and fast food) on the health status of developing countries compared to australia

In Australia: - there are efforts in Australia to address poor eating behaviours and reduce obesity rates, which has declined the smoking rate over the past 20 years in Australia. - Global anti-tobacco marketing has been effective in Australia. - Chronic non communicable diseases are still an issue, but due to a well-established healthcare system Australians are better able to manage them In Developing Countries: - Increased use of tobacco and alcohol in developing countries has increased the number of deaths due to tobacco smoking. - It is also contributing to under nutrition when families purchase tobacco or alcohol instead of food. - Increased consumption of processed foods is contributing to the double burden of disease as those in developing countries are now at risk of under nutrition and obesity. - the healthcare system is not established and people are not having these conditions managed in the early stages, increasing the mortality rate.

The influence of physical environments on the health status of developing countries compared to australia

In Australia: - In Australia, food security is not a significant issue for most people. - The climate can still have a devastating impact on crops and health. - In Australia, people have access to a clean and safe water supply and adequate sanitation facilities. This has a huge impact on reducing the rate of communicable diseases and promoting health In Developing countries: - Food security is a big issue and is largely influenced by climate. This increases the risk of under nutrition. - Changes in weather patterns may the increase of natural disasters that will reduce food supply, increase under nutrition and increase the spread of disease. - Access to adequate clean water is vital for health. It is needed to grow crops and for drinking. - Reduced access to clean water and sanitation facilities increases the spread of disease, dehydration and under nutrition. This increases the infant and under-five mortality rate. - A lack of suitable shelter contributes to poor health as it increases exposure to risks from the climate and lack of water/sanitation

Definitions of Sustainability: Affordability

Includes a focus on education and financial sustainability for the community in the long term. (example: organisations must consider the funding of a program that they implement in order to ensure maximal health benefits)

variations in the health status of population groups in Australia including indigenous populations

Indigenous australians have a higher prevalence of most types of health conditions, especially circulatory diseases, external causes (injuries/road accidents), and cancers compared to other australians. Infant mortality for these populations remained almost twice that of the total population at 730 per 100 000 live births in 2010. In 2007 the life expectancy for indigenous males was 67.2 years (11.5 years lower than non-indigenous australians) and for females it was 72.9 years (9.7 years lower than non-indigenous australians)

Local governments' responsibilities for health and health funding

Local governments provide a variety of environmental and public health services: - local public health programs (e.g. immunisation programs) - community based services and recreational facilities - maintaining a sanitary and safe environment (e.g. maintenance of roads and public areas) -ensuring cleanliness of food storage and preparation in shops and restuarant

The role of the social determinant of health in explaining variations in health status.

Low socioeconomic status (poor education and higher rates of unemployment) lead to ill health as a result of low income and poor health knowledge

The role of the biological determinant of health in explaining variations in health status.

Low-birth-weight babies are more likely to experience ill health during childhood, contribute to higher rates of U5MR and may be more vulnerable to illness such as kidney disease in adulthood. Overweight/Obesity can lead to diabetes, poor mental health and other diseases. High Blood pressure (hypertension) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

the role of non-government organisations based in Australia in promoting global health and sustainable human development

Many NGO's provide assistance and promote global health and sustainable human development through emergency relief, advocacy, awareness of and action towards issues such as land mines, food security and globalisation, and the provision of needed resources such as education and healthcare. For example, programs such as the provision of food improve recipient energy levels. In turn, they focus on earning a living and participating in the community

Definitions of Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. There are three dimensions of sustainability - social, environmental and economic

The role of nutrition in addressing CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (nutritional risk factors and protective factors for NHPA conditions: Cardiovascular Disease)

NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS Fats: high amounts of saturated and trans fatty acids increase the build up of fatty deposits on blood vessel (artery) walls and increase LDL levels in blood Sodium: high sodium intake increases blood pressure Fibre: Low soluble fibre intake prevents removal of excess cholesterol PROTECTIVE FACTORS Fats: consuming low-fat foods decreases the amount of fat available to be stored in the body surrounding the heart organ. Polyunsaturated fats: Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids lower LDL cholesterol, reduce triglycerins and improve blood vessel functioning Soluble Fibre: Lowers blood cholesterol levels

The role of Australia's non government agencies (Nutrition Australia) in providing dietary advice to promote healthy eating

Nutrition Australia promotes healthy eating by providing scientifically based nutrition information to both the public, state and community health departments, in order to encourage all Australians to achieve optimal health through food variety and physical activity.

The information provided by nutritional surveys and how it is used

Nutritional Surveys are used to monitor and assess food consumption and related behaviour within the Australian population. The information obtained is used to inform the government on dietary trends, and the types of nutrition related policies and programs that need to be developed to address them. The surveys also assess the effectiveness of current nutrition education campaigns and guide future revisions of national health goals and targets.

The role of the physical determinant of health in explaining variations in health status.

Physical environment: poor physical environment in the form of poor quality housing, polluted air and poor infrastructure/roads contributes to an increased risk of mortality, morbidity, lower life expectancy and U5MR. Unsafe drinking water and non-functioning sanitation systems increase the prevalence of many infectious diseases such as influenza, meningitis, skin infections and infestations. Passive smoking exposure increases the risk of respiratory diseases and infections. Poor condition of roads contribute to higher rates of crashes, injuries and deaths.

The role of nutrition in addressing the following conditions of the NHPAs: Protein/Carbohydrate/Fibre (nutrient functions and food sources)

Protein: function - growth and maintenance of body tissues, and production of enzymes, hormones and antibodies, also a secondary source of energy. food sources- meats, poultry, seafood, eggs, milk and cheese, beans, lentils, legumes and nuts Carbohydrate: function- the preferred source of energy for the body food sources (complex carbs) - vegetables, fruits, legumes and grains (simple carbs) - fruit, honey and milk Fibre: function- aids in digestion and removal of wastes from the body. food sources (soluble)- fruits, vegetables, oat bran, dried beans and lentils. (insoluble) - wheat bran, nuts, seeds, dried beans and whole grains

Private Health Insurance

Provides individuals with additional healthcare services than those covered by Medicare, such as treatment in Private Hospital, cosmetic procedures, choice of GP, dental treatments, ambulance services and physiotherapy. It is expensive.

The role of nutrition in addressing the following conditions of the NHPAs: (nutritional risk factors and protective factors for NHPA conditions: Osteoporosis)

RISK FACTORS: Calcium: Diet lacking in calcium prevents bones from developing normally and results in the demineralisation of bone. Sodium: Consuming sodium at the same time as calcium-rich foods causes calcium to be excreted by the body PROTECTIVE FACTORS: Protein: essential for bone growth, maintenance and renewal Calcium: proper functioning and maintenance of bones Phosphorus: Aids in the absorption of calcium in the bones and teeth Vitamin D: Improves the absorption of calcium in the intestine and plays a role in regulation of calcium in the blood

The role of nutrition in addressing the following conditions of the NHPAs: (nutritional risk factors and protective factors for NHPA conditions: Diabetes Mellitus)

RISK FACTORS: Carbohydrates: High-GI carbohydrate foods cause rapid absorption, which produces a glucose hit Saturated fats: Increase cholesterol levels and increase body fat Fibre: Low fibre intake can increase insulin production and release PROTECTIVE FACTORS: Carbohydrates: Low-GI foods do not create a glucose hit, they release glucose slowly in the bloodstream to moderate insulin release Fibre: Some soluble fibres can delay blood glucose absorption, decreasing insulin production and release Fats: Monounsaturated fats are the best choice of fat for people with diabetes

The role of nutrition in addressing the following conditions of the NHPAs: (nutritional risk factors and protective factors for NHPA conditions: Obesity)

RISK FACTORS: Fats: High intake of any type of fat increases the presence of adipose tissue Carbs: Excessive intake of high-GI carbs promote the use of carbs as the only energy source, leading to increased fat storage Fibre: Low fibre intake can be detrimental to weight control PROTECTIVE FACTORS: Carbs: Low GI foods take longer to release glucose in the bloodstream, allowing the body to use fat as an energy source. Fibre: High-fibre foods tend be low in fat and make the stomach feel full, leading to a decrease in the quantity of food consumed

The role of nutrition in addressing the following conditions of the NHPAs: (nutritional risk factors and protective factors for NHPA conditions: Colorectal Cancer)

RISK FACTORS: Fats: High sat fats and obesity increases risk of colorectal cancer Fibre: Low fibre intake prevents the timely removal of waste products in the intestine PROTECTIVE FACTORS: Fibre: Absorbs water in intestine, adds softness and bulk to faeces and decreases incidence of haemorrhoids Water: Absorbed by soluble fibre causing bulking and increasing effective removal of wastes from the intestine

Programs focusing on malaria

Reason: Malaria is an entirely preventable and treatable disease. Most affected are pregnant woman and children under 5. Children who survive the disease are left with physical and mental impairments. Aid: The UN foundation Nothing But Nets campaign is an example of multilateral aid program working to improve malaria control and prevention. Implementation: - provision of long lasting insecticidal nets distributed to families in need and supported by education and training on how to use them effectively. Contribution:

Programs focusing on safe water and sanitation

Reason: drinking unsafe water or not having access to basic sanitation can result in the spread of illness such as diarrhoea, malaria and hookworm. Aid: WaterAid is an international NGO aid organisation dedicated to the provision of safe domestic water, sanitation and hygiene education to the world's poorest people. Implementation: WaterAid provides locals Contribution:

Programs focusing on immunisation

Reason: many diseases can be easily prevented through immunisation, such as measles, TB, tetanus and polio. Immunisations are far more cost effective than treatment for disease. Aid: NGO organisation the American Red Cross provides aid through its measles immunisation program. Implementation: This program has funded and provided more than 1 billion doses of the measles vaccine in over 80 countries. Contribution:

The role of nutrition in addressing the following conditions of the NHPAs: Sodium/Vitamin D (nutrient functions and food sources)

Sodium: function - the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume. food sources - cheese and processed foods Vitamin D: function - essential for the absorption, regulation and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus in the growth and maintenance of bones and teeth food sources - butter, margarine, salmon, liver and kidney

the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults

The AGHE is a food selection model that is based on the Dietary Guidelines and shows recommended portions of food that should be consumed from the 5 food groups each day. Its purpose is to educate individuals on healthy eating so that they can develop the skills and knowledge to live a long and healthy life. Dietary Guidelines provide advice to the general population about healthy food choices so that their everyday eating puts them at minimal risk for developing diet-related diseases and the health and wellbeing of the community can be improved.

Federal governments' responsibilities for health and health funding

The Federal Government is responsible for healthcare that impacts on ALL Australians: - the management and funding of medicare, the Medicare Benefits Scheme and the Pharmaceuticals Benefit Scheme - the regulation and access of private health insurance - full responsibility of aged care, and home and community care services for those aged over 65 years (Indigenous Australians over 50 years) in all states except Victoria and Western Australia. - responsible for primary healthcare reforms - full funding and policy responsibility for general practice - financial support to government and non government health organisations - the management of national health programs

The role of Australia's NGO Nutrition Australia (Healthy Living Pyramid)

The Healthy Living Pyramid is one example of how Nutrition Australia promotes healthy eating. It provides a simple model for people to use as a first-step to adequate nutrition. It represent basic foods only

variations in the health status of population groups in Australia including rural and remote populations

Those living in rural and remote areas have higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy (higher rates of alcohol abuse, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity), higher death rates from chronic disease, high prevalence of mental health problems, high incidence of poor antenatal and post-natal health, higher incidence of babies born with low birth weight to mothers in very remote areas.

Potential health outcomes of a VicHealth funded project and how it reflects the social model of health

Through their support of Quit, VicHealth has contributed to a reduction in the number of people in Australia who smoke, thus leading to fewer tobacco related deaths, increased life expectancies, reduced risk of SIDS in babies and Cardiovascular diseases. The Quit program is supported by VicHealth in collaboration with the Heart Foundation, the Cancer Council and The Victorian Government (Inter-Sectorial Collaboration). It Provides many resources about the impact of smoking and how to quit smoking (to empower individuals and the community). Quit has been effective in lobbying to introduce legislation such as banning smoking in public places and the introduction of plain labels on cigarettes (to address the broader determinants of health beyond the individual). Their are services free to all Victorians and are available online or via a telephone support line - Quitline (to act to reduce social inequality)

The interrelationships between health, human development and sustainability to produce sustainable human development in a global context

Without good health, human development and sustainability is not able to be made as people don't have the physical/mental/social health to be able to put more time into education and training, which is the foundation for a strong, functioning community that is self sufficient and better equipped to plan for the future. Without a strong community, an inability to conserve and replace resources for the future is created and sustainability and human development is not able to be made. Likewise, without sustainability, human development is not able to be made as soil and crops will not be healthy for the future, negatively impacting on income, health status and education.

Social model of health

aims to address the factors that lead to ill health and health inequality within the community. It is a conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. Guiding principles of the Social model of health are known as AREAS: A- Address the broader determinants of health beyond the individual R- act to Reduce social inequalities E- Empower individuals and the community A- enable Access to healthcare S - inter-Sectorial collaboration of healthcare Example: focus on healthy eating/physical activity to prevent the development of CVD

definition of health status

an individual's or population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of diseases risk factors.

measures of health status (burden of disease, DALYs):

burden of disease: a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. DALYs: A measure of burden of disease, one DAILY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

Biomedical model of health

focused on the physical or biological aspects of disease or illness. It is a medical mode of care practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease. Examples of biomedical healthcare: x-rays, blood tests, chemotherapy, surgery to treat the illness

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

introduced to subside the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australia with vital medications at affordable prices. It is funded by the Department of Health and Ageing and administered by Medicare Australia.

The National Health Priority Areas: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Conditions

key features: Arthritis is a term used to describe a disorder of one or more joints. Arthritis disorders are part of a broader group of disorders of the muscles and bones called musculoskeletal disorders. The focus of this NHPA is the following: osteoporosis - a disorder where the bone density thins and weakens, resulting in an increased risk of fracture Osteoarthritis - a degenerative condition that is caused mainly by accumulated wear of the cartilage. Rheumatoid arthritis - a chronic autoimmune disease that mainly affects the joints and is characterised by joint swelling and destruction. reasons for selection: - large economic burden on the community - significant cause of disease burden in Australia determinants that act as risk factors:diet, alcohol use, smoking, physical inactivity, family history, female, age health promotion program: The warm water wellness program (WAVES) helps people with arthritis by providing gentle warm water exercise classes in hydrotherapy pools as the temp of the water helps to relieve the pain associated with arthritis, as well as increase physical activity.

The National Health Priority Areas: Cancer Control

key features: Cancer is a term used to describe a diverse group of diseases in which some of the cells in the body become defective, behave abnormally and may spread out of control and invade and damage tissue around the body. Some priority cancers include lung cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. reasons for selection: -leading cause of disease burden - leading cause of premature death - places large economic burden on healthcare system - potential for prevention determinants that act as risk factors: diet, alcohol, smoking, physical inactivity, family history, overweight, gender, age, living in rural and remote areas and occupation. health promotion program: The National Bowel Cancer Screening Program was developed with the aim to find any polyps and to find cancer earlier when its easier to treat and cure. Screening for bowel cancer is free and can be done in the privacy of ones own home.

The national health priority areas: Cardiovascular health

key features: Cardiovascular disease includes all diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels that are caused mainly by damage to the blood supply to the heart, brain and legs. It includes coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease reasons for selection: - largest cause of premature death in australia - leading cause of disease burden - places a large economic burden on the healthcare system - large potential for prevention determinants that act as risk factors: diet, alcohol use, smoking, physical inactivity, genes, high blood pressure, overweight, male, low socioeconomic status, living in rural and remote areas health promotion program:the tick is the Heart Foundation's guide to helping people make healthier food choices quickly and easily. To earn the tick foods must meet be relatively lower in unhealthier nutrients such as saturated fat and salts and higher in beneficial nutrients such as fibre.

The National Health Priority Areas: Mental Health

key features: Depression is of most focus under this NHPA. It is a mood disorder characterised by feelings of sadness and hopelessness, and loss of interest in normal activities. Depression occurs frequently in combination with other NHPA diseases and conditions, such as suicide. reasons for selection: - it is a leading cause of non-fatal disease burden -places significant financial burden on the healthcare system determinants that act as risk factors: alcohol use, family history, female, age, living in rural and remote areas health promotion program: SenseAbility is a strengths-based resilience program that was developed by beyondblue. It was offered to secondary schools and TAFEs in Australia and is also available online.

The National Health Priority Areas: Dementia

key features: a syndrome that is associated with many different diseases relating to the impairment of brain function. The symptoms of dementia may include a decline in memory, cognitive skills, language and perception. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type. reasons for selection: - leading cause of disease burden - leading cause of death - large social and economic burden to the community - large economic burden on the healthcare system determinants that act as risk factors: family history, female, age health promotion program: Alzheimer's Australia Vic's Memory Lane Cafe program is available for people with a diagnosis of dementia and their family members. The cafes provide an opportunity for people with Dementia and their family members to enjoy time together with some refreshments and entertainment, in the company of people in a similar situation to themselves.

The National Health Priority Areas: Asthma

key features: asthma is a chronic condition that affects the small air passages of the lungs. When exposed to certain triggers, an asthmatic's airways narrow, making it hard for them to breathe. reasons for selection: - places a large economic burden on the healthcare system - significant cause of disease burden in Australia - leading cause of school absenteeism - large potential for improved health outcomes determinants that act as risk factors: smoking, ethnicity, family history, age, low socioeconomic status, living in rural and remote areas and occupation health promotion program: The Asthma Friendly Schools Program aims to achieve improved quality of life, health outcomes and wellbeing for school children with asthma by having a set of asthma friendly guidelines for schools to abide by.

The National Health Priority Areas: Injury Prevention and Control

key features: injuries refer to the physical damage to the body. They include intentional harm, such as suicide and unintentional harm such as falls, poisoning, drowning, burns and scalds, and transport-related injuries.Priority injuries include falls in older people, falls in children, drowning and poisoning in children reasons for selection: - largely preventable - leading cause of premature mortality/child mortality - leading cause of disease burden - large economic burden determinants that act as risk factors: alcohol use, ethnicity, male, age, low socioeconomic status, living in rural and remote areas and occupation health promotion program: Arrive Alive 2008-2017 is the Victorian Government's new 10 year road safety strategy to help combat road trauma, deliver further major improvements to our road transport system and improve safety for all victorian road users.

The National Health Priority Areas: Diabetes Mellitus

key features: refers to a group of different conditions where the body cannot maintain normal blood glucose levels. Type 1- caused by deficiency of insulin. Can occur at any age and lasts throughout life. No cure and injections are needed everyday to stabilise blood glucose levels. Type 2 - caused by a decrease of insulin production or the inability of the body to use insulin properly and is associated with being overweight. Gestational - occurs during pregnancy in some woman due to hormonal changes that block the action of the mother's insulin. Usually goes away after birth, carries health risks for the infant and even after pregnancy the mother is at a greater risk of developing diabetes later in life. reasons for selection: - large potential for prevention (type2) and improved health outcomes (type 1) - rapid increase in incidence in recent years - large economic cost to the community - significant contribution to premature death determinants that act as risk factors: diet, smoking, physical inactivity, genes, overweight, male, and age. health promotion program: The Life! program aims to address Diabetes, heart disease and stroke. It supports individuals in taking control of their lives, and educates them to follow healthy behaviours and a more active lifestyle to reduce these conditions.

The National Health Priority Areas: Obesity

key features: refers to excess body weight. Calculated by The Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference measurements. A BMI over 30 is considered to be obese reasons for selection: - significant cause of disease burden - risk factor for other conditions -increase in prevalence - large social and economic costs to the community determinants that act as risk factors: diet, physical inactivity, family history, overweight, male, low socioeconomic status health promotion program:Swap It, Don't Stop It is the new phase of the Australian Government's Measure Up campaign. It aims to empower individual's and encourage Australians to reduce their waist measurement and improve their health by making easy, small, healthier lifestyle choices to reduce the risk of illness and disease.

measures of health status (life expectancy, mortality, morbidity):

life expectancy: An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change. mortality: the number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or environmental factor morbidity: refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

Medicare

medicare is Australia's universal healthcare system that aims to provide access to adequate healthcare at little or no cost to all Australians, regardless of age or income. It is funded by the federal government, paid by most taxpayers and based on taxable income. It covers both in hospital and out of hospital services such as tests and examinations needed to treat illness, eye tests, treatment in a public hospital, doctors consultation fees and most procedures performed by doctors.

variations in the health status of population groups in Australia including higher and lower socioeconomic groups

mortality rates for lower socioeconomic populations are overall higher than those of higher socioeconomic status and of particular concern are the higher rates of infant-mortality for this group. People living in the most disadvantaged areas were more likely to suffer from ischaemic heart disease, arthritis, cancer and diabetes compared to least disadvantaged areas.

definitions of physical, social and mental dimensions of health

physical: relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness. social: being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way mental: 'state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her own community. (WHO 2009)

the agenda of the WHO in promoting global health and sustainable human development

promotes global health by: - providing the foundation for setting priorities by gathering data and evidence on global health issues - providing programs, policies, provisions and actions to address global health issues. - improving physical health as healthcare reduces illness and increases life expectancy, social health as children can attend school and adults are able to work, and mental health, as self-worth increases with increased capacity. promotes sustainable human development by: - increasing access to education and healthcare, improving knowledge and enabling decision making. - improving health, which creates the ability to work and increase income, which can then provide a better standard of living, which means people can be encouraged to participate in and contribute to their community.

The UN millennium development goals: Goal 5 - Improve maternal health

purpose: To reduce the maternal mortality rate, increase the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel and achieve universal access to reproductive health importance: - most maternal deaths are preventable. lack of access to healthcare increases the health risks for both the mother and the baby. - due to gender inequality woman are more likely not to be educated, and as result lack knowledge of the importance of healthcare (especially in pregnancy), suffer undernutrition and ill health. - having improved health and access to knowledge enables a decent standard of living, empowerment and the ability to make decisions.

The UN millennium development goals: Goal 8 - Develop a global partnership for development

purpose: for all countries, both developed and developing, to pledge their support for global partnership. This includes improving official development assistance, providing debt relief to developing countries, making available the benefits of new technologies, increasing affordable, essential drugs and improving market access. importance: Unless developed countries improve aid, reduce debt relief and participate in fair trade, developing countries will never be in the position to improve. - changes in this area will result in more money being able to be spent on their country's communities, including increasing infrastructure, removing barriers to services, including healthcare and building good governance. - a change in this area will greatly increase the chance of achieving success in all MDG's.

The UN millennium development goals: Goal 3 - Promote gender equality and empower woman

purpose: to eliminate gender disparity in both primary and secondary school education, increasing the ratio of girls to boys, increase the share of woman in wage employment and the proportion of woman holding seats in national parliament. importance: - many woman in developing countries lack equity. - woman who are empowered are able to positively contribute to their family, have a greater earning capacity, improve their access to education and of their children, have knowledge about healthcare and not only achieve sustainable human development but create this opportunity for their family as well.

The UN millennium development goals: Goal 2 - Achieving universal primary education

purpose: to ensure children everywhere, regardless of gender, boy and girls alike, are able to complete a full course of primary school education. - Education is a right for all and fundamental to ending poverty and improving sustainable human development for health - improved education levels increase standards of living, enable people to participate in their local community and create the ability for informed decision making

The UN millennium development goals: Goal 6 - Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

purpose: to reduce and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other major diseases and ensure universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment for those who need it. importance: - people who are sick are unable to look after their family, work and earn income to buy food and provide access to healthcare - good health, including treatment for these diseases, results in increased income and access to nutritious foods, adequate housing and education. This then results in reduced need for aid and increased feelings of security, creating the environment for people to lead productive lives.

The UN millennium development goals: Goal 1 - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

purpose: to reduce the proportion of people whose income is less that $1 a day, to increase full and productive employment and decent work for all, and to reduce the proportion of people who suffer from hunger importance: - poverty significantly impacts rates of morbidity and mortality. - Without income, people are unable to afford basic needs such as healthcare, access to clean water/sanitation, safe and secure housing, education and suffer from hunger/undernutrition and are often socially and politically isolated. Therefore this goal will improve health status as people have a better chance of achieving their full potential (eg. afford basic needs). - achieving progress in this goal is essential to ensure success in other goals

The UN millennium development goals: Goal 4 - Reduce child mortality

purpose: to reduce the under 5 mortality rate, infant mortality and increase the proportion of one-year-old children immunised against measles importance: - by reducing child mortality, life expectancy increases and children are able to attend school, take part in activities such as play, and lead healthy and productive lives. - parents are able to work when children experience good health as they don't have to look after them, increasing the family's income. - progress in this goal is linked to MDG 3

The UN millennium development goals: Goal 7 - Ensure environmental sustainability

purpose: to significantly improve the lives of slum dwellers, increase the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, ensure the focus and principles of sustainable development are incorporated into the policies and programs of countries, and decrease the rate and reduction of environmental resource and biodiversity loss. importance: - without improvement in the areas of safe water, sanitation and improved housing, the poverty cycle cannot be broken and sustainable human development will not be achieved. - without access to a decent standard of living, including safe water, sanitation and safe housing, people will not experience good health, will not be able to work, and access to education, food and healthcare is reduced, resulting in an inability to make healthy decisions and lead a fulfilling and productive life.

Programs focusing on literacy

reason: - literacy is a human right and a basic tool for social, mental and physical health. It is essential for enabling education, empowerment and gender equality, reducing child mortality and ensuring sustainable human development. types of aid involved in the programs: -non-government aid is often focused around providing education programs. The Save the Children's (NGO) literacy boost program aims to expose children to reading as much as possible Implementation: - teacher education and support programs, a book bank and reading camps are provided to communities. Contribution to achievement of sustainable human development: - literacy programs increase knowledge of health services, which improves physical health, resulting in improvements to overall health status. Increases the ability to break the poverty cycle. Individuals are able to develop to their full potential as they can make their own informed choices and are more motivated to participate in their community

Programs focusing on HIV/AIDS

reason: - HIV/AIDS continues to be one of the biggest global threats to development. It directly impacts on a person's health and their ability to participate in the community. Aid: - Global fund is an organisation providing multilateral aid through its antiretroviral therapy program Implementation: - education programs about disease prevention and treatment, testing, condom distribution and promotion, harm reduction strategies and infant feeding options to prevent mother to child transmission. Antiretroviral therapy program is used as treatment Contribution: by treating this disease and focusing on prevention, physical health is improved. When well, individuals can return to work, earn a living and participate in life. Increases access to healthcare and improves lifestyle choices. Improves social health as people can participate in their community

Programs focusing on food security

reason: - hunger is the no.1 risk to health worldwide. Food is necessary for both survival and physical and intellectual development at all stages of life. Undernutrition increases the risk of infection, can delay growth and development and cause low birth weight, anaemia and brain damage. aid: - The World Food Programme is the UN's agency aimed to combat global hunger worldwide and is an example of multilateral aid. It is responsible for the provision of more food than any other organisation. implementation: - provision of food to different countries through emergency and multilateral aid, building food assets, spreading food knowledge and nurturing stronger communities. contribution to sustainable human development: - creates an environment where people can develop to their full potential and lead productive lives as they have a secure food source. - income increases with excess food sold, which provides more money for healthcare and education.

measures of health status (U5MR, prevalence, incidence):

under-five mortality rate: The number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births Prevalence: the number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time Incidence: The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.