Exam: Quiz 1
What does the case of JGH, a Native American elder, illustrate?
A person may focus on somatic symptoms, rather than mood, when depressed.
several studies have found that there is a correlation in children between amount of television watched and weight. What is one of the problems with using this finding to report that watching lots of TV makes children obese?
it is just possible that being obese causes children to watch more television
Fred refuses to speak at school, although he speaks normally at home. His therapist plans out a treatment where Fred is given a gold star every time he answers his teacher, and he can then trade in his stars for prizes. Fred begins speaking in class. The therapist then tells the teacher to stop the program for a couple of weeks. Fred stopped talking during that time. The teacher then starting giving Fred stars again, and Fred again began to talk. This is an example of
an ABAB experimental design study
a catharsis is
an emotional release
andrea and her parents are shy and quiet...
an evocative effect of genotype in environment
the emergence of humanism brought about changes in all except
an increse in the belief in supernatural causes of behavior
according to the text, which of the following has not be identified as a potential protective factor?
an outgoing personality
All were likely to be part of moral treatment in the 1800's EXCEPT
antipsychotic medication
abused toddlers and infants
are likely to show inconsistent attaachment behavior
why is it particularly useful to study identical twins who are raised in different environments?
it is possible that high concordance rates between identical twins reared together is due to their being treated more similarly than non-identical twins.
which is an example of family aggression
karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder
The mayor of a city wants to know the number of new cases of a disorder over the past year...
incidence rate
which variable is manipulated in an experiment
independent
when examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always
influenced by multiple genes
which of the following is an example of family aggregation
karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder
what is wrong with describing someone as being schizophrenic
lables should be applied to disorders not people
by the end of the 19th century
little was known aboaut most mental diseases
by the end of the nineteenth century
little was known about most mental illnesses
what is important to remember about the apparent high lifetime rate of mental disorders?
many people with disorder are not seriously affected by them or may have them for only a short time
what is important to remember about the apparent lifetime rate of mental disorders
many people with mental disorders are not seriously affected by them or may have them for only a short time
Schmas
may be a source of psychological vulnerability
the level of success achieved with the use of moral management is surprising because
may patients suffered from syphillis that was, at the time, incurable
which of the following approaches to treatment focuses amost exclusively on physical well-being
mental hygiene
if you visited an asylum in the 16th century in Eurpoe you would likely find
mentally ill people living in conditions of filth and cruelty
a behavioral psychologist would be most likely to use
observational techniques
in the United States, an early treatment involved the belief that
patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly
each of the following is one of the four humors except
phrenities
what trype of prevalence data only counts active cases of a disorder
point prevalence
free association and dream analysis
proved insight into the workings of the unconcious
the physicians of Alexandria, Egypt in the era after Alexander the Great were most likely to treat mental patients by
providing activites, massage, and education
michael develops an intense phobia of snakes after stepping on one and being bitten during a hike. Being bitten by the snake is a
proximal casual factor
which of the following mental health professionals has a medical degree
psychiatrist
which of the following is an example of an analogue study?
rats prenatally exposed to alcohol are studied to further our understanding of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
the first classification of mental disorders involved
recognizing symptoms that occurred together often enough to be regarded as a type of mental disorder
Ideally a sample is described as what?
representative
a ______ serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories
schema
Who is credited with making the first major steps toward understanding the psychological factors involved in mental illness?
sigmund freud
When comparing modern concepts of abnormal behavior with those of ancient civilizations, we find
some striking similiarities
exorcism is
still occasionally practiced today for the treatment of psychological problems, sometimes with fatal results
what trend was observed during the Middle Ages in Europe?
supernatural explanations for mental disorders grew in popularity.
the site of communication between two neurons is the
synapse
comorbidity means
that a person has two or more disorders
Stereotyping is an example of the stigma of mental illness. It means
the automatic and often incorrect beliefs people have about people with mental illness
A major scientific problem with analogue studies is
the difficulty of generalizing to the naturally occuring phenomenon
suppose that, using linkage analysis, a researcher finds that family members with a high likelihood of developing depression also are very likely to be of below average height
the gene for depression is probably located near the gene for height
mesmer was a proponent of
the power of animal magnetism
carl is asked to provide information about his drinking. Despite the fact that he has had several arrests for driving with intoxicated, Carl reports that he has no problems with drinking. This is an example of
the problems with self reported data
why is it important to have some understanding of what causes a psychological disorder
the selection of a treatment approach is largely determined by assumptions of causality
one of Freud's major contribution to current perspectives of mental disorders is
theconcept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior
Dr. Luigi has discovered that the more spaghetti people eat, the less likely they are to be diagnosed with depression. Based on this finding, what statement can be made about the relationship between spaghetti and depression?
there is a negative correlation between spaghetti and depression
Which of the following is a sufficient element to determine abnormality?
there is no sufficient element
what is the focus of the field of developmental psychopathology?
to understand what is within the range of normal development so as to have a better understanding of what is abnormal
in 1893, Breuer and Freud published a paper on hysteria. In it they announced that
unconscious factors can determine behavior and produce mental disorders
Practically speaking, "abnormal" behavior means
unusual behaviors that are not consistent with the norms of the society in which they are displayed
the doctrine of the four humours
was an explanatino for personality traits
who is considered to be the "father" of behaviorism?
watson
what do the textbook authors identify as the most problematic element of Wakefield's definition of mental disorder?
we have yet to discover the dysfunction that underlies most mental disorders.
a psychologist reports a single case of a disorder, detailing the person's feelings and responses. This research strategy is
weak because it rarely provides information we can generalize to others with the disorder.
at the start of the twentieth century in America, public attitudes toward the mentally ill
were characterised by fear, horror, and ignroance
according to the DSM, when is deviant behavior viewed as indicative of a mental disorder?
when it is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual
In the field of abnormal psychology what does DSM stand for
diagnostic and statistical manual
which typically involves the use of trained observers
direct observation
all are credited with emphasizing the link between brain pathology and mental illnesses except
dix
behavrioists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of
failure to learn adaptive behaviors
which is true?
genes play a role in most mental disorders
highly coordinated children are picked out at an early age by coaches and given special opportunities to excel at sports. Extraverted children seek out social situations and become unusually comfortable with strangers. Both of these phenomena illustrate
genotype-environment correlations
Wakefield's conception of "mental disorder" included the idea of ________________as most central to diagnosis.
harmful dysfunction
Dr. Katz is researching the causes of phobias. He puts an ad in a newspaper asking for people who have an intense, distressing fear of snakes to come and participate in his study. The major problem with this is
he is not getting a representative sample
one of Aristotole's most major contributions to psychology was
his description of conciousness
which of the following statements about brain dysfunction and psychiatric disorders is FALSE?
identifiable brain damage is often the cause of psychiatric disorders
What do the cases of Monique and Donald Best illustrate?
Abnormal behavior covers a wide range of behavioral disturbances
individuals who have alcohol problems tend to come from families with other individuals who have alcohol problems. This would suggest
Although there is an association, no cause-effect relationship can be concluded
After being betten by a dog, Jose finds that he feels afraid whenever he sees a dog. In classical conditiong terms, the dog can be described as an
Conditioned stimulus
A researcher who provides a certain treatment for one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using
Experimental method
why would a researcher want to insure that every person in the larger group of study has an equal chance of being included in the sample?
It increases the researcher's ability to generalize findings for the larger group
According to the DSM-IV's definition of mental disorder impairment in one or more areas of functioning (disability)
May be present but is not a necessary condition for making a diagnosis
an important first step in studying a particular disorder is
determinging the criteria for identifying people who have the disorder
the fact that body piercings are commonplace today while they would once have been viewed as abnormal illustrates...
The values of a society may change over time
How do defense mechanisms contribute to psychopathology?
They reduce anxiety by distorting reality rather than dealing directly with a problem.
what is a good control group for a research study on people with eating disorders
a group that is comparable to those with eating disorders except they eat normally
sammy was deprived of his mother and father's love as a child. Operant conditioning theorists...
a lack of social skills; dysfunctional self-schemas
which of the following is included in the DSM
a means of identifying different mental disorders
which of the following is an example of an ABAB design
a subject is observed both before and after two exposures to the treatment
the process of assigning causes to things that happen is called
attribution
what parental style is characterised by warmth, control, and communication
authoritative
psychosocial perspective was initially developed through laboratory research?
behavioral
phillippe pinel
believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such - with kindness and caring
people in the middle ages
believed that most wiches and mentally ill people were possessed by demons, but in different way
in most prospective studies
children who share a risk factor for a disorder are studied before signs of the disorder show up
________ is a necessary first step toward introducing order to any discussion of the cause or treatment of abnormal behavior.
classification
which of the following statements is true concerning classification systems for mental disorders?
classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims
Which mental health professional has a doctoral degree in psychology with both research and clinical skill specialization?
clinical psychologist
why is it dangerous to make conclusions based on case studies?
conclusions based on so little data are likely to be flawed
to determine whether certain characteristics are true of people in general, an not just of people with mental disorders, it is important to use
control group
a researcher who studies children who are home-schooled and compares them to children who attend school is using the ____ research method
correlation
the physicians of nancy school
demonstrated the power of suggestion
in a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the mood after ice cream exposure can be described as
dependent variable
The "neurasthenia" recognized in the 1800s resembles todays diagnosis of
depression
the Solarists are a cult whose members believe that they control the movements of the sun with special hand gestures...
while some of this group's members ay meet criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis, the DSM-IV does not diagnose groups
contemporary of Pinel's in England who started a Quaker religious retreat for the mentally ill was
william tuke