EXAM: Sociology readings
Immigration What are the three main pathways for becoming a U.S. citizen? Are there certain types of people who do not have pathways to becoming a citizen? Are most immigrants here with authorization? (lecture)
"Green Card": Family, Skilled Work, Asylum Family: - Citizens parents (2), spouse, or minor child (18) - Adult Children and siblings - Single adult children: 6-14 yr wait to get green card - Married: 7-15 yr wait - siblings: 11-12yr wait - Lawful permanent resident: 57yr wait Skilled Worker: - prove that you're a genius, star athlete or someone with 1 billion to invest. - 12 to 18 month wait - College degree in a specialty occupation and job offer. - 6-10 yr wait - temporary work with a visa which allows immediate work. - In past years rejections have increased Asylum: - "refugee": person who cannot return to their country b/c of persecution, or well founded fear of persecution in the future. - People who don't fall in these categories or don't have access or knowledge to navigate the system can't become a citizen as easily. Most immigrants are here with authorization
social determinants of health What are some contributors to occupational disease? (lecture)
"toxic stress": strong, frequent or prolonged activation of the body's stress response systems in absence of buffering protection of a supportive, adult relationship. - physical/mental effect: impaired function anatomic change, mood, impulse control.
Culture and health care Be able to discuss three reasons why Hispanic men and women have some of the lowest rates of visiting health care professionals in the US. (Machado and lecture)
- 1/4 latino adults are undocumented - language barriers - cultural barriers: home remedied, idea of relationship with healthcare provider. - employment status
Stigma What are some consequences of stigma for people who are obese?
- Lower quality healthcare - Stigma worsens their condition - stereotyping - diagnostic overshadowing
School What are some examples of hidden curriculum from your own education? (lecture)
- applying to colleges, essays for college application, study habits, etc..
Stigma Nationally, what has happened to obesity rates since 1985? Since 1990? Since 2000? (Lecture).
- increase
Work Describe three negative effects of technology and the future of work in the U.S. Please provide an example of each. (Davidson, lecture)
- increase in unemployment - increase in need for workers of higher education
Culture and health care What are the medical consequences of having limited English proficiency when interacting with doctors? (lecture)
- longer hospital stays - surgical delays - consent issues - increase risk infection, fails, pressure ulcers
Immigration What are the effects of immigration on the labor market, crime, and the economy?
- promotes economic expansion - doesn't increase unemployment - Increase of undocumented= decrease in crime - Large contributors to the agricultural industry and construction. *Native born more likely to commit crime
Health Care System What are some basic provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA, or "Obamacare")? Has the ACA helped to control costs? What changes to the ACA were made in the 2017 tax bill? (lecture)
- repeal of individual mandate - Elimination of cost sharing reduction - increase promotion and use of state 1115 Medicaid waivers - Expansion of Association Health Plan availability Allowed people to stay on parents health insurance until age 26. Cost growing at slower rate.
$2 A Day What three principles do Edin and Schaefer use to guide their recommendations? What recommendations do they make about combating poverty?
1.) All deserve the opportunity to work 2.) Parents should be able to raise their children in a place of their own. - increase minimum wage, decrease segregation, increase subsidies. 3.) Not every parent will be able to work, or work all the time but well being should be ensured - family crisis account
Health Care Systems How does insurance work, in general?
1.) Everyone pays into a common fund 2.) Those in need are able to draw out of this fund Patient pays copays and deductibles
Work How has the economy changed over time? What types of jobs are disappearing and what are they being replaced with? What are some reasons this change has occurred? What are some consequences of this change with respect to school/training? (Davidson
1940-2019: increase then decrease - New technology=need for fewer workers for unskilled labor. - Need for skilled labor: higher level education - Ex Growth=Healthcare Decline=manufacturing tobacco, clothing, etc.. - People would don't have higher level education will have a harder time to find stable work.
Stigma What are some social contributing factors to the widespread obesity currently observed in the US?
Access to electricity (staying up late, eating at night), environment, access to food, labor market, social expectations.
Religion Be able to identify and tell the difference between the five measures of religiosity. (lecture)
Belief: The extent to where people accept religious doctrines. - most religions believe in god to an extent. - Less with Buddhism and Hinduism - Stronger with Muslims and branches of Christianity Practices: Actions that individuals perform that directly concerns their religion - Rituals~ formal public rites - Devotion~ private rites - Groups vary in their focus on rituals. (frequency of prayer, attendance of religious services) Knowledge: Understanding and awareness of group beliefs. People also vary in how much they know about doctrine. Experience: Intensity and contact w/ supernatural. Consequences: Everyday affects 1 religious affiliation. - what does it provide for you? - How much does the religion separate you from society? - reaction from others?
Stigma What were the experiences of people with a history of substance use disorder, when going to the dentist (Brondani et al.)
Both positive and negative experiences. - Some ended up misdiagnosed or untreated because of the idea of diagnostic overshadowing.
School Has local school funding increased or decreased in most states since 2008? (lecture)
Declining over time
School Public schools vary a lot in the amount of resources they have. What explains the difference in their funding? Is funding for schools increasing or decreasing? (lecture)
Decreasing Funding - State provision of funding in schools - different local taxes in different areas - lack of resources vs. abundance of resources - life chances and opportunity
Health Care Systems What entities provide health insurance for U.S. citizens? What are the types of health care plans in the United States? Who provides healthcare coverage for most Americans? (Government? Private company? No one?) (lecture).
Entities: (Beveridge) Government, (Bismark) employer and employee though payroll deduction, (NHI) private sector providers, (out of pocket) individual payment. U.S: Different pieces of each model
Stigma What are some sociological factors that affect drug use?
Environmental/Social Corrosive structural processes, social factors, - drug markets and problems Policies that affect rates of addiction: - legal recreational usage of marijuana - taxes on drugs - economic support system Culture: - family/community (college) - media - tradition - religion
$2 A Day What structural forces are at work that contribute to the existence of and continuing presence of $2 a day poverty in the United States? (Edin and Schaefer)
Family - expectations for career, achievements Education/school Healthcare - First hand experience - access Economy/Work - Formal/Informal economy Environment Geographic's
Family What is the difference between the sociological definition of family and the definition of family used by the government for the US Census? (lecture)
Family: U.S. Census - A group of two or more people related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together. Doesn't include friends, pets, others who you care about that don't fall into these categories. Family: Sociology - A social institution found in all societies that unite people in cooperative groups to care for one another. Does include people who aren't part of the US census definition
Social determinants of Health Describe three social factors that impact the health of a population. Provide an explanation of what each social factor is and what type of impacts these social factors have upon a person's health. (lecture, HealthyPeople.gov)
Housing, health and work. Family/Housing: Living in a healthy environment to avoid issues related to ACE Job: offers happiness and purpose. (American Dream)
social determinants of health What challenges do the working poor have affording housing? Does $15.00/hr allow an individual to comfortably afford a one bedroom apartment (lecture)
In many cases, the people can't work enough to be able to afford a 1 bedroom apartment. To afford it, minimum wage would have to increase to $15-$20. Minimum cost $17.90
social determinants of health What are some examples of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and what are the consequences of these? (lecture)
Include: physical, sexual, emotional abuse. - partner violence, neglect, substance misuse, mental illness, divorce, incarcerated family member. Outcome: - Drinking underage, substance abuse, smoking, suicide, depression, fetal mortality, etc....
Work How does unemployment vary across the United States? What are some employer practices that can contribute to the persistence of widespread poverty?
Increase unemployment In areas of declining industry: - Northern Minnesota: iron mining decline - Michigan: Steel industry declining Lower education: less growth Employer practices: - Low wages - Federal employment - Labor practices that make working hours or wages unpredictable.
$2 A Day What are some of the ways rural poverty is different from urban poverty? (lecture, Edin and Schaefer)
Informal vs Formal economy geography: access to work and resources
Social Movements Broadly, how does the public generally feel about civil rights social movements and the tactics they use? Does most of the population need to be in favor of the social movement to create change?
It was good but at the time, it was disliked by society. Most of the population doesn't have to be in favor of a social movement to create change.
Health Care System What are the health care policies a majority of all Americans support? (lecture)
Lowering health care costs
School Describe trends in education (e.g., graduation rates, drop-out rates, SAT scores) as they pertain to race and class. (lecture)
Middle class usually have more support so higher graduation rates, lower drop out rates, higher SAT scores versus lower class. Black students and American Indians face racial inequality in schools though racial disparity which restricts their life chances.
Social determinants of health What hazards might exist for household cleaners? What agency oversees approval of these chemicals?
OSHA - Cleaners may be flammable, skin corrosive, toxic, reactive.
Stigma What sort of health care impacts have been observed for obese people in comparison to non-obese people?
People who aren't obese have better quality healthcare and healthcare providers express will spend more time and effort to the non-obese. Also, less diagnostic overshadowing.
School How did Lareau do her research? Was it qualitative or quantitative? What are some strengths and weaknesses of this approach? Do sociologists consider this to be rigorous research?
Qualitative - getting a very detailed idea/capture of certain parts but at the same time it doesn't reveal the bigger picture idea or overall trend. - Yes, details are good for sociologists to better understand specific reasonings.
Family What are the six primary functions of family? (lecture)
Reproduction Have kids, adopt Socialization Protection Physically, emotionally, socially etc.... Regulation of sexual behavior No sex before marriage Age where you can be allowed to date Affection of companionship Have love and friendship Provision of social status Income, education level, status in community
$2 A Day In an age where welfare benefits largely do not exist and social safety nets are low or provide few resources, what are the strategies that $2 a day Americans employ to get by and make ends meet? (Edin and Schaefer)
Selling plasma, selling SNAP, collecting aluminum cans aka scrapping, sex trade.
Family In what ways is the structure of the family changing over time, in terms of household composition and cohabitation?
Shift/Change: Cohabitating parents in 2014 Percentage of single parent households Divorce rates increase after 1960 More acceptable to be a single parent Cultural taboos of having children out of wedlock not as prominent People waiting to get married: People who go to school before turning to marriage People can still be an adult and not be married vs. being an "old maid"
Social Movements What are some of the main ways social movements create change?
Social movements can help rise underlying issues by exposing the tensions in society. It dramatizes the issue so that it can't be ignored.
Social Movements How and why are the ways that social movements create change different from the goals of social activists? Why are the goals of social activities often difficult to achieve?
Social movements require effort and risk taking because in many cases, they challenge authority by using a broad range of tactics, both inside and outside conventional politics versus a social activist, who may be less likely to act upon the issue to promote change.
Stigma What is diagnostic overshadowing, and what does it look like for people who have a substance addiction or are obese when accessing healthcare?
Stereotypes: Stigma, prejudice, discrimination - - Healthcare providers will automatically make assumptions related to the stigma associated with obesity and addiction which makes it harder to properly diagnose their condition. Many end up with lower quality healthcare and feel discouraged to get help.
$2 A Day Have the number of people on welfare gone up, down, or stayed the same since the 1996 welfare overhaul?
TANF: Decrease. Harder to get, time limitation, etc...
School Annette Lareau introduced us to Tara Carroll, Stacey Marshall, and Nick Nevins. What lessons can we learn from them? What cultural knowledge did they have/lack and how did that affect their career path and how successful they were in school? (Lareau)
Tara Carroll: Didn't understand the institution, couldn't navigate, didn't have a "cultural guide", got irritated with the system. Overall, couldn't succeed in school b/c of this - didn't know requirements for admission - didn't know that she could get accommodations for being in a car crash. Nick Nevins: Had cultural guides, learned to navigate the institution and succeeded in school. - Highschool counselor helping, Dr. O Flanagan, roommate. - how to apply for college, writing a essay for college application, help studying.
School What are "cultural guides"? (Lareau)
Teachers, coaches, relatives or friends who help decode institutional rules, give advice and help in crucial moments.
Health Care Systems to other nations, do we spend more or less per capita on healthcare? Do we have better or worse health outcomes? Do countries who pay for health care primarily through taxation spend more or less on healthcare per capita? (lecture).
The U.S. spends more but we have worse health outcomes. countries w/ higher taxation spend less that U.S. on healthcare
Religion In what ways are US born Muslims and foreign-born Muslims similar to each other, and in what ways do they differ? (Pew Foundation, Lecture)
They are similar in the way that they practice religion but immigrants tend to have a stronger socioeconomic outcome and they have a more positive outlook of their place in America.
Religion In what ways are American Muslims similar to American Christian evangelicals and in what ways are they different in regards to their practice, educational attainment, employment rates, and political beliefs? (Pew Foundation, Lecture)
They both have strong belief, practice, doctrine with their religion but they do vary. - Politics: American Muslims more lean more democratic while American Christian Evangelicals lean more republican. - Similar in positive view on being an American.
Work How does the informal economy influence the lives of the working poor? What are the advantages of the informal economy? What are the disadvantages? (lecture)
They use the informal economic system through the jobs that they have. Although these jobs don't have difficult entry but they don't have official/formal rules or agreements and working conditions can be dangerous and unregulated. - Mostly illegal activity - Unskilled workers in the informal economy are impacted the worst by the $2 a day.
School What is the trend of racial discipline disparities in K-12 schools? What explains (or doesn't explain) these trends? In what geographic regions do these disparities exist?
This is commonly occurring with black students. - It's not that black students misbehave more than white students, they are just more likely to be sought out for minor behavior. - Affects high school graduation: Blacks, American Indians, etc.. - Institutional practices, racial structure, restricting peoples life chances. This is happening nationwide
Health Care Systems Be able to briefly describe who pays for and who provides healthcare in Canada, Germany, the U.S., and the United Kingdom (lecture/readings).
UK: Government U.S. Germany: Employer and Employee deduction Canada: Gov pays for healthcare but they don't build the hospital.
Culture and health care What are the different levels of medical interpretation?
concordant language physician: both physician and the patient share common language "ad hoc" lots for room for miscommunication (telephone effect)
Stigma What are the The Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation recommendations for how to reduce the stigma of obesity/addiction?
interventions about stigma effort expand beyond educational campaigns on individual behaviors towards large scale. Language: make less stigmatizing
Culture and health care Are Hispanic people more or less likely to have health insurance than White people? (lecture)
less likely - cultural barriers - some are undocumented
$2 A Day Did people in the book $2 a Day want to work? What factors were keeping them from working?
yes - access to work - health issues - family responsibility - disability - access to resources/ information - education level
