EXER 201 - Chp 5 Motor Behavior

Identify a characteristic of bending. It may be done in several directions. It is a locomotor movement. It prevents back and knee injuries. It is a manipulative movement.

it may be done in several directions

In the context of the information processing model of motor learning __________ is the process of obtaining information from the environment

input

The _____ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the mechanically efficient performance of the skill. associative stage initial stage proficient stage cognitive stage

proficient stage

The influence of a previously learned skill on the learning or performance of a new skill is called _____. transfer of learning readability perceived control reinforcement

transfer of learning

In the _____ stage of learning, the basics of a skill have been learned and a learner concentrates on refining a skill. autonomous assessment associative cognitive

associative

The _____ stage of learning is reached after much practice where a learner can perform a skill consistently with few errors. cognitive emerging elementary associative autonomous

autonomous

In the context of fundamental motor movements, _____ is a movement occurring at the joints of the body in which body parts are brought closer together. galloping striking bending leaping

bending

In the context of motor learning, how can instructors help learners understand the task to be learned? By helping learners establish an executive or motor plan for action By preventing the skills learned from previous tasks from transferring to present tasks By providing lots of information while explaining complex movements By helping learners establish an image of the task through nonverbal instructions

by helping learners establish an executive or motor plan for action

Skills performed in a predictable, stable environment are called _____. foundation skills closed skills open skills extrinsic skills

closed skills

Gary, a university student, has never played baseball in his life. He joins a baseball coaching camp to learn the game and is asked to observe a student's demonstration on how to swing the bat. Based on the above information, Gary is in the _____ stage of learning. cognitive associative autonomous feedback

cognitive

According to Fitts and Posner, the first stage of learning is the _____. associative stage emerging elementary stage cognitive stage autonomous stage

cognitive stage

The proficient stage of the developmental sequences approach is marked by _____. decreased mechanical efficiency increased exaggerated movements poor control of movements enhanced coordination

enhanced coordination

In the context of the information processing model, ________ is information about the performance of a movement and its quality

feedback

The ability of an individual to modify a skill to adapt to changing demands in the environment is termed as _____. taxonomy accessibility reinforcement generalizability

generalizability

Identify the process w/in the information processing model of motor learning by which the information from the environment is obtained through the senses force motion input analysis

input

_______ is concerned w the learning or acquisition of skills across the lifespan. decision making motor behavior institutionalization axiology

motor behavior

________ is the study of the neurophysiological & behavior processes affecting the management of skilled movements motor imagery motor control motor development motor cognition

motor control

The information processing model explains _______ in terms of cognition & the processing of information logicality perceived control motor learning institutionalization

motor learning

Which of the following is a characteristic of the initial stage of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired? Proper sequencing of parts of a skill exhibited in the movements Movements comprising a skill exhibiting improper sequencing of parts of the skill Mechanical principles consistently applied to the performance of movements comprising a skill Mechanically efficient performance of a skill

movements comprising a skill exhibiting improper sequencing of parts of the skill

During the maturational period, early researchers focused on the _____. sequences of motor development in adults motor performance of aged people motor performance of children sequences of motor development in young children

sequences of motor development in young children

_____ in children is the development of the necessary strength, flexibility, and endurance, as well as development of the various organ systems, to such a degree that children can control their bodies in exercise activities. Psychological readiness Negative reinforcement Physiological readiness Positive reinforcement

Physiological readiness

_____ can be defined in terms of physiological and psychological factors influencing an individual's ability and willingness to learn. Reinforcement Perceived control Readiness Variability

Readiness

The effectiveness of a pull can be enhanced by _____. highering the center of gravity variable movements widening the base of support reducing the level of torque

widening the base of support

In the context of the four components of the information processing model, which of the following statements is true of input? A It is the process where information from the environment is sifted, evaluated, and interpreted B In this component, an individual selects an appropriate response to a piece of information using relevant past experiences stored in memory C It is the process of obtaining information from the environment D It is the information about a performance of a movement and its quality, appropriateness, or outcome

A It is the process where information from the environment is sifted, evaluated, and interpreted

Which of the following occurs in the cognitive stage of learning? A learner tries to understand the nature goal of an activity A learner performs a skill w minor errors A learner begins performing a skilled learned w no errors A learner concentrates on refining the skills learned

A learner concentrates on refining the skills learned

Which of the following occurs in the cognitive stage of learning? A learner performs a skill with minor errors. A learner concentrates on refining the skills learned. A learner tries to understand the nature goal of an activity. A learner begins performing a skill learned with no errors.

A learner tries to understand the nature goal of an activity.

Identify a performance characteristic of learners during the associative stage of learning. A learner works on mastering the timing needed for a skill. A learner is unaware of obvious errors he or she makes. A learner's performance lacks smoothness and consistency. A learner's performance is free of errors.

A learner works on mastering the timing needed for a skill

Adam's closed loop theory Schmidt's schema theory

ACLT - it is explained how feedback is used to update the cognitive representation of a movement & improve subsequent performances of the motor skill SST - it proposed the idea that movement patterns such as kicking or throwing could be generalized to a variety of sports & settings

In the context of the history of motor learning & motor control, which of the following statements is true of the middle period (1940-1970)? A The middle period was marked by a surge of interest in knowing how the mind worked rather than knowing how skilled movements were produced B The start of the middle period was marked by a surge of interest in motor learning C During the middle period, researchers mostly investigated the acquisition of motor skills D During the middle period, researchers started investigating how responses to a situation strengthened if those responses were rewarded

B The start of the middle period was marked by a surge of interest in motor learning

In the context of the four components of the information processing model, identify a true statement about input A In this component, a decision is reached about what movement to make after relevant environmental cues are identified B In this component, an individual selects an appropriate response to an information using relevant past experiences stored in memory C In this component visual, auditory, kinesthetic & other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain D In this component, information from the environment is sifted, evaluated, and interpreted

C In this component, visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain

In the context of the history of motor learning & motor control, which of the following is true of the events that took place during the 1970s? A Motor behavior scholars focused on application, investigating such areas as transfer of training B Motor behavior scholars started using their own theories & models to explain motor skill acquisition C Motor behavior scholars started to investigate such areas of motor learning as distribution of practice D Motor behavior scholars focused on trying to understand how the mind worked

C Motor behavior scholars started to investigate such areas of motor learning as distribution of practice

Teachers help learners become wise decision makers by _______. A asking learners to be spontaneous and not depend on past experiences B making sure learners interpret information according to the teacher's preference C instructing learners on how to use the available feedback D asking other learners' opinion on their decision & changing the decision accordingly

C instructing learners on how to use the available feedback

Catching Striking Kicking

Catching - it involves the use of hands to stop and gain control of an object Striking - it involves using a body part to apply force to a stationary object Kicking - it involves imparting force to an object by the foot and the leg

True or false: According to the hourglass model, sand enters an hourglass from two containers, where the environment container has a lid and the heredity container has no lid.

False

True or false: External motivation is more conducive to positive learning and performance and sustained participation than internal motivation.

False

Identify the areas in which motor control researchers have focused on since the 1970s? (Check all that apply) How the sequence of people's behaviors is controlled How information obtained from the environment is used to plan & modify movements How feedback of a movement influences motor skill acquisition How the mind works rather than seeking to understand how skilled movements are produced

How the sequence of people's behaviors is controlled How information obtained from the environment is used to plan & modify movements

Intrinsic Feedback Extrinsic Feedback

IF - information from the outcome EF - information from a video of scoring on a foul shot in basketball

Intrinsic Feedback Extrinsic Feedback

IF - the source of information is the outcome of a task or skill itself EF - information is from external sources such as an instructor or friend

Rank the processes of the info processing model in order in which they occur:

Input -> decision making -> output -> feedback

How does feedback influence an individual? It can be used to provide input for making ongoing adjustments in performance It has no effect on the succeeding outputs It eliminates the need for succeeding outputs It eliminates the need for future feedbacks on the same activity

It can be used to provide input for making ongoing adjustments in performance

According to research, which of the following is true of reinforcement? Continual reinforcement is more effective than random reinforcement. It is more effective when given after a long delay following a response than when given immediately. It is more effective when given immediately after a response than when it is delayed. For reinforcement to be effective, it must not be desired by the recipient.

It is more effective when given immediately after a response than when it is delayed

Leaping Skipping Sliding

Leaping - it is a long step forward to cover distance or to go over an obstacle Skipping - it is a combination of a step and hop with feet alternating after each step-hop Sliding - it is a sideways movement in which the weight of the body is shifted in the direction of the movement

_____ refers to a condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal. Self-efficacy Motivation Perceived control Generalizabilty

Motivation

In the context of the history of motor learning & motor control, identify a true statement about the events that took place in the middle period (1940-1970). A Motor learning research focused more on application, investigating such areas as transfer of training B Motor learning research focused on how feedback, following a movement, is used to update the cognitive representation of the movement C Motor behavior scholars focused on trying to understand how the mind worked rather than seeking to understand how skilled movements were produced D Motor behavior scholars moved from the application of theories from psychology to using their own theories to explain motor skill acquisition

Motor learning research focused more on application, investigating such areas as transfer of learning

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

PR - it is given following a desired response NR - it is withheld following a desired response

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

PR - providing encouragement, praise, commendation, or a pat on the back following successful execution of a skill NR - belittling an individual's unsuccessful effort to perform a skill & discontinuing this behavior when the individual successfully executes the skill

_____ is using events, actions, and behaviors to increase the likelihood of a certain response recurring. Logicality Institutionalization Reinforcement Retribution

Reinforcement

Which of the following individuals is in the cognitive stage of learning? Ben is able to shoot a basketball into the hoop without a single mass Kyle is working on improving his backhand shots in table tennis Sarah is asked to watch a game of soccer familiarize herself with the game before she begins coaching Jessica has learnt how to hold a tennis racket and hit a ball served to her

Sarah is asked to watch a game of soccer familiarize herself with the game before she begins coaching

Identify the theory that explains human movement as the result of the interaction between 3 systems; the individuals or the organism, the environment, and the task Adam's closed loop theory The dynamical systems theory The information processing theory Schmidt's schema theory

The dynamical systems theory

Identify a true statement about a person performing a closed skill. The performer of the skill must continually modify his or her performance. The individual performing the skill must adapt his or her responses to the ever-changing environment. The individual performing the skill is self-paced. The performer of the skills will not be able to predict his or her next move.

The individual performing the skill is self-paced

Which of the following is true about the autonomous stage of learning? The learner is required to follow visual demonstrations of the skill to be learned. The learner tries to understand the nature goal of the activity to be learned. The learner's skill is not well coordinated and may appear to be performed with huge efforts. The learner can perform a skill without consciously thinking about it at all.

The learner can perform a skill without consciously thinking about it at all

Identify a true statement about a person performing an open skill. The performer of the skill performs it in an environment that is constant during execution. The performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to the ever-changing environment. The performer of the skill is self-paced as he or she need not consider external conditions. The performer of the skill can choose when to initiate the skill according to his or her convenience.

The performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to the ever-changing environment

Identify the goals of motor control as summarized by Thomas and Thomas (Check all that apply) Understand how the muscles & joints are coordinated during movement Understand how feedback, practice, and individual differences relate to the retention and transfer of motor skill Understand how learning & control of motor skills changes across the life span Understand how a sequence of movement is controlled

Understand how the muscles and joints are coordinated during movement Understand how a sequence of movement is controlled

True or False: According to the dynamical systems model, characteristics of individual, environment, and task interact to influence movement

True

True or false: According to the dynamical systems model, characteristics of individual, environment, and task interact to influence movement.

True

True or false: In the context of the factors influencing learning, random reinforcement tends to be more effective than continual reinforcement.

True

Identify a performance characteristic associated with skill learning as identified by Magill and Anderson increase in attention demand adaptability flexibility anxiety

adaptability

n the context of motor learning, instructors help learners understand the task to be learned by _____. ensuring that the learners do not have the background to understand the material being presented presenting distracting elements in the setting to create demanding learning situations ensuring that no challenging learning situations exist for the learners giving succinct, accurate instructions in conjunction with other techniques such as demonstrations

giving succint, accurate instructions in conjunction with other techniques such as demonstration

What should a teacher do when a plateau occurs in an individual's performance? He or she should begin introducing more concepts and skills to the learner. He or she should avoid implementing the concept of self-analysis. He or she should prepare them for a rapid transition from fundamental skills to more complex skills in the learning process. He or she should be cognizant of the conditions under which a learner makes little or no apparent progress in the activity.

he or she should be cognizant of the conditions under which a learner makes little or no apparent progress in the activity

Gallahue developed and continues to refine the _____ to illustrate how development is a continued process. dynamical systems model closed loop theory hourglass model schema theory

hourglass model

According to Magill and Anderson, a performance characteristic associated w skill learning is _________ decreased persistence increased variability improvement anxiety

improvement

Identify a necessary condition for swinging movements. It should be continuous, rhythmical, and free flowing. It should always be used before initiating a turn. It should be used to apply force to a moving object. It should be practiced with crossed legs.

it should be continuous, rhythmical, and free flowing

The skills in which the body moves through space are called _____. closed skills vocational skills soft skills locomotor skills

locomotor skills

Identify the reasons for the occurrence of plateaus in an individual's performance. (Check all that apply.) Positive reinforcement Loss of interest Good learning conditions Low self-indulgence Lack of motivation

loss of interest, lack of motivation

The _____ marked the beginning of the growth of motor development as an area of study within physical education. process-oriented period descriptive period normative period maturational period

maturational period

As a skill is learned, an individual becomes _________ more affected by external concerns more affected by internal concerns like anxiety less persistent in his or her performance more adept at adapting the skill to changing conditions

more adept at adapting the skill to changing conditions

Derek, a manager at Newsay Publishers, gives harsh feedback to his subordinates who do not perform well on their projects. His subordinates are belittled by him till their performance improves to the standards that he wants. Once the standards are achieved, Derek discontinues this behavior. In the context of this scenario, Derek is most likely using _____. positive reinforcement negative reinforcement passive reinforcement ethical reinforcement

negative reinforcement

In the context of fundamental motor skills, _____ skills are typically done from a relatively stationary position, using a stable base of support. manipulative locomotor nonlocomotor open

nonlocomotor

_____ are skills that are performed in a variable, unpredictable environment. Functional skills Closed skills Open skills Intrinsic skills

open skills

In the context of motor learning, _____ occurs when a previous experience or skill aids in the learning of a new skill. internal imagery generalization positive transfer external imagery

positive transfer

Identify a necessary condition to promote the learning of motor skills and improvement of performance. Practice sessions should be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning. Teachers should provide elaborate and extensive information on tasks. Transfer of learning should be avoided. Instructors should ensure that no challenging situations exist for learners.

practice sessions should be structed to promote optimal conditions for learning

How should practice sessions be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning? Practices should be organized so that distracting elements are eliminated from the setting. The existence of a single, optimal distribution of practice and rest periods should be recognized. The material being presented should have no reference to the background of learners. Instructors should ensure that no challenging situations exist for learners.

practices should be organized so that distracting elements are eliminated from the setting

The effectiveness of a push is enhanced by _____. proper body position narrowing the base of support straightening the back and knees a higher center of gravity

proper body position

Which of the following can help in learners' development? ignoring the feedback received providing sufficient practice opportunities forgetting one's past experiences asking people's opinions to make decisions

providing sufficient practice opportunities

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, _____ is a forceful action designed to decrease the distance between the body and an object. leaping striking twisting pulling

pulling

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, _____ is a forceful action directed toward increasing the distance between the body and an object. twisting sliding pushing swinging

pushing

Identify the locomotor skills commonly seen in elementary school children. (Check all that apply.) Running Walking Stretching Jumping Bending

running, walking, jumping

Which of the following would be considered a locomotor skill? Stretching Pushing Bending Sliding

sliding

Which of the following would be considered a manipulative skill? Striking Sliding Leaping Hopping

striking

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, a _____ is a circular or pendular movement of a body part or of the entire body around a stationary center point. leap slide swing push

swing

Which of the following stages of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired reflects the time needed to develop different aspects of a skill being learned? The proficient stage The final stage The initial stage The emerging elementary stage

the emerging elementary stage

What happens in the emerging elementary stage of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired? The spatial and temporal elements of movements are better synchronized when compared with the initial stage. The mechanical principles are consistently applied to the performance of movements comprising a skill. There is less control and rhythmical coordination of movements when compared with the initial stage. Movements are not restricted or exaggerated.

the spatial and temporal elements of movements are better synchronized when compared with the initial stage

Identify a characteristic of the initial stage of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired. There is little body rotation or sometimes exaggerated use of the body. The movements exhibit proper sequencing of parts of a skill. The movements follow good rhythm and are well coordinated. There is mechanically efficient performance of a skill.

there is little body rotation or sometimes exaggerated use of the body

Identify a characteristic of manipulative skills. They cannot be performed from a relatively stationary position. They are commonly taught at the preschool stage. They involve the propulsion and control of objects. They are used as a form of negative reinforcement.

they involve the propulsion and control of objects

Identify the activities that involve manipulative skills. (Check all that apply.) Sliding Bending Throwing Catching Striking

throwing, catching, striking

Identify the goals of motor behavior as identified by Thomas and Thomas. (check all that apply) to understand how motor skills are controlled to understand how motor learning differs from motor learning to understand how motor skills are learned to understand how motor skills are taught

to understand how motor skills are controlled to understand how motor skills are learned

True or false: The study of motivation focuses on the causes of behavior, specifically those factors that influence the initiation, maintenance, and intensity of behavior.

true

Since the 1970s, motor control researchers have focused on _____ A seeking to determine how responses to a situation are strengthened if they are rewarded B trying to determine how movements are coordinated C trying to understand how the mind works rather than seeking to understand how skilled movements are produced D seeking to understand how feedback of a movement influences motor skill acquisition

trying to determine how movements are coordinated

In the context of fundamental motor movements, _____ is a rotation of the body or a body part around its axis while maintaining a fixed base of support. striking twisting bending stretching

twisting

Which of the following would be considered a nonlocomotor skill? Hopping Sliding Twisting Skipping

twisting

The range of a twisting movement is determined by the _____. outcome of swinging body's pressure points level of thrust type of joint

type of joint