Exercise Physiology
Hypertension is defined as resting arterial blood pressure equal to or greater than __________ mm Hg for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively.
140 and 90
Hypertension is defined as resting arterial blood pressure equal to or greater than ____________________________ mm Hg for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively.
140 and 90
Stage 2 hypertension is noted in a systolic pressure of greater than __________ (mmHg), and a diastolic pressure of greater than __________ (mmHg).
160,100
The minimal duration threshold for an aerobic exercise prescription is _______________.
20 minutes
The formula for calculating age predicted maximal heart rate:
207-(0.7 x age in years) or 220- age in years
The minimal threshold for an aerobic exercise prescription is ___________ days per week.
3
When compared to treadmill running, VO2max during cycle ergometry is typically:
5% to 25% lower
Lactate threshold occurs at approximately __ of maximal oxygen consumption in untrained individuals and at approximately __ of maximal oxygen consumption in endurance-trained individuals, which allows endurance-trained individuals to perform a higher workload without an increase in blood lactate concentration
50-60%, 65-80%
To successfully lose FM and minimize FFM loss, a combination of diet and exercise should be used to achieve a caloric deficit of __________.
500 kcal/day
If an individual had a total body mass of 80 kg (176 lb) and ran 40 minutes at a speed of 10 minutes per mile (6 mph), what would be her estimated caloric expenditure?
521.6 kcal
all forms of a simple sugar contain how many carbon atoms?
6
For optimal aerobic fitness, aerobic training duration should typically not exceed:
60 min
The minimal exercise intensity threshold for an aerobic exercise prescription as measured by maximal heart rate (HRmax) is __________ percentage of HRmax
64-98
Select the option that is not true: A. The overstimulation of IGF-1 can reduce protein synthesis due to mTOR signaling. B. Mechanogrowth factor is stimulated by muscle contraction and stimulates fiber repair and growth. C. IGF-1 stimulates protein synthesis. D. Resting IGF-1 concentrations increase with improved fitness.
A
How does cytostolic calcium decrease to resting levels after contraction?
A Ca++ pump brings it into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Choose the answer that is not correct: the composition of a typical amino acid includes:
A carbon ring
Choose the answer that is not correct: the composition of a typical amino acid includes:
A carbon ring.
At greater than 50% to 60% peak oxygen consumption:
A disproportionate increase in ventilation occurs due to increased acidity.
An accurate diagnosis of heat stroke can be obtained with:
A rectal probe.
Select the option that is not true: When heat stroke is suspected, correct practice suggests:
A waiting period and water consumption to see if the individual recovers
If resting blood pressure in part depends on body size (larger body size has higher resting blood pressure), which of the following generalized statements is true.
A. An overweight person is more prone to hypertension due to their larger body size. B. Men are more prone to have hypertension due to men having a larger body size on average.?? E. Children typically have lower resting blood pressures than do adults.
The basic components of resistance training exercise prescription include:
A. Rest period length B. Type of exercise C. Volume of training D. frequency of training E. Intensity of training
The major signs or symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease include:
A. ankle edema B. syncope C. orthopnea D. unusual fatigue or shortness of breath with usual activities E. pain or discomfort in the chest, neck or arm
Acute heart failure can be the result of a heart attack caused by:
A. drug B. coronary artery blockage C. toxic substance
Increased body mass due to excess body fat:
A. makes the development of diabetes mellitus more likely B. raises blood pressure C. increases the heart's work D. raises cholsterol E. decreases HDL-C
Known risk factors for hypertension include:
A. psychological stress B. use of tobacco products C. sodium sensitivity D. physical inactivity E. diabetes
The catabolism of ATP produces which of the following?
ADP, Pi, energy, H+
Choose the best A. Charged molecules on either side of the cell membrane. B. ATP molecules on either side of the cell membrane. C. Phospholipids along the membrane. D. Second messengers in the membrane
ATP molecules on either side of the cell membrane.
Choose the best A. Charged molecules on either side of the cell membrane. B. ATP molecules on either side of the cell membrane. C. Phospholipids along the membrane. D. Second messengers in the membrane
ATP molecules on either side of the cell membrane.
use of energy obtained from intramuscular ATP and phosphocreatine stores to perform cellular activities, normally utilized during short-duration, high intensity physical activity
ATP-PC system
Select the option that is not true: What maintains the equilibrium in electrolyte balance?
Absorption of minerals through the capillaries in the body
Which of these methods are not used to identify muscle fiber type?
Activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum
The sigmoidal shape of the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve ensures each of the following except:
Adequate iron stores in the body
The sigmoidal shape of the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve ensures each of the following except:
Adequate iron stores in the body.
Select the best description of amino acid metabolism:
Aerobic metabolism of amino acid requires deamination.
What are the most important factors affecting heat illness?
Age and fitness
In men, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
Aids in the development of sperm by stimulating the Sertoli cells of the testes
What technique does the body not use to control blood flow during activity?
Altering the hemoglobin content of blood
If an athlete reports amenorrhea, which of these possibilities is the most likely cause?
An eating disorder
Choose the answer that is not correct: RER is:
An indication of calories consumed at rest.
At rest, central chemoreceptors:
Are especially responsive to changes in pH or H+ concentration in the cerebral spinal fluid.
At rest, central chemoreceptors:
Are especially responsive to changes in pH or H+ concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid
Select the option that is not true: Prohormones:
Are the terminal products of hormone production
Select the option that is not true: Hydration guidelines for athletes generally state that:
Athletes should begin activity in a hyperhydrated state
Select the option that is not true: Hydration guidelines for athletes generally state that:
Athletes should begin activity in a hyperhydrated state.
Controllable major risk factors for coronary artery disease include:
B. using tobacco products C. hypertension D. physical inactivity E. diabetes mellitus
Select the option that is not true: At altitude, decreases are seen in:
Blood pressure
What information would not be used to determine above and below lactate threshold running paces?
Blood pressure
As the result of a resistance training program:
Blood pressure during submaximal exercise is decreased.
Chemical energy is released from:
Bonds in fat, carbohydrate, and protein.
The body controls or grades the amount of force production:
By rate coding motor units.
The long-term trend of decreased deaths due to cardiovascular disease in more likely a result of the interaction of which of the following factors:
C. Development of innovative medial techniques to allow for earlier and better diagnosis D. Changes in lifestyle . Improved emergency care and treatment for heart attack and/or stroke
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis of the coronary vessels can result in:
CAD, heart attack, stroke
If the average healthy person is not an endurance athlete, the traditional American Dietetic Association's recommendation of 45% to 65% of calorie intake from carbohydrate:
Can be altered to 45% to 50%
If the average healthy person is not an endurance athlete, the traditional American Dietetic Association's recommendation of 45% to 65% of calorie intake from carbohydrate:
Can be altered to 45% to 50%.
Dehydration:
Can be caused by excessive sweating
Dehydration:
Can be caused by excessive sweating.
Choose the answer that is not correct: Glycerol:
Can enter beta oxidation
Choose the answer that is not correct: Glycerol:
Can enter beta oxidation.
Ephedrine:
Can improve power performance
What are the three macronutrients?
Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein
The primary metabolic substrate for both aerobic and anaerobic activity is:
Carbohydrate.
The ventilatory equivalent indicates that the partial pressure of _____________ exerts more control over pulmonary ventilation than the other options listed.
Carbon dioxide
What peripheral increases are central chemoreceptors more likely to respond to during exercise (as compared to rest)?
Carbon dioxide because it diffuses quickly across membranes
Why must cells continually resynthesize ATP at its rate of use?
Cells only store ATP in small quantities
The use of oxygen in aerobic metabolism and production of carbon dioxide is referred to as:
Cellular respiration
The use of oxygen in aerobic metabolism and production of carbon dioxide is referred to as:
Cellular respiration.
Select the option that is not true: Seasonal changes in hormones may be due to:
Circadian rhythms, particularly of IGF hormones
Select the option that is not true: seasonal changes in hormones may be due to:
Circadian rhythms, particularly of IGF hormones
Select the option that is not true: After endurance competition:
Consuming protein will have only a limited benefit in recovery.
The regulation of carbon dioxide is:
Controlled primarily because of its influence on hydrogen ion concentrations
The regulation of carbon dioxide is:
Controlled primarily because of its influence on hydrogen ion concentrations.
Select the option that is not true: The nasal passages and structures prior to the respiratory bronchioles:
Cool air
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis of the coronary vessels can result in:
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Which athletes is likely to predominantly rely on type I motor units?
Cross-country runner
Which of the following is not an adaptation contributing to the decreased stroke volume seen at rest and submaximal exercise in endurance trained athletes?
Decreased left ventricular muscle mass
What factor does not contribute to the decrease in aerobic capability with training cessation?
Decreased muscle mass
What factor(s) does not contribute to the decrease in aerobic capability with training cessation?
Decreased muscle mass
Select the option that is not true: Aerobic training:
Decreases end-diastolic volume.
Select the option that is not true: Cortisol:
Decreases with a bout of intense exercise
Resistance training __________ resting blood pressure in hypertensive patients in __________ manner as what is seen with endurance training.
Decreases, a less pronounced
What is a function of dihydropyridine (DHP) receptors at the T-tubule in muscle?
Detect an electrical impulse that has crossed the neuromuscular junction
To calculate work, what should be known?
Distance and force
Select the option that is not true: Electrolytes:
Do not affect the tonicity of body fluids
Select the option that is not true: Electrolytes:
Do not affect the tonicity of body fluids.
The preferred term for an exercise movement that involves the same resistance (such as a 15 lb dumbbell) throughout the range of motion is:
Dynamic constant external resistance
Solid meals before endurance competition should be:
Easily digestible.
According to the force-velocity curve, the highest force can be produced during the _____________ phase of a movement
Eccentric
In aerobic metabolism, the majority of ATP is produced during:
Electron transport.
The window of opportunity in which protein should be consumed to improve protein synthesis:
Ends several hours after resistance exercise
The window of opportunity in which protein should be consumed to improve protein synthesis:
Ends several hours after resistance exercise.
When endurance and strength training programs are performed concurrently, the body is likely to experience improvements in:
Endurance performance at the expense of strength training gains
As aerobic ability increases, what is most likely to be seen in endurance activities?
Faster decreases of blood lactic acid.
In women:
Fat mass increases with oral contraception.
A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three _____________ molecules.
Fatty acid
Exercise tests may be terminated:
For clinical indications of abnormal response
Select the option that is not true: When otherwise healthy athletes exercise in cold weather:
Force and power production are unaffected.
The storage form of carbohydrates is:
Glycogen
Choose the answer that fills the blanks in the correct order: _____________ is the polysaccharide form in which animals store carbohydrate; _____________ refers to its breakdown into glucose and _____________ refers to its synthesis from glucose. _____________ refers to the series of chemical reactions used to break glucose into pyruvic acid; _____________ refers to the synthesis of glucose from a non-carbohydrate precursor.
Glycogen; glycogenolysis; glycogenesis; glycolysis; glyconeogenesis
Choose the answer that fills the blanks in the correct order: _____________ is the polysaccharide form in which animals store carbohydrate; _____________ refers to its breakdown into glucose and _____________ refers to its synthesis from glucose. _____________ refers to the series of chemical reactions used to break glucose into pyruvic acid; _____________ refers to the synthesis of glucose from a non-carbohydrate precursor.
Glycogen; glycogenolysis; glycogenesis; glycolysis; glyconeogenesis.
The process whereby glucose is converted to a storage form is called:
Glycogenesis
The hydrogens and electrons needed to complete aerobic metabolism come from:
Glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle.
Choose the answer that fills the blanks in the correct order: _____________ is a series of oxygen-independent reactions that break down _____________, form _____________, and produce ATP.
Glycolysis, glucose, pyruvate.
Unmyelinated nerves:
Gradually conduct the action potential along the nerve fiber.
The __________ loss of fat mass and __________ loss of fat free mass may occur when both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise are performed.
Greatest, smallest
Select the option that is not true: Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) may be enzymatically cleaved to produce:
Growth hormone, which releases IGF from the liver
Caffeine:
Has both physiological and psychological effects
Motor neurons:
Have a long axon and send impulses from the central nervous system to the muscle.
Motor neurons:
Have a short axon and send impulses from the peripheral nervous system to the muscle.
FADH2 and NADH carry these to the electron transport chain.
Hydrogens and electrons
FADH2 and NADH carry these to the electron transport chain.
Hydrogens and electrons.
Select the option that is not true: Causes of heat cramps include:
Hyperthermia
As a result of exercise at high altitude:
Impairments are seen in oxygen consumption.
The primary reason that endurance athletes consume protein supplements is to:
Improve rates of recovery between training sessions
The most effective way to maintain euhydration is to:
Improve water balance
The most effective way to maintain euhydration is to:
Improve water balance.
The body adapts to endurance training by:
Improving delivery and utilization of oxygen to enhance muscular endurance
The fat-soluble vitamins:
Include A, D, E, and K .
The fat-soluble vitamins:
Include A, D, E, and K.
A single motor unit:
Includes an alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
a single motor unit:
Includes an alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates.
Select the option that is not true: Hyponatremia may be caused by:
Insufficient muscle contraction to generate body heat.
To maintain aerobic capabilities during periods of reduced training volume, __________ must be maintained.
Intensity
Steroids:
Interact directly with DNA
Steroids:
Interact directly with DNA.
Select the option that is not true: Heat acclimatization:
Involves an artificially simulated climate to create adaptations
The spread of the electrical impulse among the muscle fibers of the heart:
Is achieved through intercalated discs
The spread of the electrical impulse among the muscle fibers of the heart:
Is achieved through intercalated discs.
Choose the answer that is not correct: In theory, the excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC) period:
Is characterized by excess oxygen consumption over that seen during activity.
Choose the answer that is not correct: anaerobic metabolism:
Is energy generator used when glycolysis is not possible.
The left ventricle:
Is increased in size with strength training.
Synchronization of motor unit firing:
Is increased with training
Synchronization of motor unit firing:
Is increased with training.
The blood pressure of the pulmonary system:
Is lower than systemic circulation, which protects the respiratory membrane
The blood pressure of the pulmonary system:
Is lower than systemic circulation, which protects the respiratory membrane.
Adenosine triphosphate:
Is the most important energy molecule produced, whether a metabolic process is aerobic or anaerobic.
Select the option that is not true: The respiratory control center:
Is typically controlled voluntarily
Select the option that is not true: The respiratory control center:
Is typically controlled voluntarily.
Select the option that is not true: EMG:
Is typically used to measure heart function
Select the option that is not true: The elevated need for protein in athletes:
Is typically within the recommended daily allowance
Select the option that is not true: The elevated need for protein in athletes:
Is typically within the recommended daily allowance.
Select the option that is not true: During extended endurance activity, glycogen depletion:
Is unaffected by the uptake of blood glucose into muscle
Select the option that is not true: During extended endurance activity, glycogen depletion:
Is unaffected by the uptake of blood glucose into muscle.
Why is the shape of the alveoli and the capillary beds surrounding them important?
It creates a large surface area for pulmonary diffusion.
series of chemical reactions taking place inside the mitochondria involved in metabolism of acetyl-CoA, resulting in production of ATP, CO2, and H+
Krebs Cycle
What is the primary risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes?
Lack of physical activity
Select the option that is not true: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused by:
Lactic acid build-up in muscle
Select the option that is not true: Susceptibility to dehydration increases due to:
Light-colored uniforms
Select the option that is not true: Susceptibility to dehydration increases due to:
Light-colored uniforms.
Select the option that is not true: Athletes attempt to improve performance by:
Living at high altitude
Even when participating in endurance training programs of the same intensity and duration, improvements in VO2max are __________ in children compared with adults, mainly due to differences in heart size and blood volume.
Lower
The vertical jump test is one of the most simple ways of testing:
Lower body power
Oxygen consumption (VO2) is often times expressed as liters per minute of oxygen used (Lxmin-1) or milliters per kilogram of body mass per minute. Which of the following most accurately explains when each should be used?
Lxm-1 may be most appropriate when evaluation aerobic fitness or athletic performance in situations in which you do not have to actually carry our own body weight; mLxkg-1min-1 may be the most appropriate when you have to actually carry your own body weight
Parathyroid hormone:
May be involved in increased bone density after heavy resistance training due to demands on bone homeostasis
In healthy individuals, respiratory fatigue:
May occur with high (> 80-85% peak oxygen consumption) exercise intensities
In healthy individuals, respiratory fatigue:
May occur with high (> 80-85% peak oxygen consumption) exercise intensities.
In healthy individuals, respiratory fatigue:
May occur with high (>80% to 85% peak oxygen consumption) exercise intensities
The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that:
Metabolize acetyl-CoA and produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions.
The estimation of metabolic rate from oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is achieved through:
Metabolize acetyl-CoA and produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions.
Forms of carbohydrates may include:
Monosaccharides and polysaccharides.
In the first few weeks of training, trainees experience:
More efficient recruitment patterns.
During physical activity:
More oxygen is taken from the blood by muscle.
The tests selected to gauge the fitness of a professional football player would be __________ those used to evaluate the success of a fitness program for a 50-year-old business executive.
More rigorous than
If an individual had a total body mass of 180 lb and was 210 cm tall, what would be the individual's body mass index (kg/m2)?
NOT 21.6 18.5
Androstenedione:
NOT Improves strength gains with resistance exercise
Supplements typically delay fatigue by:
NOT Increasing capillary filtration
Oxygen supplementation between work bouts:
NOT Is a valuable aid in performance of subsequent work bouts NOT Cannot help to maintain training intensity when training at altitude
Select the option that is not true: Amphetamine:
NOT May improve aerobic performance NOT May improve aerobic performance
Select the option that is not true: Determining whether a drug has ergogenic effect
NOT Timing of performance measurement can influence results. Timing of the drug ingestion can influence results.
This noncontractile protein stabilizes actin and extends from the Z line but not to the M line.
Nebulin
Select the option that is not true: Changes in fiber type:
Occur with resistance training (ie, type I to type II)
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood:
On the heme portion of hemoglobin
Which of the following is not one of the ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood:
On the heme portion of hemoglobin.
Iron supplementation is recommended:
Only in individuals with iron-deficient anemia
Iron supplementation is recommended:
Only in individuals with iron-deficient anemia.
Gas diffusion at the lung is mainly dependent on:
Partial pressure difference between air within the alveoli and blood
Gas diffusion at the lung is mainly is dependent on:
Partial pressure difference between air within the alveoli and blood
Gas diffusion at the lung is mainly is dependent on:
Partial pressure difference between air within the alveoli and blood.
Select the option that is not true. A. Performance benefits are usually seen with carbohydrate loading at half-marathon distances and less. B. Carbohydrate-loading increases muscle glycogen content. C. Some carbohydrate loading protocols incorporate a low-carbohydrate phase. D. Rest and sufficient carbohydrate ingestion results are similar to carbohydrate-loading strategies.
Performance benefits are usually seen with carbohydrate loading at half-marathon distances and less.
Select the option that is not true. A. Performance benefits may be seen with carbohydrate loading at half-marathon distances and less. B. Some carbohydrate loading protocols incorporate a low-carbohydrate phase. C. Carbohydrate-loading increases muscle glycogen content. D. Rest and sufficient carbohydrate ingestion results are similar to carbohydrate-loading strategies.
Performance benefits may be seen with carbohydrate loading at half-marathon distances and less
What peripheral increases are central chemoreceptors more likely to respond to during exercise (as compared to rest)?
Plasma carbon dioxide because it diffuses quickly across the membrane
Air moves into and out of the lungs when:
Pressure differences exist between intrapulmonic pressure and atmospheric pressure
Air moves into and out of the lungs when:
Pressure differences exist between intrapulmonic pressure and atmospheric pressure.
Electrolytes in sports drinks act to:
Promote voluntary fluid ingestion
Electrolytes in sports drinks act to:
Promote voluntary fluid ingestion.
In order to understand where the body is in space, a _____________ is needed to relays important information regarding body position and orientation to the central nervous system.
Proprioceptor
Which of the following is not a function of connective tissue of muscle?
Protect against the overly elastic component of muscle
The right ventricle:
Pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation.
Which of the following does not help the ventricles to fill with blood?
Purkinje fibers
Exercise __________ appetite immediately after activity but overall __________ appetite to offset the __________ caloric expenditure.
Reduces, increases, increased
When expressed in __________ terms, there is no significant difference in the maximal aerobic capacity, or VO2max, of children compared with adults.
Relative
Once activated, what is the function of ryanodine receptors (on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum)?
Release calcium
Growth hormone (GH), a 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone, is synthesized and secreted by the _____________ of the anterior pituitary.
Somatotrophs
Select the option that is not true: A typical neuron consists of:
Spindles.
The three major types of hormones are:
Steroid, peptide, and amines
The three major types of hormones are:
Steroid, platelet, and growth
In resistance exercise, longer rest periods are typically used when emphasizing __________, whereas shorter rest periods are typically used when emphasizing __________.
Strength and power, local muscular endurance and hypertrophy
If intensity is maintained, decreasing resistance training frequency to one to two sessions per week after training at higher frequencies will result in __________.
Strength maintenance
If intensity is maintained, decreasing resistance training frequency to one to two sessions per week after training at higher frequencies will result in _____________.
Strength maintenance
After an electrical impulse crosses the neuromuscular junction, it travels down:
T-tubules
The peripheral nervous system may be subdivided into:
The autonomic and sensory-somatic nervous systems
The peripheral nervous system may be subdivided into:
The autonomic and sensory-somatic nervous systems.
What directly causes tropomyosin to shift away from active sites on actin?
The binding of calcium to troponin C
During exhalation:
The diaphragm relaxes, increasing intrapulmonic pressure.
Convection is defined as:
The dissipation of heat when air moves over the body's surface
The four basic components of the aerobic training exercise prescription:
The four basic components of aerobic training exercise prescription are type of exercise, duration of each exercise session, frequency of training, and intensity of exercise.
Select the option that is not true: Ergogenic aid research may be difficult to apply to athletes in field settings because:
The laboratory may cause an oxygen supplementation effect that would not occur in the field.
Select the option that is not true: A. Resting IGF-1 concentrations increase with improved fitness B. The overstimulation of IGF-1 can reduce protein synthesis due to mTOR signaling C. IGF-1 stimulates protein synthesis D. Mechano-growth factor is stimulated by muscle contraction and stimulates fiber repair and growth
The overstimulation of IGF-1 can reduce protein synthesis due to motor signaling
The movement of the myosin crossbridge at its hinge and the shortening of the sarcomere is referred to as:
The power stroke
Changes in muscle length due to muscle contraction are caused by:
The sliding of actin and myosin filaments over each other
In a double-blind research design:
The subjects are not told when they are on the placebo and are also not told when they are on the supplement.
The respiratory compensation point is defined as:
The work intensity at which the ventilatory equivalents of both oxygen and carbon dioxide increase
When duration of steady state activity increases after about three minutes:
There is greater dependence on the Kreb's cycle
When duration of steady state activity increases after about three minutes:
There is greater dependence on the Kreb's cycle.
If the same person performs two separate workouts - a heavy resistance-training workout and an endurance workout - and has the same increase in testosterone, what will the difference be in terms of protein synthesis?
There will be more synthesis in the heavy resistance workout because more type II fibers will be activated and able to use the testosterone
Choose the best description of B vitamins.
They are coenzymes in metabolism.
How are high-fat diets related to endurance performance?
They increase fat metabolism, which is believed to spare muscle glycogen
How are high-fat diets related to endurance performance?
They increase fat metabolism, which is believed to spare muscle glycogen.
Skinfold sites for women are the __________, __________, and __________.
Thigh, suprailium, triceps
Increases in epinephrine are mostly likely to be detected in the blood:
Thirty minutes to 24 hour prior to activity
Choose the answer that is not correct: in glycolysis:
Three ATPs are required if starting from glycogen
Choose the answer that is not correct: in glycolysis:
Three ATPs are required if starting from glycogen.
Choose the answer that is not correct: Amino acids can enter the Kreb's cycle:
Through transport by NADH
As endurance exercise continues to higher intensities:
Tidal volume increases
As endurance exercise continues to higher intensities:
Tidal volume increases.
With moderate to heavy exercise, changes in sodium excretion and urine output occur. What is the purpose of this?
To conserve electrolytes
What is the primary purpose of sweat during activity?
To dissipate heat
What is the best use for the force-time curve?
To evaluate the progress of training programs directed at power development
Why do some sports drinks contain different types of carbohydrates?
To increase absorption
Why do people tend to open their mouths to breathe during heavy exercise?
To reduce the resistance to airflow
Choose the answer that is not correct: Pyruvate can be converted:
To triglyceride in the electron transport chain
Choose the answer that is not correct: Pyruvate can be converted:
To triglyceride in the electron transport chain.
The presence of metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and __________.
Type 2 diabetes
The basic components of resistance training exercise prescription include:
Type, volume, rest period length, frequency of training, and intensity
Which of the following is the most appropriate manner to design an exercise program for individuals with autism spectrum disorder?
Use a neutral, calm, nonemotional tone
maximal amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during a maximal intensity exercise
VO2max
Select the option that is not true: The body compensates for low temperature through:
Vasodilation
At what specific point are actomyosin complexes formed?
When active sites on actin are exposed
Select the option that is not true: Consuming carbohydrate sports drinks before, during, and/or after activity:
Will have no impact on race pace
Select the option that is not true: Consuming carbohydrate sports drinks before, during, and/or after activity helps to:
Will have no impact on race pace.
which of the following is an example of an isokinetic muscle action
a movement in which the velocity is held constant
oxidative phosphorylation is
a process in which inorganic phosphate is bound to ADP, producing ATP in the electron transport chain
what is an enzyme?
a protein molecule that facilitates a chemical reaction
Glycolysis will result in the production of either 2 or 3 net ATP. Which of the following determines whether there is 2 or 3 net ATP?
a source of glucose entering glycolysis is from the blood stream or from stored glycogen
a higher lactic acid threshhold in an individual would directly indicate
ability to perform at a higher intensity before acidity occurs in blood and muscle
The filaments within muscle fibers that interact with each other to produce shortening and force generation are called:
actin and myosin
a nervous impulse in the form of electrical energy is the stimulus that caused muscle fibers to contract
action potential
Which of the following energy-rich molecule that powers all biological work?
adenosine triphosphate
Complete the right side of the following equation (assuming the enzyme ATPase is used): ATP+H2) ...
adp+pi+energy+h+
An athlete performs high intensity exercise for ten minutes. What would be the most logical expectation to occur
aerobic contributions to energy production will start low, but increase in time
a metabolic process needing oxygen
aerobic metabolism
what is the main energy pathway used during low-intensity activities and at rest?
aerobic metabolism
carry messages from sensory receptors in the bodys periphery to the central nervous system
afferent neurons
when a threshold level for activation is reached by the motor neuron of a specific motor unit, all of the muscle fibers in that motor unit are activated. If the threshold is not reached, then none of the muscle fibers in that motor unit will be activated. This is known as:
all of none law
what physiological adaptations occur when muscle fibers are recruited to perform an endurance exercise workout? the number of capillaries increase the concentration of myoglobin increases the capillary density in the type I fibers increases
all of the above
which of the following is true concerning a neuron?
all of the above
when a threshold level of activity is reached in a motor unit, _ of the muscle fibers in the motor unit will be activated; if the threshold level is not achieved, _ of the muscle fibers in the motor unit will be activated
all; none
Why is the action of creatine kinase important
allows for replenishment of ATP during high-intensity activities
If an athlete reports amenorrhea, which of these possibilities is the most likely cause?
an eating disorder
hyperplasia is best defined as
an increase in the total number of muscle fibers, resulting in increased muscle size
a process in which simple substances are synthesized into more complex substances
anabolic reaction
metabolic reactions that do not require the presence of oxygen
anaerobic metabolism
As aerobic exercise increases in duration at a given intensity:
anaerobic metabolism decreases and fat metabolism increases
which of the following accurately describes triglycerides?
are broken down for energy by lipolysis
according to the force velocity curve, which of the following is true:
as you move with increasing velocity in eccentric muscle contractions the greater the force production increases
during endurance performance, within the pool of type 1 motor units located in the exercising muscle, there is a cycling process of recruitment so that individual motor units take turns resting while others are active. This is known as:
asynchronous recruitment
in ascending strength curves, the muscle is able to produce more force
at the end of the concentric contraction
in a resistance training exercise such as the arm (biceps) curl, the muscle (biceps brachii) tends to produce more force in the middle portion rather than the beginning or end portions of the range of motion. This describes which of the following types of strength curves:
bell
In aerobic metabolism, the majority of ATP is produced during
beta oxidation and electron transport chain
series of reactions that breakdown fatty acids resulting in acetyl-CoA
beta oxydation
Air displacement plethysmography is a relatively accurate method that uses determination of __________ to estimate body composition.
body density
Maximal oxygen consumption is typically expressed relative to a person's:
body mass
basal metabolic rate may be influenced
body surface
Chemical energy is released from
bonds in fat, carbohydrates, and protein
what is the role of NADH+
brings hydrogen ions from glycolysis to the mitochondria (for aerobic metabolism)
The ventilatory equivalent indicates that the partial pressure of __________ exerts more control over pulmonary ventilation than the other options listed.
carbon dioxide
the process in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances yielding energy
catabolic reaction
____________________ is the result of fat globules, or a blood clot breaking loose from another area of the body and eventually blocking a cerebral blood vessel.
cerebral embolism
what bioenergetics adaptations occur with training to increase performance in brief (<10 seconds) duration, high-intensity activities such as weight training and short sprints?
changes in the level of enzymes create creatine kinase
Select the option that is not true: The nasal passages and structures prior to the respiratory bronchioles:
cool air
Training sessions are typically comprised of a warm-up, body of session, and _______________________.
cool down
Which of the following enzymes is used to facilitate the reaction to break the phosphate from the PCr molecule and bind it to ADP to form ATP?
creatine kinase
an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of PC to Pi and creatine, resulting in the donation of Pi to ADP to form ATP
creatine kinase
removal of the amino group (NH2) from a molecule such as an amino acid
deamination
As aerobic ability increases, what is most likely to be seen in endurance acticities?
decreases in the myoglobin and muscle fibers
A typical neuron consists of:
dendrites, axon, soma
when a nervous impulse occurs, channels in the membrane for Na+ open and it enters the cell, resulting in:
depolarization
_______________________ is defined as the loss of physiological adaptations that occurs with complete cessation of training or a reduction in the volume and intensity of training.
detraining
The preferred term for an exercise movement that involves the same resistance (such as a 15 lb dumbbell) throughout the range of motion is:
dynamic constant, external resistance
Solid meals before endurance competition should be:
easily digestible
According to the force-velocity curve, the highest force can be produced during the _____________ phase of a movement
eccentric
In aerobic metabolism, the majority of ATP is produced during:
electron transport
series of chemical reactions that takes place inside the mitochondria, involving cytochromes, that result in the production of ATP and water
electron transport chain (ETC)
a protein molecule that lowers the energy of activation and in doing so facilitates a chemical reaction
enzyme
connective tissue surrounds each organizational level of the muscle. The __ covers the entire "outer" muscle, the __ covers the fasciculi, and the __ covers each individual muscle fiber
epimysium; perimesium, endomysium
amino acid that the human body cannot synthesize
essential amino acid
The additional oxygen consumed above resting value after an exercise bout that is utilized to aid in many recovery processes
excess post oxygen consumption
category of neurotransmitters that either make the membrane potential less negative or depolarize it by increasing the permeability of the membrane to Na+
excitatory
Atherosclerosis can occur within any blood vessel, but when it occurs within a coronary artery, it is called heart failure.
false
Half of all deaths associated with cardiovascular disease are due to stroke.
false
One benefit of using METs as a measure of aerobic exercise intensity is that METs are insensitive to factors such as environmental conditions, altitude, and hydration status.
false
Stretching has been associated with significant reductions in injuries.
false
Stroke is the leading cause of mortality associated with cardiovascular disease.
false
The American College of Sports Medicine recommends that both aerobic and high-volume resistance training be performed to help control diabetes.
false
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale can be used to estimate the heart rate needed to exercise at a specific percentage of peak oxygen consumption.
false
True or False? Aldosterone levels during maximal-intensity exercise increase as an individual becomes trained.
false
True or False? Atherosclerosis can occur within any blood vessel, but when it occurs within a coronary artery, it is called heart failure.
false
True or False? Bioelectrical impedance estimates body composition on the basis of differences in resistance or conductance to electrical impulses in different kinds of fat mass.
false
True or False? Cardiovascular endurance is normally quantified as the minimal amount of oxygen consumed in mitochondrial respiration during maximal exercise.
false
True or False? Declines in muscle strength and loss of muscle mass begin at about 50 years of age and proceed at rates of roughly 15% and 10% per decade, respectively.
false
True or False? Hypohydration does not impact performance in resistance training.
false
True or False? Just as heart rate has a linear relationship to VO2, heart rate increases in a strongly linear fashion as exercise intensity reaches maximum.
false
True or False? Muscle strength and muscle endurance vary during the course of the 28-day menstrual cycle in women.
false
True or False? One benefit of using METs as a measure of aerobic exercise intensity is that METs are insensitive to factors such as environmental conditions, altitude, and hydration status.
false
True or False? Parathyroid hormone reduces calcium in the blood when it is too high.
false
True or False? Performance at altitude is influenced by increased partial pressure of oxygen in the air.
false
True or False? Pseudoephedrine does not display a dose-response relationship with performance.
false
True or False? Seventy percent of carbon dioxide transported is bound to hemoglobin.
false
True or False? Similar exercise tests are used regardless of the individuals or their physiological characteristics.
false
True or False? Strength is highly sensitive to fluctuations in female hormonal status.
false
True or False? Stretching has been associated with significant reductions in injuries.
false
True or False? Stroke is the leading cause of mortality associated with cardiovascular disease.
false
True or False? The female athlete triad factors (eating disorders, menstrual cycle irregularities, and bone mineral density loss) are independent of each other.
false
True or False? The number of calories per gram of fat is the same as for protein.
false
True or False? The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale can be used to estimate the heart rate needed to exercise at a specific percentage of peak oxygen consumption.
false
True or False? Under normal dietary conditions, protein is a major source of energy in the body.
false
True or False? VO2max estimates cannot substitute for true measures of endurance, especially when equipment is limited or large numbers of people are being tested.
false
True or False? With resistance exercise, decreases in resting testosterone levels are seen in both men and women.
false
True or False? Work and power represent fundamentally similar capacities and can be used interchangeably.
false
True or false? Seventy percent of carbon dioxide transport is bound to hemoglobin.
false
True or false? The available number of the different types of motor units (i.e., slow, FFR, FF) that can be recruited to perform different types of exercise are consistent between people.
false
True or false? The nervous system is divided into two major subdivisions: 1) central nervous system and 2) autonomic nervous system.
false
A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three _____________ molecules.
fatty acid
Input and processing of muscular activity, motor control, speech, and thought are functions of which cerebral cortex lobe?
frontal
nerve cells in CNS that do not initiate or conduct electrical signals, but provide support and nourishment to neurons
glial cells
The most important simple sugar for metabolism, which is referred to as blood sugar, is:
glucose
the source of carbohydrate for glycolysis is:
glucose from the blood or intramuscular glycogen
The storage form of carbohydrates is:
glycogen
polysaccharide form in which animals store carbohydrate
glycogen
Which of the following is likely to be depleted during a marathon?
glycogen stores
The process whereby glucose is converted to a storage form is called:
glycogenisis
Series of chemical reactions breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid
glycolosis
located in the tendon, this proprioceptor main function is to respond to tension (force) within the tendon. If the force placed on the tendon is too high to potentially cause injury, __ are activated to inhibit a muscle contraction thus relaxing the muscle
golgi tendon organ
Tension receptors called __, which are located in the tendon of skeletal muscle, sense the amount of force in the tendon created by the skeletal muscle.
golgi tendon organs
which of the following accurately describes a saturated fatty acid?
has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
An impairment of the ventricle's ability to contract to the point that cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's oxygen needs is called _______________________ .
heart failure
the ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes to keep functions within physiological limits at rest during exercise
homeostasis
this enzyme breaks down triglycerides to form glycerol and fatty acids
hormone-sensitive lipase
FADH2 and NADH carry these to the electron transport chain:
hydrogen and electrons
increasing the size of a muscle by adding myofibrillar protein, resulting in the addition of newly formed myofibrils to existing fibers, thereby increasing fiber size defines which of the following
hypertrophy
During anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, phosphorylation is occurring to supply an energy rich molecule. Which of the following most accurately defines phosphorylation?
impregnating a substance with phosphate
The primary reason that endurance athletes may consume protein supplements is to:
improve rates of recovery between training sessions.
The energy obtained from the degradation of ATP to ADP + Pi +Pi is found:
in the high energy phosphate bonds linking phosphates together
as exercise intensity increases, the working muscles' reliance on carbs has been found to
increase
as the intensity of activity increases, reliance on carbohydrate metabolism tends to:
increase
With endurance training, what adaptations are likely to occur
increase in VO2max and increase in lactate threshold
adaptations to aerobic training may include
increased intramuscular glycogen and lipid storage
In response to exercise, growth hormone:
increases
Which of these potential training adaptations would benefit the ATP-PC energy system?
increases in the activity of some enzymes and intramuscular stores of ATP and PC
which of these potential training adaptations would most likely benefit glycolysis?
increases in the activity of some enzymes, increased stores of glycogen, and increased intramuscular buffering
According to the American Heart Association, uncontrollable major risk factors for coronary artery disease include:
increasing age, being male, heredity
efferent neurons have their cell body in the spinal cord and long axons that __ and short dendrites that ___
innervates muscle fiber; receives impulses from other neurons
__________________________ training is a method of increasing and decreasing intensity during an endurance exercise session and has been used by sprint and endurance athletes since the 1930s to improve performance.
interval
during a very short-term, high intensity physical activity, what is the main source of energy?
intramuscular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PC)
which of the following accurately describes glycogen?
is a storage form of glucose but not in plants
the two carbon molecule (acetic acid) produced by beta oxydation:
is transformed into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the krebs cycle
A blockage of a coronary artery results in ____________________, or insufficient blood supply to the cardiac tissue supplied by the artery.
ischemia
muscle contractions with a controlled velocity would explain which of the following
isokinetic
Why is ATP important?
it can be broken down for energy
Amount of energy needed to raise 1,000 g of water 1 degree celcius
kilocalorie (kcal)
Anaerobic glycolysis results in the production of 4 ATP and:
lactate
If gylcolysis is completed anaerobically the pyruvate and NADH2 will be catabolized by which of the following enzymes to form lactic acid?
lactate dehydrogenase
which of the following is the most accurate description of lactate?
lactate is formed when pyruvate accepts hydrogen ions thus decreasing activity
workload at which blood lactate concentration increase significantly above the resting level
lactate threshold
The process whereby a triglyceride is broken down to release its fatty acids is referred to as:
lipolysis
breakdown of triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acid
lipolysis
In resistance exercise, longer rest periods are typically used when emphasizing _________________________________, whereas shorter rest periods are typically used when emphasizing ______________________________________.
maximal strength and power; local muscular endurance and hypertrophy
the ratio of the work metabolic rate to the resting metabolic rate
metabolic equivalent (MET)
The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that:
metabolize acetyl-CoA and produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions
fatty acid that has one double bond between its carbon molecules and so contains 2 less hydrogen atoms that it could maximally contain
monounsaturated fatty acid
the functional component of muscular activity under direct neural control
motor unit
the size principle of the recruitment states:
motor units are recruited from smallest to largest in terms of the size of the neuron found in the motor unit and, accordingly, the number of muscle fibers contained in that motor unit
If a coronary artery is severely or totally blocked, ischemia becomes severe enough to result in a _________________________, more commonly known as a heart attack.
myocardial infarction
which protein of the sarcomere has the heads that bind to active sites?
myosin
in order for the actin to slide over the myosin and cause the Z-lines to move toward the center, ATP must be catabolized. Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the catabolizing of ATP to power muscle contraction.
myosin ATPase
resting membrane potential is the result of
no impulse being conducted, net negative charge inside neuron, net positive outside neuron
saltatory conduction allows action potentials to jump along gaps in myelinated sheaths along the axon. These gaps are called
nodes of ranvier
__ proteins are those that are not involved with the contraction process, but hold contractile proteins in close proximity to each other for optimal myosin-actin binding interactions
non contractile
amino acid that can be synthesized by the human body
nonessential amino acid
Based on the body mass index classification, an individual with a body mass index of 21 is considered as:
normal weight
A 40% decrease in aerobic fitness (i.e., VO2max) is seen among patients with HIV. This is mainly due to damage done to __________.
not Cross-bridges of muscles Mitochondria of muscles
The anaerobic exercise performance of children is __________ than that of adults. This is explained by the __________ glycogen content and glycolytic enzyme capacity in the muscles of children.
not Higher, higher Lower, lower
the workload at which blood lactate concentration increases more than 4.0 mM
onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
the over riding exercise principle that states the in order to create advances in exercises to perform you must increase the load on specific functions of the body in order for the body to adapt in increase those functoins:
overload principle
a process which inorganic phosphate is bound to ADP, producing ATP during the ETC
oxidative phosphorylation
the additional oxygen consumed above resting value after an exercise bout that is used to aid in recovery processes
oxygen debt
the difference between the oxygen needed to perform a particular workload solely through aerobic metabolism and the oxygen actually consumed at the start of performing a work bout
oxygen deficit
which of the following is best characterization of oxygen consumption immediately at the onset of exercise?
oxygen deficit
exercise program which varies the volume and intensity of the training?
periodization
Which two metabolic pathways can be classified as anaerobic?
phosphagen and glycolysis
molecule stored intramuscularly that provides energy for the synthesis of ATP
phosphocreatine (PC)
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
Which controllable cardiovascular risk factor can negatively impact all other controllable cardiovascular risk factors?
physical inactivity
a form of exercise that utilizes the stretch-shortening cycle, termed __, helps in the development of muscular power
plyometrics
Fatty acid that has at least two double bonds between its carbon molecules and so contains at least four less hydrogen atoms that it could maximally contain
polyunsatturated fatty acid
The movement of the myosin crossbridge at its hinge and the shortening of the sarcomere is referred to as:
power stroke
_______________________ of aerobic training is necessary if continued gains in fitness are desired.
progression
Lactate can be converted to:
pyruvate and metabolized or used to synthesize glucose
______________________________ involves a person subjectively rating how hard he or she is working.
rating of perceived exertion
It is not only the values of total cholesterol and HDL-C, but also their _______________________ that indicate increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).
ratio
Once activated, what is the function of ryanodine receptors (on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum)?
release calcium
as the intensity of aerobic exercise increases:
reliance on anaerobic metabolism increases
following Na+ ions rushing into the cell delay occurs before K+ ions leave the interior of the axon resulting in the cell membrane potential becoming negative again
repolarization
what is the best description for Excessive Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)?
represents the energy borrowed from anaerobic metabolism to perform exercise
active recovery:
results in faster decreased of blood lactate
the most basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle capable of producing force and movement. It is composed of all actin and myosin filaments contained between two Z-lines.
sarcomere
Glycolysis occurs in the __, while the Kreb's (citric acid) cycle occurs in the __
sarcoplasm; mitochondria
fatty acid with no double bonds between its carbon molecules and thus containing the maximum number of hydrogen molecules
saturated fatty acid
Which of the following is most likely to train the ATP-PC system?
shot put
The fastest autorhythmaticity is seen in:
sinoatrial node
The fastest autorhythmaticity is seen in:
sinoatrial node.
Select the option that is not true: A typical neuron consists of:
spindles
a workload during which aerobic metabolism supplies all of the energy needed
steady-state (O2 consumption)
the __ is a muscle contraction in response to a quickly stretched muscle in response to stimulus from the muscle spindles
stretch reflex
the __ nerves stimulate the heart rate to speed up while the ___ nerves stimulate it to slow down
sympathetic, parasympathetic
point of connection, and communication, between two excitable cells
synapse
_______________________ is defined as a planned reduction in training volume and possibly intensity.
tapering
The complete summation of nerve impulse twitches is called __, which results in the maximal force a motor unit can develop
tetanus
aerobic metabolism involved:
the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
If an athlete has depleted his or creatine reserves, what is the possible implication?
the athletes ATP-PC capacity will decrease
Which of the following is not a basic component of thermoregulation?
the liver
which of the following is true of a motor unit
the number of muscle fibers in a motor unit depends on the amount of fine control required for its function
The respiratory compensation point is defined as:
the work intensity at which the ventilatory equivalents of both oxygen and carbon dioxide increase.
the lactate threshold is
the workload at which blood lactate concentration significantly increase above resting
when duration of steady-state activity increases after about 3 minutes:
there is a greater dependance on the Kreb's cycle
which of the following is not true of fast-fatigable motor units?
they feature type 1 muscle fibers
As endurance exercise continues to higher intensities:
tidal volume increases
With moderate to heavy exercise, changes in sodium excretion and urine output occur. What is the purpose of this?
to conserve electrolytes
Why do some sports drinks contain different types of carbohydrates?
to increase absorption
To maintain aerobic capabilities during periods of reduced training volume, ____________________________ must be maintained.
training intensity
Choose the answer that is not correct: Amino acids can enter the Kreb's cycle:
transport through NADH
A gradual decrease in cardiac output resulting from chronic heart failure may result in an increase in blood volume due to fluid retention by the kidneys.
true
Both aerobic and weight training can positively affect the blood lipid profile.
true
Cardiac tissue is especially vulnerable to ischemia during physical activity or times of stress, when the oxygen needs of the heart are increased.
true
Excess body fat resulting in obesity or being overweight increases the risk of a heart attack or stroke even if other risk factors are not present.
true
For an aerobic exercise should be enjoyable, because if a person enjoys the activity they are more likely to continue the activity for a sustained period of time.
true
High concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol are associated with the development of atherosclerosis because they are involved in the development of plaque.
true
Longer rest periods during resistance exercise provide a greater opportunity for physiological recovery of the anaerobic energy stores and more time available to decrease blood and muscle acidity.
true
The American College of Sports Medicine recommends that to prevent and treat hypertension, one should perform primarily endurance training, supplemented by resistance training.
true
The heart rate reserve (HRR) method, or Karvonen method, can be used to estimate the heart rate needed to exercise at a specific percentage of peak oxygen consumption.
true
The longer the ischemia lasts, the greater the amount of myocardial necrosis.
true
The physical training needed to bring about fitness benefits is greater in intensity and volume than what is needed for health benefits.
true
True or False? A consumption of high-glycemic-index carbohydrates can interfere with protein and fat intake and promote an increase in body fat.
true
True or False? A gradual decrease in cardiac output resulting from chronic heart failure may result in an increase in blood volume due to fluid retention by the kidneys.
true
True or False? A lower hematocrit level may cause decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
true
True or False? As little as 2% loss of total body mass in water can decrease physical performance.
true
True or False? Because differences in body composition measures exist, comparisons of different populations and comparisons made over time should always be done using the same methodologies.
true
True or False? Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and other essential amino acids stimulate protein synthesis in the body.
true
True or False? Changes in temperature and acidity shift the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to the right, causing greater delivery of oxygen to muscle tissue during exercise.
true
True or False? During exercise of gradually increasing intensity, the lactate threshold is reached when blood lactate makes a nonlinear shift upward.
true
True or False? Estimates of VO2max are typically based on heart rate responses to submaximal exercise.
true
True or False? Exercise can improve body composition due to increased caloric expenditure while exercising and increased basal metabolic rate (by increasing fat free mass).
true
True or False? Healthy women who exercise during pregnancy lower their risk of experiencing gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.
true
True or False? High concentrations of LDL cholesterol are associated with the development of atherosclerosis because they are involved in the development of plaque.
true
True or False? High-intensity, short-duration activities that feature near all-out muscular effort depend on anaerobic pathways.
true
True or False? If the human thirst mechanism is activated, partial dehydration has already occurred.
true
True or False? Long-duration performances, namely those dependent on aerobic metabolism, are hindered at altitude.
true
True or False? Longer rest periods during resistance exercise provide a greater opportunity for physiological recovery of the anaerobic energy stores and more time available to decrease blood and muscle acidity.
true
True or False? Pulmonary ventilation receives neural input from the motor cortex of the brain, which often creates an increase in ventilation before chemoreceptors and other receptors are stimulated by exercise.
true
True or False? Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a measure of exercise intensity.
true
True or False? Rest and sufficient carbohydrate ingestion result in similar muscle glycogen content compared with carbohydrate-loading strategies in trained athletes.
true
True or False? Severe weight loss can result in dehydration, loss of fat-free mass, and decreased aerobic and anaerobic performance.
true
True or False? Strength, power, and high-intensity endurance performance in the heat depend on length of exposure and hydration status.
true
True or False? The aerobic capacity, or VO2max, of women is 5% to 15% less than that of men when expressed relative to body mass.
true
True or False? The heart rate reserve (HRR) method, or Karvonen method, can be used to estimate the heart rate needed to exercise at a specific percentage of peak oxygen consumption.
true
True or False? The physical training needed to bring about fitness benefits is greater in intensity and volume than what is needed for health benefits.
true
True or False? The pulsatility of some hormones is thought to produce more effective signaling.
true
True or False? The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein is easily accomplished in most Western diets but may be lower than optimal for athletes.
true
True or False? Too much testosterone in the male body can result in higher levels of estrogen compounds.
true
True or False? When performing resistance training of the same intensity and duration, there is no difference in relative strength gains or muscle hypertrophy in men and women.
true
True or False? Women show anthropometric differences from men, such as decreased muscle fiber size and increased body fat.
true
True or false? A nervous impulse is conducted in the form of electrical energy.
true
True or false? Changes in temperature and acidity shift the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to the right, causing greater delivery of oxygen to muscle tissue during exercise.
true
True or false? In some cases when high-velocity movement is needed, faster high-threshold motor units may be recruited before slower motor units.
true
True or false? Pulmonary ventilation receives neural input from the motor cortex of the brain, which often creates an increase in ventilation before chemoreceptors and other receptors are stimulated by exercise.
true
a marathon runner would have a high percentage of what type of fiber?
type 1
this muscle fiber type possesses a high capacity for oxidative metabolism and has a high level of mitochondrial density? because of this they are considered more fatigue-resistant and can continue contract over long periods of time
type 1
The cause of which condition is the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin?
type 1 diabetes
which of the following is not a category of motor units
type IIB
motor units made up of __ fibers are typically recruited first due to the __ recruitment thresholds of their neurons
type one, lower
Which best describes how an enzyme works?
unique shape that adheres to substrates
Training _______________ is a measure of how much work or exercise is performed, whereas training _______________ is a measure of how difficult the exercise is.
volume, intensity
The estimation of metabolic rate from oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is achieved through:
. Indirect calorimetry.
A physiological adaptation that is considered to be a fitness benefit, that potentially increases performance in a physical activity:
. increased lactate threshold vertical jump ability maximal strength increase
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ):
. Is the synapse allowing communication from the nerve terminal of a motor neuron to the muscle fiber it innervates
_______________ MET is equal to oxygen consumption at rest.
1
When dieting to lose fat mass, healthy dietary practices should be followed and caloric ingestion normally should be maintained at __________ to ensure adequate ingestion of macro- and micronutrients.
1,200 to 1,600 kcal/day
The hormonal changes immediately prior to exercise or competition are important to:
Increase blood flow and blood pressure
Select the option that is not true: Long-term (over 3 months) effects of altitude acclimatization include:
Increased cardiac output with maximal exercise compared to sea level
Which of the following is not an adaptation contributing to the decreased stroke volume seen at rest and submaximal exercise in endurance trained athletes?
Increased end diastolic volume
Large amounts blood lactate are not attributed to:
Increased mitochondrial activity
In response to exercise, beta-endorphin:
Increases, displaying some interaction with intensity and duration
The estimation of metabolic rate from oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is achieved through:
Indirect calorimetry
The lungs dissipate heat primarily through:
Insensible perspiration
Select the option that is not true: Hyponatremia may be caused by:
Insufficient muscle contraction to generate body heat
Select the option that is not true: The sarcoplasmic reticulum is:
Sensitive to acetylcholine
Isokinetic machines are designed to isolate:
Single muscle groups during unilateral movements
Muscle growth from long-term resistance training is primarily due to the increase in the:
Size of the individual muscle fibers
The primary metabolic substrate for both aerobic and anaerobic activity is:
carb
