NCIDQ IDFX

Masonry Block Dimensions

8"x8"x16" (-3/8" for mortar joints)

architectural woodwork

CUSTOM, SHOP-fabricated millwork built of lumber, finished wood & other materials

latchset

ONLY holds door in place; NO lock (i.e. restroom partitions)

photogrammetry (drawing)

SURVEYING of objects/spaces by using photography and associated software

trade associations

UNBIASED, accurate information on a particular material or product type --many standards they develop become adopted as industry standards and are referenced by building codes and regulatory agencies

CAL TB133 (NFPA 266)

actual sample of furniture

organization concept: central

based on 1 space or point about which secondary elements are placed --usually very formal method of organizing interiors and inherently places primary emphasis on the central space

light source as design element

can be a point, plane, line or volume and can have qualities of brightness and color --illumination the light provides can, in turn, be seen as a point, line or plane on objects and surfaces, each with it's own brightness and color -lighting can: set/enhance the mood of an interior space, give added interest to the visual environment, accent & emphasize objects & areas, de-emphasize undesirable areas or architectural features, highlight surfaces & textures, enhance color, and affect spatial perception

how to fix reflected glare

decrease the contact between the task and its background

depth perception: texture perspective

density of a texture seems to increase as the distance from the viewer increases

one-line diagram

drawing prepared by the electrical engineer that shows a diagrammatic representation of the electrical system, from the primary feed in the building to individual lighting and power panel boxes

finish carpentry

exposed wood construction assembled AT THE JOB SITE (i.e. doors & windows, door & window trim, standard wood base & other molding, site-built stairs & handrails)

daylight factor

expressed as a %, is the ratio of the indoor illuminance at a point on a horizontal surface to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance --direct sunlight EXCLUDED --range from about 1.5% to 4%

Intrusion Detection: Window screen

fine wires embedded in the screen that can be used to set off an alarm when they are broken

criteria for selection: safety/health

finish safety flammability = most important criteria mold & mildew resistance outgasing security slip resistance volatile organic compound emission

criteria for selection: cost

first (initial) cost life cycle cost

Green Label Plus

for carpets and rug

plane

form with 2 dominant dimensions, length, and width --*significant component of interior design because space is typically defined by the planar surface, such as walls, ceilings, and floors --help determine the form of the space; because of this, they are a major factor in determining the CHARACTER of a space

door and drawer front construction: flush overlay

front of door/drawer overlaps face frame of cabinet --edges of adjacent door/drawer fronts are separated only enough to allow operation without touching, usually about 1/8" or less --only doors/drawers visible and are flush with each other

criteria for selection

function durability maintainability safety/health cost

mortise lockset

installed in rectangular area cut out of door; more SECURE than cylindrical and offers wider variety of locking options

fire extinguisher type D

involves combustible metals

introduce nonintrusive background sound

may come from steady hum of HVAC systems, from business machines, traffic, conversations, etc. i.e. 75db (sound level of noise room) - 45db (transmission loss of wall) = 30db ... introduce background noise of 35db to mask sound of noisy room

elliptical reflector lamp

more efficient type of incandescent because it focuses the light beam at a point slightly in front of the lamp before it spreads out (slightly smaller spread that that of an R lamp)

space relationships: adjacent spaces

most common type of interior relationship in which each space or room has its own use and functional requirements and is separated by a partition or other construction element

cylindrical

most common; simple to install in holes drilled into door, relatively inexpensive, most common in residential (like doors in home bedroom)

blinds: plantation shutters

much wider louvers

Individual plastic-insulated conductors

must be placed in METAL conduit or other approved carriers -conduit supports and protects the wiring, serves as a system ground, and protects surrounding constructions from fire if the wire overheats or shorts

network workflow

no strictly organized method

live loads

people and furniture

perceptual: shape constancy

people perceive objects as having their original shape regardless of a change in ORIENTATION of the object or the point of view of the observer --why? because of people's memory and the brain takes into account depth of an object

brass & bronze

predominantly copper in practical use, many alloys that are really brass are referred to as bronze although corrosion resistant, it changes color with age & exposure to moisture in the air

Architectural woodwork (millwork) grades

premium: gives highest quality in materials, workmanship and installation custom: most common grade and still produces high quality job economy: defines minimum level of quality, materials and workmanship

Green Seal

promotes environmentally responsible production, purchasing, and products

Rhythm

rhythm = 1 of the most POWERFUL design principles --repetition of elements in a regular PATTERN --because it sets up a sequence of multiple elements through space, it also includes a TIME component as the eye or body moves past the individual pieces --elements follow a common baseline in which they are related either by physical connection or by an imaginary line that the eye and mind use to tie the elements together --simplest form is uniform repetition of identical objects ***a regular rhythm is often EFFECTIVE when contrasted with a unique element of EMPHASIS

Linen

seldom used for upholstery because it LACKS RESILIENCE and flexibility and susceptible to abrasion dimensionally STABLE and resistant to fading, making it usable for draperies and wallcoverings

LED

semiconductor device that uses solid-state electronics to create light --advantages: brightness, long life, and low power consumption --produce no heat and can be directly controlled by a digital interface __disadvantage: LOWER efficacy and high cost

flowchart

show adjacencies as well as the direction of movement

veneer cutting: half round slicing

similar to rotary slicing, but the log is cut in half and the veneer is cut slightly across the annual growth rings --results in a pronounced grain pattern showing characteristics of both rotary and plain sliced veneers

circulation patterns: dumb bell layout

simplest and 1 of the most flexible circulation path patterns --spaces laid out along a straight path that connects 2 major elements at the end - usually an entrance to the space or groups of rooms at one end and an exit or other access point at the other

fuzzing

small fibers work out of yarn onto the surface of the fabric

human factors: ergonomics

study of the relation between human physiology and the physical environment --uses info developed by ANTHROPOMETRICS, but goes FURTHER by studying exactly how humans interact with PHYSICAL OBJECTS, such as chairs, control panels, desks, etc.

transmission loss

takes into account ONLY the loss through the partition

coefficient of absorption

the ratio of the sound intensity absorbed by the material to the total intensity reaching the material --max. absorption possible is 1 --generally a material with a coefficient below 0.2 is considered to be REFLECTIVE and one with a coefficient above 0.2 is considered sound ABSORBING

parabolic alluminized reflector (PAR)

tighter spread than regular incandescent --* second narrowest beam spread

rentable area

total amount of usable space available, but it also includes structural columns, the thickness of some partitions, and typ. a portion of the exterior wall of the building --ALSO INCLUDES: proportionate share of the elevator lobby, the public corridor, restrooms & mechanical rooms

radiation

transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves from one surface to a colder surface

convection

transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, either a gas or a liquid --occurs when air temperature surrounding a person is LESS than the body's skin temperature

volume

true 3d aspect of interior design, because an object with volume is clearly perceived as a spacial form having length, width, and depth --either be solid or void, sometimes referred to as positive or negative space, or figure-ground

radial balance

type of symmetrical balance in which elements are arranged uniformly about a central point --usually focuses attention on the center of the grouping

stainless steel

used for its corrosion resistance, strength & appearance

design theory

way to direct design based on a system of beliefs

net area

ACTUAL AREA required to accommodate specific functions (includes walls and building columns)

waffle slab concrete construction

(2 way joist); can provide support for heavier loads at slightly longer spans than flat slab -often left exposed with lighting integrated into coffers -ribs can be cut for large opening, i.e. stairs, but difficult & expensive & requires additional support around it

air temperature

**primary determinant of comfort

soft coverings: drapery

*1 of the most common types --any loosely hung fabric that covers the window --fabric attached to a traverse rod that allows it to be drawn open and closed, but many styles of hanging are possible, including fixed, tie back, and loose-hung swags **pick drapery according to flammability first, over durability, fading resistance, and style

perspective drawings

*give most accurate 2d representation of the 3d world because they use the principle of convergence, which is the apparent diminishing size of objects as they get farther from the eye -1 point perspective: when point of view is perpendicular to 1 of the planes of the object -2 point perspective: created when the point of view is at a normal eye level and is not perpendicular to any plane of the object

reducing the level of sound source

*not always possible if sound created by a fixed piece of machinery, people, etc. -source noise from outside/adjacent room? ---transmission loss of the enclosing walls can be improved ---if a machine is producing the noise, it can often be enclosed or modified to reduce its noise output

client interview

--1 of the most VALUABLE ways to collect information -combines observation, a structured process, the ability to clarify ambiguous questions or responses, & the opportunity for extemporaneous exploration of needs & ideas of the user not previously considered --verify accuracy of questionnaires --takes time

noise reduction within a space: rules of thumb

--avoid designing rooms with hard reflective surfaces on the walls, floors, and ceiling (space will be too "live" and noisy) ----- average absorption coefficient of a room should be AT LEAST .20 (average of .50 is usually NOT desirable, nor economically justified) --each doubling of the amount of absorption in a room results in a noise reduction only 3db (HARDLY NOTICEABLE) -----to make any difference, the total absoprtion must be increased by at least 3 TIMES to change the reduction by 5 DB, which is noticeable --although absorptive materials can be placed anywhere, ceiling treatment for sound absorption is more effective in LARGER rooms, while wall treatment is more effective in SMALL rooms

observation

--one of the most reliable ways to gather information to see what people do rather than by listening to what they say --DANGEROUS, however, because you may jump to conclusions without understanding why people are doing things in a particular way --best used to verify information gathered by interviews or questionnaires or as a way of generating questions to determine reason behind observed behavior

effect of color: complementary colors

--reinforce each other (high contrast) --when 2 complementary colors are seen adjacent to eachother, each appears to heighten each other's saturation --when used together in a scheme, large areas of color are generally a low chroma (more gray) and are a tint or shade of the color while smaller areas/accents have a higher chroma --when 2 NONcomplementary colors are placed together, each appear to tint the other with its own complement (result: 2 colors will seem farther apart on the color wheel than they really are)

HID lamps

--require time to restart after being shut off or in case of power failure

brightness rations

-3:1 = between task and IMMEDIATE backgrounds -5:1 = between the task and NEARBY general surroundings -10:1 = between task and more REMOTE surroundings

effect on color on SPACIAL perception

-bright warm colors: tend to make an object appear LARGER -dark color: make an object look SMALLER and HEAVIER -light, neutral color: extend the apparent space of a room while dark values make a space feel closed in -warm colors advance, cool colors recede

particleboard

-composed of small wood particles, fibers, and CHIPS of various sizes mixed together in a binder and formed under pressure into a panel -commonly used as a SUBSTRATE for natural and laminate veneers in architectural woodwork construction (i.e. casework not built on site) -most common, dimensionally stable; smooth surface; impact resistance

shades: roller shades

-consist of a piece of cloth wound around a spring roller ----normally pulled closed from the top but can also be mounted so a pully-mounted cord unwinds them from the bottom up ----inexpensive & can be covered in decorative fabric ----block view when closed & can interfere with ventiliation ----block light unless made from a translucent material

pre-cast concrete system (as a whole)

-consists of factory made pieces -high-strength steel cables are stretched in the precasting forms before the concrete is poured -after concrete attains a certain min. strength, the cables are released and they transfer compressive stresses to the concrete -popular form because they can simultaneously serve as beam and floor decking and are easy/fast to erect

performance (open) spec

-descriptive: gives detailed written REQUIREMENTS for the material product and the WORKMANSHIP required for its fabrication and installation; does NOT mention tradenames -reference standard: variation of the descriptive spec type that describes a material, product, or process based on requirements (REFERENCE STANDARDS) set by an accepted authority or test method (can be made to trade associations) -pure performance: statement setting criteria and results required of an item being specified (results verified by measurements, tests, etc.)

proportion: modular system

-developed by Le Corbusier, it is loosely based on the golden section but uses the HUMAN BODY as the starting point --system begins by dividing the height of a man, about 6', at the waistline or navel --another proportion is developed by the distance from the top of the head to the fingertips when the arm is naturally raised above the head --distance from the bottom of the feet to the navel is equal to the distance from the naval to the raised hand DIVIDED by the dimension from the top of the head to the raised hand = GOLDEN SECTION

pre-cast concrete floor

-double t: commonly found in industrial buildings, one & two story commercial buildings, and parking garages (stems deep and contain prestressed cable, they CANNOT be CUT; so opening is limisted to areas between t sections -hallow core: small opening can be cut thru the existing cores but should not be cut thru the solid portion where prestressing cables are located

selecting fabrics: important criteria

-durability -resistance to abrasion = MOST IMPORTANT -flammability = also one of the most important considerations -maintenance -appearance -scale -comfort -touch -wearability

Site Analysis: LEED

-during site analysis, interior designer should determine if the building owner or client is interested in applying for a LEED rating -certified, silver, gold, or platinum

Types of Hinge Tips

-flat button (most common; typical) -hospital -oval head (typical) -steeple -flush

behavior settings: proxemics distances

-intimate (6-18") -personal (18"-48") -social: most impersonal business, work, and other interaction takes place between strangers or in formal situations (48"-84"; 84"-144") -public distance (144" and beyond)

open web STEEL joist system

-joists span between beams or bearing walls -steel decking spans between joists and a concrete slab is poured on top of the decking (EASY to penetrate holes) -one-story/low rise buildings with wide column spacing -because webs are open, mech. and elec. service ducts, pipes, and conduits can easily be hung from the bottom of the joists

steel beam & girder system

-large members called GIRDERS span between columns and small beams are framed into them -girders span SHORT DISTANCE because they carry the weight of the beams (beams span longer distance because they frame into the girders) -framing is usually covered with steel decking, which spans between the beams, then concrete topping is poured over the decking to complete the floor slab (EASY to penetrate holes) -found in MID to HIGH rise office buildings -usually LIMITED SPACE between the bottom of the girders and the suspended ceiling (possibility of adding new mech. ductwork or installing large recessed light fixtures should be reviewed before final decisions are made)

incandescent

-low efficacy -2700-2800K *-100 CRI -Low lamp life -inexpensive, compact, easy to dim, can be repeatedly started without a decrease in lamp life & have a warm color rendition DISADVANTAGES: low efficacy, short lamp life, and high heat output

plywood

-made from an odd # of layers of thin veneer glued together under heat & pressure -used in FINISH carpentry (door trims, etc.)

MDF

-made from wood particles REDUCED to fibers (fluff) in a moderate-pressure stream vessel and then combined with a resin and bonded together under heat and pressure -most DIMENSIONALLY STABLE -used for painting, thin overlay materials, veneers and high pressure decorative laminate, shelving, molding, and furniture

circuiting

-many lights connected to a dimmer must be on their own circuit -incandescents should be on a different circuit than fluorescents (120v vs. 277v)

Romex

-nonmetallic sheathed cable -consists of 2 OR MORE plastic insulated & ground wire surrounded by a MOISTURE-RESISTANT plastic jacket -can be used in WOOD STUD residential building & buildings not exceeding 3 floors as long as it is used with wood studs and protected from damage by being concealed behind walls & ceilings

Flame properties of fabric

-nylon and wool will burn when in flame but are SELF-EXTINGUISHING when removed from flame -olefin and cotton continue to burn when removed from flame

Nylon

-one of the MOST POPULAR synthetic fibers -exceptionally strong with high resiliency and elasticity -resistant to many chemicals, water, and micro-organisms --flame resistant (not as much as wool, silk, and modacrylic) *often combined with other synthetic/natural fibers to obtain superior advantages of both

social and cultural belief influences

-political conditions: prevailing political attitudes and policies may affect design -economic conditions: state of economy often reflected in architecture & design -cultural attitudes: views of family, shared values, religion, fashion, leisure pursuits, sports, etc. -symbolism: physical environment holds a great deal of symbolism for people -regionalism: design that reflects the local geographic area

prescriptive (closed) spec

-proprietary: call out SPECIFIC manufacturer's product; no competitive bidding allowed -base-bid (equal): calls out proprietary material or product but allows the SUBSTITUTION of other products that the contractor thinks is equal ----variation: list several approved manufacturers or base-bid spec with "approved equal"

principles of gestalt pyschology

-proximity -similarity -direction -context -closure (tendency to perceive incomplete forms as complete) -continuity -simplicity (people prefer simplest, most stable organizations of forms or overall structure) -figure-ground

vertical stack

-soil stack: human waste -waste stack: stuff other than human waste

Stairs

-step: portion of egress achieving a change in elevation by means of a SINGLE riser -stairway: a change in elevation having 2 OR MORE risers

program document

-title page -intro -executive summary (optional) -goal & objectives of report (optional) -summary of space needs -space adjacency -code requirements -analysis of existing space -budget and schedule requirements -programming concepts -appendices (optional) **for client's approval

cast-in-place concrete (as a whole)

-utilize only MILD steel reinforcing set in the framework before concrete is placed -sometimes with long span structures: post tensioned: steel cables within the concrete are tightened after the concrete sets, creating extra compression forces into the beam or slab (SHOULD NOT be penetrated with holes/conduit)

noise reduction coefficient of materials

-vinyl tile on concrete = .05 -wood strip flooring = .10 -carpet, 1/2" pile on concrete = .50 -gypsum walls = .05 -1" fiberglass wall panel with fabric cover = .80 -plywood paneling = .15 -5/8" suspended acoustical ceiling tile = .60 1" suspended acoustical tile = .90

winding vs. curved stairway

-winding: tapered treads that are wider at one end than the other -curved: SIDES whose SHAPE is a curve (inside smaller arc cannot be less than twice the required width of the stair or it is winding)

Fire rated glazing

-wired: mesh of wire embedded in the middle of the sheet; NOT tempered & doesn't qualify as safety glazing for hazardous locations -tempered, fire protective glass -glass block

Loudness vs. decibels

1 = almost imperceptible 3 = just perceptible (doubling) 5 = CLEARLY NOTICEABLE (3 times as much) 6 = change when distance to source in a free field is doubled/halved 10 = twice/half as loud 18 = very much louder or quieter 20 = 4 times or 1/4 as loud

Fire Rated Doors

1-hr rated exit access corridor or where a smoke & draft assembly is acquired: 20 minutes door rated occupancy separation: 3/4-hr door rated 1 hr rated exit stair enclosure: 1 hr door rated 2 hr rated exit stair enclosure: 1 1/2 hr door rated

Plaster Construction

1. Scratch Coat 2. Brown Coat (level surface) 3. Finish Coat (Leveling & desired texture) *Add Trim

methods to build a sound-resistant partition

1. add mass to the wall (use heavy material for the partition, i.e. masonry or by using more than 1 layer of gypsum wallboard 2. place insulation within the stud cavity 3. resilient channels used as furring strips on 1 side of the partition

2 methods used to measure speech privacy in open offices

1. articulation class: how effective a CEILING is in absorbing sound reaching it from over LOW PARTITIONS (uses 9' high ceiling and 60" high partitions) 2. articulation index: measures the performance of ALL the elements of a particular CONFIGURATION working TOGETHER, including ceiling absorption, space dividers, furniture, light fixtures, partitions, background masking systems, and HVAC sound --all predicts the intelligibility of speech for a group of talkers and listeners --rating between 0 and 1 (1 = no privacy) --confidential speech = below .05 --normal speech: between .05 and .2 --UNACCEPTABLE level of privacy = .30 and ABOVE

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Deficiency Needs Levels

1. basic needs: food, water, minimal body comforts 2. safety needs: protection, avoidance of personal harm 3. belonging and love needs 4. Self Esteem (i.e. achieve, be competent, and gain approval and recognition by others)

extent of direct glare problem depends on what?

1. brightness of the source 2. its position 3. the background illumination 4. the adaptation of the eye to the environment

5 important factors to achieve speech privacy in an open-plan office

1. ceiling must be highly absorptive ("clear sky" condition = sounds not reflected) 2. area must include space dividers that reduce the transmission of sound 3. other surfaces, such as the floor, furniture, windows, and light fixtures, must be designed or arranged to minimize sound reflections 4. if possible, activities should be distanced to take advantage of the normal attenuation of sound with distance 5. area should have a properly designed background masking system

3 performance criteria for foam cushions

1. density 2. indentation load deflection (ILD): firmness 3. support ratio (ratio of force required to compress foam)

process of developing/reviewing a detail is a way of satisfying the requirements of 4 categories, what are they?

1. design intent 2. constraints 3. function 4. constructability (can't do this one until the other 3 are accomplished)

light quality factors

1. direct glare 2. reflected glare 3. contrast 4. uniformity 5. color 6. efficacy (ability to produce a desired/intended result; how well a light source produces visible light)

5 step programming process

1. establishing goals (what does the client want?) 2. collecting & analyzing facts (describe existing conditions and requirements of the problem; i.e. space adjacency, equipment needed, expected growth rate, etc.) 3. uncovering & testing concepts (ABSTRACT ideas that are functional solutions to the client's performance problems, without defining the physical means that could be used to solve them) 4. Determine needs (balance desires of the client against the available budget or establishes a budget based on defined goals & needs) 5. Stating the problem (the bridge between programming and the design process)

flexiblity

1. expandability (accommodate growth) 2. convertability (allow for changes in function) 3. versatility (different activities with multifunctional spaces)

4 major considerations during programming

1. form (relates to existing conditions of the space, the physical & psychological environment of the interior, and the quality of construction) 2. function (relates to people using the space, the activities to be performed there, and the relationship of spaces to eachother) 3. economy (concerns money) 4. time (describes ideas of the past, present, and future as they affect the three other areas)

critical VARIABLES in the control of sound transmission

1. gaps in the barrier must be sealed 2. edges at the floor, ceiling, and intersecting walls must be caulked 3. penetrations of the barrier should be avoided or at least sealed well ---i.e. electrical outlets should not be be placed back to back but staggered; pipes, ducts, etc. should not be rigidly connected to barrier (gaps sealed and caulked) 4. construction with a lower sound transmission class than the barrier itself should be avoided 5. doors should be heavy and sealed with weather stripping with a threshold or automatic door bottom --if glass used, make sure its laminated with resilient framing 6. flanking paths for sound travel, i.e. AC ducts, plenums and hallways should be eliminated or treated appropriately

information gathering

1. interview 2. questionnaires 3. observation 4. field surveys

how to determine square footage (3 ways)

1. multiply area 1 person needs by total number of people in same area OR based on something that is directly related to the occupancy rather than the # of people (i.e. restaurant kitchen is a percentage of the size of the dining space) 2. by the size of an object or equipment 3. defined through a built-in set of rules or customs related to the activity itself

detailing serves to meet 1 of 3 objectives

1. must resolve how to physically connect the various components of a design 2. solves functional problems 3. way to enhance the design intent of the project and contribute to the overall look/style of the project design

2 interviewers always present: why?

1. one person to ask questions and the other to observe and take notes 2. provide a 2nd opinion

3 basic types of adjacency needs

1. people 2. products (movement of objects facilitated) 3. information

planning concepts in regard to noise

1. plan similar use areas next to each other 2. use buffer spaces such as closets and hallways to separate noise-producing spaces whenever possible 3. stagger doorways in halls and other areas to avoid providing a straight line path for noise 4. locate furniture and other potential noise-producing objects away from the wall that is separating spaces 5. minimize area of the common wall between the 2 rooms where a reduction in sound transmission is desired 6. avoid room shapes that reflect or focus sound

sound transmission: 2 basic problems in controlling noise

1. preventing/minimizing the transmission of sound from one space to another 2. reducing the noise within a space

how to control sound control in a room (3 ways)

1. reduce level of loudness of sound space 2. modify absorption in space 3. introduce non-intrusive background sound to mask unwanted sound

selection criteria for furniture

1. satisfy functional needs -comfort -aesthetic -finish -cost

programming document includes:

1. statement of goals & objectives 2. list of client requirements 3. list of spaces & their square footages

2 ways to improve upholstery safety

1. treat with chemicals 2. use liner to provide barrier that slows or inhibits the spread of heat and flame from the fabric to the cushion

sprinkler spacing

15' spacing with a max. distance from the wall being 1/2 the required spacing

Levels of Gypsum Drywall

1: plenums above ceilings & other areas not normally open to view (tape embedded in joint compound w/ surface free of excess compound 2. water resistant backing board (all joints & angles have tape embedded in joint & one separate coat of compound 3. heavy or medium textured finishes/heavy-grade wallcovering ( 2 coats of compound) 4. Light textured or wallcoverings & where economy is concerned (3 layers) 5. all paints, severe lighting conditions (4 layers)

how much space for each chair/person sitting?

24"

STC ratings: what do each number represent?

25 = normal speech can CLEARLY be HEARD through the barrier 30 = LOUD speech can be HEARD and understood fairly well; NORMAL speech can be heard but BARELY understood 35 = LOUD speech NOT INTELLIGIBLE but can be heard 42-45 = loud speech can only be FAINTLY HEARD; normal speech cannot be heard 46-50 = LOUD speech NOT AUDIBLE; loud sounds other than speech can only be heard faintly if at all

how much space O.C. between two chairs next to each other

30"

how much space between chair and wall?

30"

GFCI must be located within how many inches of a water source to be GFCI

36"

double complementary

4 hues used; a pair on either side of 2 complements --one color should be dominant and used at lower levels of chroma

Definition: Hinges

Consist of 2 leaves with an odd number of knuckles on one leaf and an even number of knuckles on the other knuckles are attached with a pin knuckle + pin = barrel (finished with tip)

Demountable Partitions

Consists of a system of individual components that can be quickly assembled, disassembled & reused with nearly total salvageability consists of floor runners, ceiling runners, stud sections with clips to hold panels, & prefinished gyp. wallboard panels uses aluminum for framing

MSDS

DO -contain name & address of manufacturer; identification of substance, including trade name; physical data, fire & explosion data; info on toxicity; health effects, first aid for exposure, reactivity with other substances, storage and disposal, conditions to avoid, spill and lead procedures and protective equipment required, if any DO NOT -describe potential LONG TERM effects of a chemical product and are not available for most of the finish materials used by interior designers (consult EPA)

Butt Hinge

MOST COMMON; has both leaves fully mortised into the frame and the edge of the door so the hinge is flush with the surface of the frame and door

background noise

NOISE CRITERIA CURVES can be used to specify the max. amount of this in order to establish a min. amount of noise desired to help mask sounds, and to evaluate an existing condition

programmatic concept

PERFORMANCE requirement related to methods of solving a problem or satisfying a need --developed ideas about how to view & solve client's PERFORMANCE problems

avora fr

POLYESTER yarn that uses modified polymer so it is PERMANENTLY flame resistant regardless of wear and number of washings --easy to clean, abrasion resistance, crease proof and dimensionally stable --DOES NOT retain odors and support bacteria

Rayon

POOR RESISTANCE to SUNLIGHT & poor resiliency (stretchy), high absorbency, low resistance to water and moisture **FLAMMABLE *seldom used for upholstery

Gypsum Drywall Edges

Tapered: Most common; tapered on face side along the long dimension of the panel & square edges at the end; allows for application of reinforcing tape & joint compound without causing bulges at joints Square: used where appearance is NOT a factor, for basic layers of 2-layer applications & for veneer plaster work

Most resistant to fire when UNTREATED

Wool! (least?: cotton, linen, rayon)

oblique drawings

a 3d view of an object where 1 plane of an object is parallel to the picture plane while a 3rd axis is oblique to the picture plane --shows 1 plane of an object (2 dimensions) in TRUE SHAPE and scale, with the 3rd dimension indicated by lines at a fixed angle to the true plane --advantages: existing ORTHOGRAPHIC floor plan can be used as the starting point without any redrawing; just tilt the plan at any desired angle --3rd dimension is created by projecting vertical lines (and drawn at 1/2-3/4 of the scale of the true plan)

split complementary

a color on 1 side of the color wheel is used with 2 hues that lie on either side of the complementary color

depth perception: interposition

a distant object may appear to be OVERLAPPED and partly HIDDEN by a closer object

clearance

a gap or space designed to allow for the construction or installation of a material, construction element, or piece of equipment --details must provide enough clearance to make construction possible

behavior settings

a particular place with definable boundaries and objects in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time --useful concept for studying effects of the environment on human activity --behavior meeting (i.e. weekly meeting in conference room), useful for interior designers because it connects the strictly behavioral aspects of human activity with the effects of the physical environment on people

point

a position with no dimension --perceived when a 2d perceived object appears relatively small in relation to the plane against which it is seen --2 points create both a distance between them and an implied direction between the points as well as an implied direction between the points perpendicular to the imaginary line connecting them

proportion: Fibonacci series

a sequence of numbers beginning with 0 and 1, where each successive number in the series is the sum of the previous 2 --when any number is divided by the previous term, the quotient approximates the golden ratio; as the numbers get larger, the quotient gets closer to the value of the golden ratio

proportion: Golden Ratio

a single line is divided into 2 unequal segments such that the ratio of the smaller part is to the larger part as the larger part is to the whole -designated by greek letter, phi or approximately 1.61

wyzenbeek ABRASION resistance test

abrasion resistance of WOVEN textile fabrics

taber ABRASER test

abrasion resistance of textiles, mostly carpet

criteria for selection: durability

abrasion resistance, attachment, blocking resistance (material to resist adhesion or sticking between two surfaces), breaking strength, chemical resistance, coating adhesion (i.e thin coating like paint or wallcovering), cold-cracking resistance, colorfastness, corrosion resistance, crocking resistance (transfer of color), fabrication quality, heat-aging resistance, lightfastness, scrubbability, shrinkage, stain resistance, strength/structure, tear resistance/strength, washability

veneer cutting: rift slicing

accomplished by quartering a log and cutting at a 15 degree angle to the growth rings --like quarter slicing, it results in a straight-grain pattern and is commonly used with oak to eliminate the appearance of marking perpendicular to the direction of the grain

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

according to theory, humans have a variety of needs, which Maslow divided into 2 groups: 1. deficiency needs & 2. growth needs --the most basic needs must be met first before the person can move to the next highest level of needs satisfaction --meeting needs and moving to the next level proves motivation for behavior

criteria for selection: function

acoustics = most important criteria aesthetics availability choice installation method

field survey

acquiring thorough understanding and documentation of space in which a project willbe located; can be field measured & photographed & special onside conditions can be noted **part of the interior designer's due diligence site investigation

mixing box

adjusts the quantity or temperature of air going into a space from the main air supply line(s), reduces the velocity of air, and attenuate noise; 2 PRIMARY DUCTS leading to it because of size and connection with ductwork & thermostats, mixing boxes are often EXPENSIVE and difficult to move

waterfall front edge

aids thigh circulation, reduces leg fatigue **also pneumatic height adjustment and feet comfortably on floor

axial plan arrangement

aligns space on a significant feature --significant feature may be entry to spaces, a view, or important architectural element or a formal grouping of spaces --space is significant symbolically or functionally and direction of axis focuses attention not on space but usually on something at least 1 or both ends of axis

center hung pivot

allow door to swing in either direction & is completely concealed pivots CANNOT be used with a door stop (instead use a flexible strip of wool pile or synthetic stripping can be rabbeted into the edge of the door) on the same side of the door with both jambs because it makes it difficult to seal the door against sound or light transmission on the hinge and strike sides

scribe piece

allows cabinet installers to fit cabinet/countertop edge precisely against a wall that may not be perfectly straight

flexible connection

allows for movement; i.e. an expansion joint

symmetrical balance

also called bilateral, bisymmetrical, or axial

behavior settings: status

an individuals location or position within the environment can also communicate status --i.e. someone with a corner office

Forest Stewardship Council

an international organization that oversees the development of national and regional standards based on basic forest management principles and criteria

line

an object or form whose actual or visual length greatly exceeds any actual width or depth it may have --horizontal lines: generally perceived as restful, stable, and related to the plane of the earth; tend to make SPACE appear LOWER --vertical lines: usually connote strength, equilibrium, permanence, and a strong upward movement; MAKE SPACE appear higher than it is --diagonal lines: dynamic & often represent movement, either upward or downward depending on the slope of the line --curved lines: relate more to the natural world and the human body; graceful and suggest movement; can either be geometric, like circles, arcs, and ellipses or free form

sweets catalog

annual publication; multivolume catalog of catalogs organized according to CSI's masterformat numbering system (top directory for building materials, products & manufacturer's nation wide)

low voltage lamps

another type of incandescent that operate at a lower voltage, usually 12V --operate at higher current, so their filaments have to be thicker to carry the added current --more compact because filaments are thicker, resulting in smaller lamps and lamps with better beam control --**often used where small luminaires are required or where a narrow beam spread is needed --more energy efficient than regular incandescents when lighting small objects or larger objects at a distance because of the narrow beam spread DISADVANTAGE: transformer required to step down voltage = bulkier and higher initial cost

effect of color: color placed against a dark background

appear lighter than it is, while a color against a lighter background will appear darker than it actually is --background color will absorb the same color in a second, noncomplementary color placed over it (i.e. orange on red background will appear more yellow)

effect of color: neutral gray

appear warm when placed on a blue background and cool when placed on a red background

seaming: railroading

application of fabric to furniture so that there are no intermediate seam details

modify absorption of space

approach most useful when the problem room has a large percentage of hard, reflective surfaces

process of developing a detail: design intent

approach the designer and owner decide to take to satisfy the program requirements and specific needs arising from the requirements --also includes overall appearance the owner and interior designer are striving for --basic starting point for developing and reviewing a detail --aspects: 1. should contribute to overall design concept and 2. resolve problems of connection or transition

daylighting depth

approximately 2 1/2 times the height of the head of the window

critical zone for direct glare

area above 45 degrees from the light source

usable area

area available for assignment to a tenant, including the actual net area (where activities are taking place) and the secondary circulation space

grid plan arrangement

arranges a space on a pre-defined, regular pattern of points or intersecting parallel lines --useful way to orgaize many different types & sizes of spaces while maintaining an overall regularity and pattern

linear plan arrangement

arranges spaces in a row, either connected to each other directly or related to a linear element, such as a corridor --typically used for practical reasons as an efficient way to connect many different types & sizes of spaces with a circulation corridor and to provide access to exits

closers

automatically return a door to its closed position after it is opened control the DISTANCE a door can be OPENED & thereby protect the door and the surrounding construction from damage

form

basic shape and configuration of an object of space --often way we first distinguish 1 thing as being different from another --people describe forms w/ words such as cylindrical, flat, square, or linear

depth perception: atmospheric perspective

because there are small particles in the air, the more distant objects appear to be hazy and may even change color

glulams

built up from a number of individual pieces of lumber, which are glued together and finished under factory conditions for use as beams, columns, purlins, and other structural components used where large wood members are required for heavy loads or large spans and simple sawn timber pieces are not available or cannot meet strength requirements

attached to cushion: tufting

button is pulled lightly against a cushion resulting in a DEEPLY FOLDED surface

intumescent gasketing

cannot be used alone; expands upon exposure to heat and forms a tight, fire-resistant seal against the passage of smoke, gases, and heat

snagging

catching and pulling a yarn out of fabric surface

Intrusion Detection: photoelectric cells

cells detect when the beam has been broken, either by a door opening or by someone passing through an opening

CAL TB117 (NFPA 260)

cigarette ignition of furniture components (fabrics & fillings)

CAL TB116 (NFPA 261)

cigarette ignition of furniture composites (seat cushion)

criteria for selection: maintainability

cleanability, repairability, resilience, sustainability, self-healing quality (i.e. corkboard)

subtractive colors

color of an object is conveyed by the color of the light the object absorbs and the amount of light reflects to the eye --colors created with pigments --when all the colors of a pigment are present in equal amounts, the viewer perceives no color or black

Additive colors

colors created with light --when all colors of light are present in equal amounts, we perceive white light

LEED rating systems

commercial interiors (CI), new construction, existing building, core & shell, homes, schools, healthcare & retail

concrete joist system

comprised of concrete members space 24"-36" apart, running in 1 direction, which frame into larger beams -more difficult to drill holes for small pipes & conduit

speech

condition in which talking may be HEARD as a general BACKGROUND sound but NOT easily UNDERSTOOD

veneer matching method: matching between adjacent veneer leaves: SLIP MATCHING

consecutive pieces are placed side by side and the same face sides are exposed

organization concept: grid

consists of 2 sets of spaced elements --may be regularly spaced and perpendicular to eachother, or irregularly spaces and at angles to each other --because this organization concept is usually defined by circulation paths, it is more appropriate for very large spaces or in buildings where a great deal of circulation is required

space relationships: overlapping spaces

consists of 2 spaces whose unique limits can be perceived but that share a common space --overlapping portion can be used for a function common to both spaces, can serve to visually tie the 2 spaces together or can purposely create a unique 3rd space by implication --creates unique tension

compact fluorescent

consists of T4 and T5 tube bent into a U shape with the pins on one end of the lamp (10,000 lamp life)

organization concept: linear

consists of a series of spaces or rooms in a single line --spaces can be identical or of different sizes and shapes but always relate to a unifying line, usually path of circulation

blinds: venetian

consists of horizontal slats of wood, aluminum, or plastic whose angle can be adjusted with a control cord --also pulled up to varying levels with another cord

jalousie window

consists of individual horizontal pieces of glass, about 3-4" wide that all pivot outward at once for ventilation --when closed, the lower edge of each piece of glass overlaps the piece below it to prevent water from entering --impossible to get a good seal on the joints between the windows and the single panes of glass, therefore; seldom used

fluorescent

contains a mixture of inert gas and low pressure mercury vapor --has a ballast, or a device that supplies the proper starting and operating voltages to the lamp as well as limiting the current --wide range of color 6500k-2800k, high efficacy, relatively low initial cost & long life and available in a variety of color temperatures --dimmable, but more difficult control precisely --T8 and T5 more popular becuase of higher efficacy and better color rendition

thoracic support

contoured backrest adjusts up & down, forward & backward, remains in constant contact with user's back regardless of tilt angle

air system to heat/cool building

cool/heat spaces by conditioned air alone -heat is transported to space with supply and return air ducts -i.e. residential forced hot air furnace: boiler powered by oil or gas heats the air that is distributed through the house

behavior settings: proxemics

created by anthropologist Edward T. Hall to describe the interrelated observations and theories about how people use space as specialized elaboration of culture --deals with issues of SPACING between people, territoriality, organization of space and positioning of people in space, all relative to the CULTURE in which they are a part of --study of PERSONAL space needs & the application of that knowledge to actual space planning

space relationships: space within another space

created when a clearly identifiable space/room is placed as an object within a larger open space --i.e. figure/ground relationship

carriage vs. stringer

cut out of 2"x12" members to SUPPORT treads and risers/ holds treads and risers together VS members run along sides of stairs

Munsell Color System

defines color more accurately than the color wheel and uses 3 scales in 3d to specify the values of hue, value, and chroma (intensity) --value represented by scale at the hub of the circle --chroma is represented on a scale extending outward toward the value axis

noise reduction

dependent not only on transmission loss but also on the area of the partition separating the two spaces and the absorption of the surfaces in the quiet roon (the one producing the noise) --can be INCREASED by increasing the transmission loss of the partition, by increasing the absorption in the "quiet" room, by decreasing the area of the common wall between the rooms, or by some combo of all three

Control of sound transmission

dependent primarily on the barrier's mass and to a LESSER extent on the barrier's stiffness --walls and floors are generally rated with their sound transmission class value

asymmetrical balance

depends on equalizing the visual or optical weights of NONsimilar elements in a composition within a visual field or about a common axis --considered informal & dynamic --composed and arranged by the "eye"

Evidence Based Design

design decisions based on credible research that links one or more ENVIRONMENTAL elements with a desired outcome -i.e. patients in hospitals with physical access to nature --may take the form of literature searches, observations of existing facilities, interviews & questionnaires with users and facility managers and post occupancy evaluations

design theory based on:

designer's personal world view, historic precedent, environmental design research, functional needs, how humans perceive the environment, and a particular process of design

area or room protection: pressure sensors

detect weight on a floor or on another surface (sensor mats used)

object protection: capacitance proximity detectors

detect when metal objects are touched

bacterial resistance test

detects bacteriostatic activity

object protection: infrared motion detectors

determine if space around an object is violated

martindale ABRASION test

determines abrasion resistance of textile fabrics

fade-ometer test

determines colorfastness under light exposure of textile material

Finish carpentry grade

determines the type & number of allowable defects -B & better: excellent for natural finishes/paint (supply limited) -C select: slightly more defects & usually best grade to specify for painting & some natural finishes vertical grain: tends to warp less, more abrasion resistant, stain more uniformly, cut so annual growth rings are PERPENDICULAR to face of board

fire damper

device placed in a duct that is designed to automatically close when subjected to a certain increase in temperature or with the detection of smoke (also used in partitions and other fire rated separations to allow fire-rated openings for ductwork)

door coordinator

device that coordinates the closing sequence of the two doors so that they close completely, rather than having the leaf with the astagral close first and prevent the other leaf from closing

definition: latches & locksets

device to operate a door, hold in position & lock it

depth perception: binocular disparity

difference in what each eye sees (most prevalent under distances about 10')

door and drawer front construction: reveal overlay

edges of adjacent drawer/door fronts are separated enough to reveal face frame behind --width of reveal can be whatever the designer/manufacturer wants, subject to width of face frame --construction often LESS EXPENSIVE than flush overlay because minor misalignments and sagging are NOT as NOTICEABLE

HID: mercury-vapor

electric arc passed through high-pressure mercury vapor --for improved color rendition, various phosphors can be applied to the inside of the lamp to produce more light in the yellow & red bands (usually primarily shows light in the blue-green band) --*long lamp life but POOR COLOR RENDERING ***generally limited to outdoor lighting and industrial applications such as warehouses

area or room protection: microwave detectors

emit a field of microwave radiation and sense interruption in that field

area or room protection: ultrasonic detectors

emit a very high frequency sound wave

behavior settings: group interaction

environment can either facilitate or hinder human interaction --in most behavior settings, groups are predisposed to act in a particular way

solid stock lumber cutting: rift sawing

even more consistent vertical grain because saw cuts are always made radially to center of tree --because log must be shifted after each cut and because there is much waste, not all types of lumber cutting are available in all species

design development phase

exact dimensions of floor plan set, specific products and materials have been selected, furniture selection is finalized, and for more products, exact colors and finishes have to be determined

conductors

extend from circuit breaker boxes & individual switching, lights, and outlets

door and drawer front construction: flush

face of drawer/door is installed with the face frame --EXTRA CARE & EXPENSE required to fit and align the doors/drawers within the frame

BX or flex

flexible metal-clad cable or armored cable (AC) -consists of 2 or more plastic-insulated conductors encased in a continuous SPIRAL-wound strip of STEEL tape -often used in remodeling work because it can be pulled through existing spaces within a building -also used to connect commercial light fixtures so they can be RELOCATED in a suspended acoustical ceiling

flat plate concrete construction

floor slab designed and reinforced to transfer loads directly to columns, which generally do not exceed 25' -commonly used in situations where floor-to-floor height must be kept to a min. -because of the closely spaced reinforcing required, often DIFFICULT but NOT impossible to drill these types for electrical service or small pipes

environmental design research

focuses on theories of interaction between humans and their environment --attempts to develop an approach to RATIONAL design based on SCIENTIFIC research ..rather.. than just anecdotal evidence or personal philosophies --problem?: the complexity of interaction between humans and buildings ----to be "scientifically" valid, most research only studies one variable at a time, so the effect of changing that variable can be measured without the influence from other variables

5 prong base

for extra stability & balance

depth perception: relative closeness of object to the horizon line

for objects below the horizon line (or on the ground), the closer objects are to the horizon line, the further away they are --for objects above the horizon line (i.e. the sky), the same holds true, but the more distant objects are lower in the visual field than the close objects

Floor Score

for resilient flooring

dynamic loads

force only applied suddenly (impact load) load applied suddenly OR changes RAPIDLY (i.e. automobile moving in a parking garage, elevator traveling in a shaft, helicopter landing on the roof of a building

mockups

full size representations of a portion of a design --can be made of small elements, sch as furniture or entire rooms --good way to communicate to client how something will look that has not yet been build --can be constructed in a wide variety of ways; i.e. corrugated cardboard) --more refined models may be made of sturdier materials if it must be transported, used for a long time, or used for rigorous testing or even built as the actual construction

behavior settings: territoriality

fundamental aspect of human behavior and refers to people's need to lay CLAIM to spaces they OCCUPY and the things they own --more related to the need of self-identity and freedom of choice ... than... for protection

pilling

fuzzing fibers roll into small balls

process of developing a detail: constraints

given conditions within which a detail must perform and over which the designer has little or no control --i.e. code requirements, substrates, costs, labor costs, industry standards, material availability, climate, labor & construction practices

framing glass

glass set in small channel or angle frames at the top and bottom and simply butt-joined on sides

polyester

good resilience and elasticity (i.e. workout shirt) --high resistance to solvents and other chemicals --good resistance to sunlight **BURNING QUALITIES (can be treated) --absorbs and holds oily materials

home run

graphic indication (using an arrowhead and number of the circuits) that the line of the drawing connecting lights or outlets is connected to a particular panel box

Green Building Initiative/Green Globes

green building guidance and assessment program that promote environmentally sustainable practices

blinds: vertical

hang from track and adjust only in the vertical direction --can be pulled to side to expose window --available in several materials (primarily plastic), widths, and colors

Harmony & Unity

harmony: agreement of the parts to each other and to the whole --**often one of the most difficult design principles to apply because there are no fixed rules and because it includes the opposing concepts of unity/variety and rhythm/emphasis --results in a composition in which all the pieces seem to belong together and work to reinforce the overall design theme --way in which the wide variety of forms, shapes, textures, and patterns found in any interior is BALANCED into a UNIFIED, satisfying composition --**most often achieved by relating a number of different elements through a common characteristic (can be achieved by grouping elements close together, by relating them to a common architectural element, or by organizing them around a shared design feature)

organization concept: axial

has 2 or more major linear segments or axes, about which spaces or rooms are placed --may be additional, secondary paths growing out of primary axes and primary axes may be at right angles to each other or at some other angle --usually has a featured termination at 1 or more ends of axes or axes are major design element in themselves

swing clear hinges

has a special shape that allows the door to swing 90 degrees or 95 degrees so the full opening of the doorway is available

veneer matching method: matching veneers within a panel: BOOKMATCHED CENTER MATCH

has an even number of veneer leaves of uniform widths so that there is a veneer JOINT in the CENTER of the panel

departmental workflow

hierarchical, typically 1 group controlled work divided into separate departments --work in irregularly shaped building or spread among several floors

GU-24 lamp (fluorescent)

high efficacy compact fluorescent with a 2-PIN BASE, making it impossible to use any other type of lamp in a GU-24 luminaire --**most common type of energy efficient lamp --available in a spiral CFL shape or spiral squat version and for use in 120V or 277V circuits --CRI of 80 or higher; variety of color temps, good efficacy and lamp life --socket and base system designed to replace standard edison screw base

blinds: mini

horizontal slats of aluminum like venetian but are only 1/2"-1" wide --angle of slats controlled with a plastic rod --can be pulled up to expose entire window area

lintel

horizontal structural member over an opening that CARRIES THE WEIGHT of the wall above

rigid, but adjustable connection

i.e. a ledger screwed to a wall

behavior settings: personalization

i.e. people decorating home; at office, people bringing in personal items; at airport, people placing coats and suitcases around them OR modify the environment; i.e. if space is not conducive to the needs of the people using it, users can either modify their behavior to adapt to the environment, change their relationship to the environment (aka leave) or try to change their surrounding

rigid connection

i.e. plaster fixed to lath; if one material moves, both move

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Growth Needs

i.e. self-actualization (developing to one's fullest potential as a human being, feeling appreciation of life & demonstrating the ability to peak experiences) also: cognitive need to know & understand and aesthetic need for order and beauty

stack VENT

if a vent connects to a soil or waste stack above the highest fixture in the system, this is the portion of the stack above the point

header

in wood construction: vertical members that act as a beam to carry loads FRAMING member that crosses & supports the end of joists, transferring the weight of the joist to parallel joists

tungsten halogen

incandescent light, but with a small amount of halon --longer lamp life, low lumen depreciation over life of lamp, great efficacy, more compact, and more uniform light color --made from quartz and much smaller than regular incandescent lamps DISADVANTAGES: because they operate at high temperatures and pressures, failures result in an explosive shattering of the lamp (because of this, they are enclosed in another bulb and covered with a piece of glass or screen)

process of developing a detail: function

includes requirements the detail must meet based on the basic purpose of the detail --i.e. concealment and finish, human fit, safety, security, durability and maintainability, acoustics, resistance to moisture and weathering (1 of the most TROUBLESOME areas), sustainability

process of developing a detail: constructability

includes the requirements produced by the detail itself, regardless of the design intent or functional needs --i.e. connection, structure, movement, clearance, construction trade sequence, designer liability

Olefin

inexpensive and highly resistant to chemicals, mildew, and microorganisms --highly resilient and nonabsorbant --used for CARPETING **FLAMMABLE

cotton

inexpensive, strong, abrasion resistance BAD resilience & recovery, DEGRADES under prolonged exposure, BURNS readily, subject to MILDEW

site analysis

investigation and evaluation of conditions within which the project will be completed --**form of DUE DILIGENCE in that the designer can only competently design the interior space after knowing the context of the project --includes: reviewing architectural plans, walking through the space, measuring the space, photographing the space, determining views from the space, understanding both the neighborhood & social context of the project, documenting the space with drawings including locating structures, utilities, built-ins, and other relevant construction elements, making an inventory of existing furniture and equipment, analyzing codes & regulations, determining sustainability requirements and goals, & verifying capacities of HVAC & electrical systems to handle new occupancies

fire extinguisher type A

involve ordinary combustibles of paper, wood, and clothe; contains water/water based agents

electronic shielding

involves building a "cage" of continuously conductive material that catches signals and conducts them to the ground

fire extinguisher type C

involves electrical equipment and corresponding extinguisher contains nonconductive agents

fire extinguisher type B

involves flammable liquids, i.e. gasoline solvents & paints; contains smothering types of chemicals, foam, and halogenated agents

access control devices: punched card access system

key code changed each time a new person checks into a hotel room, etc.

1 of the most important aspects of designing a computer work station is what?

keyboard height --should be from 26-28.5" high and adjustable *reducing glare also important but usually accommodated in design of lighting or layout & orientation of workstation

veneer matching method: matching panels within a room: WAREHOUSE MATCH

least expensive; PREMANUFACTURED panels, normaly 4x8-10' are assembled from a single flitch that yields 6-12 panels --FIELD CUT to fit around doors, windows, and other obstructions, resulting in SOME loss of grain continuity --EQUAL panel widths

plywood web joists

lightweight I-shaped joist consisting of a top & bottom chord of solid/laminated construction separated by a plywood web -used in residential and light commercial construction & allows longer spans than are possible with a solid wood joist system

area or room protection: audio detectors

listen to unusual sounds in a space at levels above what is normally encountered

veneer cutting: rotary slicing

log is mounted on a lathe and is turned against a knife, which peels off a continuous layer of veneer --produces a very pronounced grain pattern that is often undesirable in fine-quality wood finishes, although it does produce the most veneer with the least waste

Acetate

low in cost, but *FLAMMABLE* and doesn't wear well --poor sunlight resistance (shiny) *triacetate: improved aging, flammability and resistance to sunlight

Advantages of Gypsum Drywall

low install cost, quick & easy installation, fire resistance, sound control capability, easy availability, versatility, ease of finishing & decorating, ease of installation of doors/other openings

Multifaceted Reflector (MR-16)

low voltage, multifaceted mirror reflector --several angles of beam spread available ***have the NARROWEST beam spread of 4 types

solid stock lumber cutting: plain sawing

makes the most EFFICIENT use of the log and is the least expensive --cut w/ various orientations to gain so finished surface shows characteristic of a cathedral pattern

efficiency factor

mathematical ration between one area and another --ratio of the net area + the usable area (net divided by usable) --60-80%

human factors: anthropometrics

measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion of the human body --established for various population groups & ages, as well as by sex, and include percentile distributions showing what percentage of the population falls within the various measurement limits

tearing strength test, tongue method

measures tearing resistance of fabrics after initial cut has been made to fabric

Collaborative for High Performance Schools

national organization that publishes several best practice manuals, holds training seminars, and maintains a list of low-emitting materials meeting the criteria of California's Section 01350, governing indoor air quality in buildings

most resistant cushioning material to cigarette ignition and small flame

neoprene & combustion-modified polyurethane --*when flammability resistance is a high priority, polyester batting is a great choice

open plan arrangement

no space defining partitions within the existing limits of the building --only furniture and accessories --cannot be used by itself because there are usually spaces that must be enclosed for security, privacy, light control, acoustical separation, etc. --typically used where a display of hierarchy through separate spaces is not wanted, where function requires a free-flow of people, materials, or ideas, or where individual functional areas change frequently

Greenguard

non-profit, industry independent organization that oversees a certification program that tests indoor products for emissions to ensure they meet acceptable IAQ pollutant standards --types of products: building materials, furnishings, furniture, cleaning and maintenance supplies, electronic equipment, and personal care products

foam construction

not too soft; firm enough to cushion and support body

reflected glare

occurs when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye

evaporation

occurs when moisture changes to vapor as a person perspires or breathes

color

one of the most DOMINANT perceptions of the physical world and 1 of the most POWERFUL tools for interior design

loadbearing wall

only pierce for doors/openings if top of opening is framed with adequately engineered LINTEL/beam

shades: austrian shades

operate in a way similar to roman but are made of several rows of fabric seamed in such a way that they fold into scallops when opened

Brewster color wheel (prang)

organizes color pigments into 3 primary colors of red, blue, and yellow & primary colors are mixed in equal amounts, producing secondary colors -primary and secondary colors then mix to create tertiary colors

clustered plan arrangement

organizes spaces based on proximity to each other --spaces usually similar in function, size, or shape

circulation patterns: radial layout

oriented on 1 major space with paths extending from a central area --generally used when there is a major space that serves as a focal point for secondary spaces, such as a hotel lobby

veneer matching method: matching panels within a room: BLUEPRINT MATCHING

panels are manufactured PRECISELY to fit the room and LINE UP with every obstruction so grain continuity is not interrupted --veneers from the same flitch are matched over doors, cabinets, and other items covered with paneling

depth perception: linear perspective

parallel lines will appear to recede toward a single point in the distance

Masterformat (by Construction Spec Institute)

part 1: general requirements, submittals required, quality assurance requirements, warranties, project conditions, specs for delivery, storage, and handling of materials part 2: detailed specs of materials and products themselves, what standards or test methods material must conform to, how items are fabricated part 3: how products or materials are to be installed, applied, etc.; describes examination and preparation required before installation; how quality control should be maintained in the field; requirements for adjusting, cleaning, and protection of finished work

door and drawer front construction: lipped overlay

part of drawer/door overlaps frame and covers joint between 2 pieces

perceptual: color constancy

people perceive the color of an object the same regardless of the lighting conditions under which the object is viewed

perceptual: lightness constancy

people perceive the lightness or darkness of the illumination of the space in which the object is viewed

perceptual: size constancy

people tend to perceive an object as having the same size regardless of the changes in viewing distance to the object --why? people's memories of how large certain objects are and take into account their distance from the object

relative humidity

percentage of moisture in the air compared with the max. amount of moisture the air can hold at a given temperature without condensing

functionalism

places emphasis on providing SIMPLE, rational solutions to design problems ..without.. EXTRANEOUS decoration --i.e. modernism

veneer matching method: matching between adjacent veneer leaves: RANDOM

places veneers sliced off log in random sequence and veneers from different flitches may be used

veneer cutting

plain slicing, quarter slicing, rotary slicing, half round slicing, rift slicing

access control devices: card readers

plastic card containing a coded magnetic strip used to unlock the door when a valid card is passed through the card reader

Slip Joint

prevent wall from being damaged if the structural floor deflects

definition of programming

process during which information about a problem is collected, analyzed, and clearly stated to provide a BASIS for design --DEFINES problem before a solution is attempted --problem ANALYSIS ***--includes: stating the client's goals & objectives, analyzing the existing building, aesthetic considerations, space needs, adjacency requirements, organizing concepts, code review, budget requirements, and schedule requirements

design concept

process of gathering information and developing a program that provides the factual and objective basis for a design project, and also establishing space needs, the budget, building code requirements, the client's desires, etc. --specific PHYSICAL response that attempts to achieve a programmatic concept

building commissioning

process of inspecting, testing, starting up, and adjusting a building system and then verifying and documenting that they are operating as intended to meet design criteria of contract documents --done by others not involved in the project

HID: high pressure sodium (HPS)

produce light by passing an electric arc through hot sodium vapor --arc tube must be made with a special ceramic material to resist attack by a hot sodium --***among the most EFFICIENT lamps available --extremely long life, improved color (up to 70CRI)

solid stock lumber cutting: quarter sawing

produced by cutting the log into quarters and then sawing perpendicular to a diameter line --because saw cut is nearly perpendicular to grain, the resulting grain pattern is more uniformly vertical --tends to twist and cup less, shrink less in width, hold paint better and have fewer defects than plain saw

reverberation

prolongation of sound as it repeatedly bounces off hard surfaces -affects the intelligibility of speech and quality of music -recommends .3-.6 sec for offices and small rooms, while 1.5-1.8 seconds for auditoriums --*can be controlled by modifying the amount of absorptive or reflective finishes in a space

circulation patterns: doughnut

provides a double loaded corridor and automatically makes a continuous exit, so that if 2 exits are required by building codes, they are always available --entries, doorways, and exits can be located anywhere along the path --pattern only appropriate for larger groups of spaces because the ratio of circulation area to usable area should be kept as low as possible

shades: roman shades

pull up with cord into accordion folds

speech range absorption (SRA)

rating more closely represents frequencies of speech and may be BETTER rating to use in evaluating and selecting CEILING tiles SPECIFICALLY

pre-assembled

rectangular box that fits within a notch cut in the edge of the door; easier to install than mortise; door knob OR lever can be used

3 primary colors of LIGHT

red, green, and blue

veiling reflection

reflected glare interferes with the viewing task --caused by a complex interaction of a light source and brightness, position of the task, reflectivity of the task, and position of the eye --to correct: move either the task or light source so as to change the relationship OR provide general background illumination AND specific task lighting that can be moved easily

perceptual constancy

regardless of constant changes, light changes, or other factors, a person perceives an object or a space as essentially the same regardless of the exact image on the retina of the eye

VAV, high-velocity dual duct, constant volume with reheat, and multizone system

registers connected to the supply air duct can be adjusted to control the direction of the air flow and the volume of air coming through them -a lot of times, separate ducts are NOT used for return air, but grilles are simply placed in the suspended ceiling to collect return air -mechanical system draws the return air back to a central collecting point where it is then returned through ducts to the buildings heating plant VAV: box varies the quantity of air (one duct leads in and SEVERAL lead out and are attached to registers mounted to the ceiling) dual duct: mixing box actually mixes cool & hot air coming into it from 2 separate ducts and distributes the mixed air to ducts serving individual rooms/space

proportion

relationship of parts of a composition to EACH OTHER and to the whole --*even though human scale IS IMPORTANT for interior design, decisions are often made based on the scale relationships between 2 or more NONHUMAN objects --decisions usually made by "eye"

scale

relative size of something as related to another element of KNOWN size

reflectorless electronic distance measurement

relies on a return signal bounced from the object being measured --accuracy affected by the obliqueness of the laser beam on the targeted point, the distance from the instrument to the targeted point, and the reflective quality and texture of the targeted point

rentable-usable ratio

rentable area/usable area --multiplier is calculated by the building owner based on measurements of the building and allocates public corridors, elevator lobbies, and toilet rooms to each tenant portion to the amount of space the tenants are leasing

locking mechanism: electric strike

replace standard door strike and consists of a moveable mechanism that is mortised into the frame --upon activation, electric strike retracts allowing the door to be open --replaces fixed strike faceplate and it allows the door to close and latch just like a fixed plate would

what do stc rating represent?

represent ideal loss through a barrier under lab conditions --breaks in barriers, such as cracks, electrical outlets, doors, etc. will significantly lessen overall noise reduction

Studs are spaced how far apart?

residential: 16" O.C. commercial: 24" O.C.

wood construction stud spacing

residential: 16" OC commercial: 24" OC

crocking resistance test

resistance of a colored textile to transfer its color from its surface to another by rubbing

flame detector

responds to infrared or ultraviolet radiation given off by flames --do not give an early warning of smoldering fires

ionization detector

responds to products of combustion-ionized particles rather than smoke --not appropriate where fires may produce a lot of smoke but FEW PARTICLES --considered early warning detectors

photoelectric detectors

responds to smoke, which obscures a light beam in the device --useful where potential fires may produce a great deal of smoke before bursting into flames

space relationships: spaces sharing a common space

retain their unique identity and are linked with a 3rd space that has its own identity **most common variation of concept is corridor being used as the common space

locking mechanism: electrical lock

retracts the bolt when activated from the SECURE side of the door --unlatching from the inside is done by a button/switch/mechanical retraction of the bolt with the lever handle (i.e. AGD doors)

blinds: louvered shutters

rigid panels, usually of wood, that are hinged so they can be opened or closed --individual panels have thin, adjustable, horizontal louvers to control view and light

study/working models

rough models used by the designer as an aid to understanding the 3d aspects of space and constructed in a variety of ways, depending on the needs of the designer and the time & budget available --may be constructed of inexpensive chipboard, foam-core board, illustration board, etc. --usually 1/4" or 1/2" scale

standpipes

run the height of a building and provide water outlets at each floor to which firefighting hoses can be connected

cricket

saddle-shaped projection on a sloping roof used to divert water around an obstacle

lumbar support

seat's contoured sides support pelvic rotation as the user moves backward and forward, regardless of tilt angle of the seat

attached to cushion: channeling

secure fabric to cushion in PARALLEL ROWS

access control devices: interlocking dead bolts

secure the door bolt to the strike so that the door jamb cannot be spread to disengage the bolt from the frame

Attached to cushion: buttoning

secures fabric to cushion with a lightly tensioned button and thread

object protection: vibration detectors

sense a disturbance of the object

area or room protection: infrared detectors

sense sources of infrared radiation, such as the human body, compared with the normal room radiation

rise-of-temperature detectors

sense the presence of heat and can be set to trip an alarm when a particular temperature is rated in a room --disadvantage: flames must usually be present before the alarm is reached

Intrusion Detection: glass break detector

sense when a window has broken or been cut; either by using metallic foil or with a small vibration detector mounted on the glass

flat slab concrete construction

similar to FLAT PLATE, except drop panels (increased slab thickness around the columns) are used to increase strength --because of the closely spaced reinforcing required, often DIFFICULT but NOT impossible to drill these types for electrical service or small pipes

HID: Metal Halide

similar to mercury except halides of METALS are added to arc tube --increase efficacy and improves color rendition but DECREASES lamp life --***provide best combo of features of HID lamps (color rendering indexes between 60 and 90), high efficacy, and relatively long lamp life) DISADVANTAGE: experience a large shift in color temperature over their life

orthophotography

similar to rectified, except that is relies on DIGITAL photography and correction of optical distortion through computer software -technology of correcting aerial photographs so that displayed distances are uniform and can be measured like MAP (flat)

veneer matching method: matching veneers within a panel: BOOKMATCHED RUNNING MATCH

simply alternates bookmatched veneer pieces (all the veneer leaves), regardless of their width or how many pieces must be used to complete the panel --any portion left over from the last leaf of one panel is used as the starting piece for the next

ceiling attentuation class (CAC)

single number measure of the transmission loss through CEILING TILES between 2 closed rooms where there is NO wall or other barrier ABOVE the suspended ceiling --most acoustical ceiling tiles have ratings between 30-35db (improved by using composite tiles with gypsum wallboard backing)

impact insulation class (IIC)

single number rating of a floor/ceiling's impact sound performance --value can be increased MOST EASILY by adding carpet -----also improved by providing a resiliently suspended ceiling below, floating a finished floor on resilient pads over the structural floor, or providing sound-absorbing material (insulation) in the air space between the floor and the finished ceiling above

noise reduction coefficient (NRC)

single number rating of the average sound absorption of a material over a limited frequency range --range from 0 to 1.0, where acoustical ceiling tiles are usually a .65-.90 *.85 or higher is recommended in open-plan offices (for ceiling tiles)

preliminary sustainability decisions during site analysis & programming

site selection or selection of building in which tenant or interior design project will be located, stormwater management plan implemented already, shade provided and/or use of light-colored/high-albedo materials and/or uses open-grid pavement, has a minimum of 50% of its parking spaces underground or covered, where roofing has high solar reflectance index or a green roof of both, whose exterior lighting does not create light pollution, uses high-efficiency irrigation, does not have a permanent landscaping irrigation system, that reduces the use of municipally provided potable water, supplies at least 5% of its total energy use through on-site, renewable energy, is in an established, walkable community, close to a residential zone and to pedestrian access to 10 basic services, close to a commuter place, provides secure bike storage, changing & shower facilities; parking at min. (encourage car pools, etc.)

field surveying should determine the following:

size & configuration of existing building/space, existing nonloadbearing partitions, cabinetry & built-in items, location & size of doors & windows, type & height of ceiling, location of electrical & telephone outlets that will be retained in new space, location & size of heating diffusers, radiators, etc., location of plumbing fixtures & plumbing PIPES, location & type of artificial lights, conditions and CAPACITY of electrical, plumbing, heating, & other mechanical systems in older buildings, general conditions of construction elements, location of true north & notes on quality & amount of natural light, views from windows, potential noise problems, special architectural features, and potential environmental problems

concrete beam & girder

slab supported by intermediate beams, which are carried by large girders -easiest to penetrate with small core drilling for pipes & poke through electrical outlets (less reinforcing than others)

casters

smooth, friction-free movement

impact noise

sound resulting from direct contact of an object with a sound barrier, can occur on any surface, but it generally occurs on a floor and ceiling assembly --usually caused by footfall, shuffled furniture, and dropped objects

lockset

special mechanism that allows the door to be locked with a KEY or THUMBTURN

texture

surface quality of a material --results from inherent structure of the material or from application of some type of coating over the material --perception of texture closely tied to the texture's visual qualities, the relationship of the texture with surrounding textures, the viewing distance, and the lighting --affected by scale relationships to nearby textures --changes based on viewing distance --light alters apparent texture (diffuse and strong, direct wash out texture) -texture: adds interest to a space, reinforces design concepts, helps differentiate objects & surfaces from each other, modulates light, and adds scale

integrated ceilings

suspended ceiling system specifically designed to accommodate acoustical ceiling tile, light fixtures, supply & return air grilles, fire sprinklers and partition attachment in a CONSISTENT, UNIFIED way all proprietary systems intended to be used in commercial applications where the partition lights & other elements connected to the ceiling change FREQUENTLY all components designed for max. REUSABILITY & FLEXIBILITY

design concepts

takes into account existing space within which the designer must work, its size, shape, entry points, windows, and other fixed elements

effect of color: primary colors

tend to appear tinted with the 3rd primary

balance

the arrangement of elements in a composition to achieve visual equilibrium --depends on the idea of visual weight (to the human eye, some elements appear "heavier" than others by the nature of their size, shape, complexity, color, texture, or location in space" --depends on both the object weight and placement

contrast

the juxtaposition of dissimilar elements --way we perceive the difference between things, create importance, and add interest and variety to our environment

transmission loss and noise reduction is primarily retarded by what?

the mass of the partition **stiffness and rigidity is also important but not as much

shape

unique characteristic of an object or space that defines it as distinct from adjacent objects or spaces --clearly distinguished by planar and volumetric forms and can be geometric (like a square, circle, or cylinder), irregular, or natural --*can convey powerful, symbolic or emotional qualities; i.e. cross, apple, etc.

access control devices: numbered keyboards

unlock a door when a user enters the correct numerical code

gore seating protection

upholstery fabric lamination and treatment process that applies a breathable moisture barrier to the back of a fabric and a topical coating to the front of a fabric

locking mechanism: electric bolt

upon activation, bolt retracts, allowing normal operation of door --fail safe feature retracts bolt if there is a power failure or upon activation of a fire alarm --cannot be used on EXIT DOORS

terminal reheat system

use ductwork for supplying fresh air but use water to heat and cool air before it is introduced into the conditioned air box contains a hot-water coil (COPPER PIPE) that provides additional heat to the air stream

fixed coverings: curtains

use fabric, usually hung within a window frame and close to the glass --not intended to be open, but meant to remain fixed across all or portion of the window

veneer matching method: matching panels within a room: SEQUENCE MATCH

use panels of uniform width MANUFACTURED for SPECIFIC JOB and with the veneers arranged in a sequence --if some panels must be trimmed to fit around doors/other obstructions, there is a moderate loss of grain continuity

all water heating system

use some type of coil unit called a convector (a unit or device that radiates heat from water to the surrounding air, usually through closed spaced fins placed against a wall under a window) in each space through which hot water is circulated -hot water heats the fins of the coil unit and the air is heated as it is drawn over the fins -for heating & a separate duct system for ventilation and cooling

Acrylic

used as a replacement for wool because of appearance --okay strength and resilience, VERY resistant to sunlight **FLAMMABLE

Intrusion Detection: Magnetic Contacts

used on doors & windows to either sound an alarm when the contact is broken (the door/window opened) or send a signal to a central monitoring and control station

sound absorption

used to control unwanted sound reflections (noise), improve speech privacy, and decrease/increase reverberation

glazing beads

used to hold the glass in place

grilles

used to modify a strong light or minimize an undesirable view while still providing some visual connection between the inside and the outside --can be fixed or moveable

white sound, random noise, acoustic perfume

used to purposely introduce carefully controlled sound into a space rather than rely only on random background noise --often used in open offices to provide speech privacy & to help mask office machine noise

STC (sound transmission class)

used to rate the transmission loss of CONSRUCTION --the higher the stc rating, the better the barrier is in stopping sound

raised barrel hinge

used when there is not room for the barrel to extend past the door trim; OFFSET to allow one leaf to be mortised into the frame (kind of has an L shape on each side)

halogenated agents (halon)

used where water might damage the contents of a room, like in computer installations

stereophotogrammetry (stereo- = solidity)

uses 2 OVERLAPPING photos that are loaded into a computer program to produce a digital stereo image --image can then be used to extract info to make a 3D drawing

electronic distance measurement

uses LASER-BASED instrument with an ONBOARD COMPUTER to measure the distance, horizontal and vertical angles of the instrument's laser beam to a reflective prism target --1/64" accuracy

HID: Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH)

uses a ceramic arc tube rather than a quartz tube, which allows the lamp to burn at a higher temperature, improving color rendition and light control --efficacy better than metal halide, and there is better color consistency over lamp's lifetime --**useful in high ceiling spaces where long life and high efficacy are desirable and in retail uses where point source control and excellent CRI are needed DISADVANTAGE: higher initial cost, difficult in dimming, and requirement of a ballast

centralized plan arrangement

uses a single, dominant space with secondary spaces grouped around it --nondirectional and focuses attention on the central space --may have symbolic or functional importance

rectified photography

uses large-format, FILM-BASED view cameras to photograph FACADES --camera's focal plane is set parallel to the facade and gives a flat image with no perspective distortion --dimensions can be scaled off image, but to improve accuracy, the building plane should be relatively FLAT

laser scanning

uses medium-range, pulsing laser beams, which systematically sweep over an object or space to obtain 3d coordinates of points of the surfaces of the object/space being scanned --resulting image is a "point cloud" forming a 3d image

convergent photogrammetry

uses multiple, OBLIQUE photographic images (surveying of objects/spaces but with multiple images) taken at different angles --measurements and 3d models are derived by using software that traces the multiple overlapping photos taken from different angles --required REFERENCE POINTS

veneer matching method: matching veneers within a panel: BOOKMATCHED BALANCE MATCH

utilizes veneer pieces (grouping of veneer leaves) TRIMMED to equal widths in each panel

noise criteria curves

variable consolidated into a set of noise criteria curves relating frequency in 8 octave bands to noise level --concert halls, opera houses, recording studios = 15-20 db --bedrooms, apartments, hospitals = 20-30 db --private offices, small conference rooms = 30-35 db --large offices, retail stores, restaurants = 35-40 db --lobbies, drafting rooms, lab work spaces = 40-45 db --kitchens, computer rooms, light maintenance shops = 45-50 db

veneer matching method: matching between adjacent veneer leaves: BOOKMATCHING

veneers are SLICED off the LOG and every other piece is TURNED OVER so that the adjacent leaves form a symmetrical grain pattern

dead load

vertical loads due to the weight of the building & any permanent equipment (i.e. columns/beams, exterior & interior walls, floors, chandeliers and mech. equipment)

Silk

very STRONG and has good RESILIENCE & flexibility; very expensive and DEGRADES in SUNLIGHT *flame resistant (not as much as wool)

presentation models

very detailed and accurately represent the furniture, details, colors, and finishes --most often used for FINAL, formal client presentations and usually made by a professional model builder

axonometric drawings

view of an object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that the 3 principle axes are FORESHORTENED; quick & easy to draw; drawn by omitting parts of room --isometric: object is tilted/oblique to picture plane; 3 principle axes of object make EQUAL angles with the picture plane or drawing surface ------result: vertical axis of an object is vertical on paper and 2 horizontal axes form angles of 30 degrees on paper; lengths of all 3 principle axes are drawn at the same scale --dimetric: 2 of the principle axes are foreshortened --trimetric: all three of the principle axes are foreshortened

orthographic projection

view of an object seen as though the viewer's line of sight were simultaneously perpendicular to every point on the nearest face of the object (i.e. elevation, floor plan, etc.) --all pieces are shown in their true relationships with other pieces & scale and proportion are the same for multiple views of the same object --no distortion for lines & planes parallel to the plane onto which view is projected --diagonal line/plane shown will be FORESHORTENED

area or room protection: photoelectric beam

warn of intrusion by sending a pulsed infrared beam across a room; if beam is broken, device sounds an alarm or sends a signal to a monitoring system

Green Format

web-based database developed by the CSI to allow manufacturers to self-report sustainability properties of their products using a standard questionnaire format

welt cording

welt: fabric covered cord sewn into the seam of upholstery for ornamental purposes or to improve durability of covering **avoid where cigarettes may be dropped

depth perception: size clues

when 2 objects are the same size, the more distant one will make a smaller image on the retina than the closer one

organization concept: radial

when more than 1 linear organization extends from a central point

rhythm: gradation

where size, color, or value of design elements are gradually modified as the elements repeat

lateral loads

wind & earthquake loads

LEED: brownfield site

with certain legal exclusions, commercial or industrial property where developing, expansion, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant)

emphasis & focus

within any interior, there are some elements that are more important than others -how to create: 1. part of interior can be located in an important position, 2. can be centered, placed at the termination of an axis, 3 or offset by a rhythmic grouping of other elements --or created by a noticeable contrast between it and its surroundings

centralized workflow

work is controlled from 1 central position

linear workflow

work well in long, narrow space or space where line can be folded --work or business process proceeds from one location to another in a strict sequence

drainage in plumbing

work with GRAVITY so it must be SLOPED downward to carry away waste -vent pipes required

questionnaires

written forms that people fill in with requested information --useful when a large number of people need to be surveyed and the time or resources do not allow for individual interviews

3 primary colors of PIGMENT

yellow, red, and blue **pigments used in printing = yellow, magenta and cyan