Experience Psychology- Chapter 6: Memory: Study Question

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory?

General events, event-specific knowledge, and life time periods

True or false: Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Lately, she has been enrolled in pastry classes where she has learned to make six varieties of apple pie, so when she tries to make her grandmother's recipe, she becomes confused about ingredients. This is an example of retroactive interference.

True

Sam has to remember a 12-digit series of numbers that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth year of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is _______.

chunking

A subtype of implicit memory involves _______ _______, which is the automatic learning of association between stimuli. For example who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classical conditioning

Concentrating on more than one activity at a time is called:

divided attention

The ability to listen to music while reading a magazine indicates

divided attention

The _______ _______ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored both as image codes and verbal codes.

dual code

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of:

elaboration

When _______ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be remembered information meaningful, and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

________ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H.M.'s _______ memory was impaired, but his _______ memory was less affected.

explicit; implicit

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in _______ _______ focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.

eyewitness testimony

The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4th sparkler is _______ memory

iconic

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _______ memory.

long-term

When considering the effects of serial position, the _______ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

primacy

You have studied French for years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of:

proactive interference

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of:

procedural memory

In the context of serial position, the _______ effect is when one can recall items at the end of the list.

recency

A multiple choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of an _______ task.

recognition

Proactive and retroactive interference are examples of

retrieval failures

Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan's condition best exemplifies

retrograde amnesia

Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of the garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an example of _______ memory. She also has to remember that she needs to get the car's oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of _______ memory.

retrospective; prospective

Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps herself to remember by making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using _______ to help her remember the course concepts.

self-referencing

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but as you drive a little farther you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _______-_______ memory.

short-term

When using memory retrieval the information that an individual is searching for comes out of _______.

storage

Information must be encoded and _______ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

People who are allowed to give their full attention to information that they must remember do _______ than people who must divide their attention.

better

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of having students read and study material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands:

that memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Sharon has three dogs so she is well acquainted with her veterinarian. However, when she sees him at the grocery store without his scrub suit and out of his office, she can't remember who he is. This an example of:

the encoding specificity principle

Interference occurs when:

the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and better (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates:

the serial position effect

Eli knows the name of the capitol of his state, but he forgets it when his teachers ask. This is known as:

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that:

there is not one memory center in the brain.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _______ systems in memory.

three

Taking a batch of muffins out of the oven in 20 minutes is an example of a(n) _______-based prospective memory task, whereas remembering to buy muffins at the bakery on the way home from work is an example of a(n) _______-based prospective memory task.

time; event

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to _______ events.

traumatic

According to level-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider _______.

what they mean

Baddeley proposed the concept of ________ memory as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of _______.

connectionism

Explicit memory is the _______ recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and it is sometimes also referred to as _______ memory.

declarative

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of

declarative memory

Which of the following refers to the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated?

declarative memory

The term used to describe auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds is _______ memory.

echoic

According to levels of processing, the process of _______ involves three levels.

encoding

The process by which information gets into memory storage is _______.

encoding

Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory.

episodic

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of _______ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at the lecture is _______ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is _______ memory.

episodic; semantic

The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in _____ memory.

explicit

The two main components of long-term memory, _______ memory consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _______ memory consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit; implicit

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic, or very iconic. However, it may be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a _______ memory.

flashbulb

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on ________.

forgetting

Working memory

holds information temporarily while performing cognitive tasks.

Sperling's class study on sensory memory determined that information held in _______ memory can be forgotten very quickly.

iconic

Identify the element of sensory memory that would be most useful in quickly scanning a map of a country to learn the geographical location of its states.

iconic memory

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of the campus map. Kareem used _______ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of:

imagery

The cerebellum is involved in the _______ memory required to perform skills.

implicit

_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

implicit memory

Which of the following is true of implicit memory?

implicit memory is related to non-consciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions.

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____.

long-term memory/short-term memory

Craig has returned from the war in Iraq, badly physically injured. When questioned by family and friends, he says he doesn't remember his war experiences because they are too painful. This is an example of:

motivated forgetting

The term used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden

motivated forgetting

From a connectionist network perspective, memories are organized sets of _______ that are routinely activated together.

neurons

Retrieval is the memory process that

occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

Long-term memory is a _______ type of memory that stores information huge amounts of information.

permanent

There are two aspects of the serial position effect. Better recall for items at the beginning id referred to as the _______ effect and better recall for items at the end is referred to as _______.

primacy; recency

Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and "dog" is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into "dog" than "hog" or "bog" because of the concept known as _______.

priming

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds, and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used _______, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance.

priming

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year and didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _______ memory.

procedural

In terms of how we engage with information we are trying to remember, the continuum from shallow, to intermediate, to deep, where deeper levels produce better memory is called levels of _______.

processing

Aaron has elaborate system set up on his computer to remind him of all the thing he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with:

prospective memory

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in:

prospective memory, retrospective memory, and explicit memory

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's _____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing _____ abilities.

recognition/recall

Minutes before her biology test, Katie tries to learn the definition of "osmosis" from her class notes. She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it. Which of the following methods is Katie using to help her memorize the definition?

rehearsal

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _______.

rehearsal

When one has completed a class or lecture, you should enhance encoding by _______ the material by rewriting or retyping the information.

rehearsing

Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a "little girl," Lee Anne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the _______ _______.

reminiscence bump

Allan seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of the abuse early in his life, he uncovered what psychologist call _______ memory.

repressed

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a _______ memory.

repressed

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _______ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

Memory _______ is a process that occurs when information that has retained in memory comes out of storage, that is when we recall or otherwise remember something.

retrieval

The memory process involves encoding, storage, and _______.

retrieval

You are taking both a Spanish and a French course this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of

retroactive interference

A(n) _______ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.

schema

Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant, be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best description of this is a _______ which is a schema for an event.

script

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _______.

semantic

The three stages of memory in Atkinson-Shiffrin theory; _______ memory, short-term, and long-term

sensory

You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is _______ memory.

sensory

_______ is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short-term memory

The process of retaining information over time is referred to as _______.

storage

Samuel has been carefully entering numbers into a spreadsheet for a class project. He is focusing so hard that he hardly notices the sound of the television in a nearby room or his younger siblings playing outside. Samuel is involved in a _______ attention task.

sustained

Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony?

Bias may be involved, memory can be distorted by new information, memory can fade, and witnesses may share their thoughts.

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

Chunk the information

_______ theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

Decay

At which of the following levels of processing are we most likely to recall information?

Deepest level

Megan is listening to music, surfing the web, studying for her biology exam, and sitting outside watching people in a park. This multitasking is called _______ _______ and it deceases encoding.

Divided attention

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologist. Select the following that describes a special case when special memory retrieval is utilized

Emotional memories and traumatic character of memories

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

Encoding

Which of the following are powerful tools for processing memory.

Encoding, retrieving, organizing, and rehearsing.

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location

False

True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

False

Although you had never been to the Fancy Foods Restaurant in your town, you weren't at all surprised when the hostess seated you, handed you the menu, and informed you that your server would soon be there to take your order. Shortly after, a man in a tuxedo came to your table. You knew exactly what was going to happen because you

Have a script for what happens in a restaurant

Which of the following is a task that would be handled by the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Imagining how your living room would look with the furniture in different places.

_______ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

_______ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

Interference

Which of the following is true of explicit memory?

It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic and it is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory?

It is a limited-capacity memory system and it can store information longer than sensory memory.

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory?

It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory, it consists of three parts, and it is a mental blackboard

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

It plays an important role in emotional memory.

Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. What memory problems is she most likely to have now?

Margaret will have difficulty with emotional memories

_______ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

Memory

Which of the following are involved in problem in the retrieval process?

Other information gets in the way, time has elapsed, and there are personal reasons

Which of the following causes retrieval failure.

Personal reasons for remembering, effects of time, and errors in storage

Which of the following processes are related to working memory?

Problem solving, decision making, and information comprehension

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _______ memory.

Prospective

_______ is the memory process where information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

Retrieval

_______ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past.

Retrograde

_______ memory involves remembering information from the past, whereas _______ memory involves remembering to do something in the future.

Retrospective; prospective

Which of the following are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

Review notes that you are preparing to memorize, organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize, and experiment with different organizational techniques.

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?

Sensory

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory?

Sharing personal experience creates social bonds, it provides us with identity, and it allows us to learn from our experiences

Which of the following are true in respect to memory in the aging process?

Staying mentally active aids in memory, staying physically active aids in memory, and staying intellectually active may reduce the severity of Alzheimer's

Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events?

Stress related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma, they may be subject to deterioration and distortion, and they may be more accurate then memories of nontraumatic events.

_____ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potentiation

In a MRI study, participants viewed pictures while in a MRI scanner. When their memories for the pictures were later tested, the researchers found that greater activation in which brain regions resulted in better memory performance?

The hippocampus and prefrontal lobes

Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. Which of the following brain areas are involved in the release of stress related hormones?

The hippocampus, and the amygdala

According to Palvio's dual code hypothesis:

The image code produces better memory, and memory for pictures is better than memory for words.

Which of the following statements explain why the last several items on a list are remembered?

The items may still be in working memory and items' recency makes them easier to recall.

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?

The material is easier to remember, and retrieval paths are created.

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuospatial workings memory, and the central executive.

True

True or false: When Suzanne mentally "sings" the lyrics to her new favorite song silently in her head, she is using the phonological loop of working memory.

True

Which of the following are tips to help you encode information successfully?

Use imagery. Make mental pictures of the information, Pay attention to the information, and make associations that connect the information to your own life.

Which of the following are explanations for why the primacy effect occurs?

When the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time, the first few items are more elaboratively processed, and the first few items are rehearsed more.

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that they evolve over time but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _______ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.

autobiographical

Short-term memory can retain about _______ pieces of complex information.

5 to 9

Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting?

A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful, and someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma.

Which two of the following are recognition tasks?

A witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs, and a student takes a multiple choice test.

Brenda was somewhat rattled when she discovered that the final exam for one of her classes would be held in a different lecture hall than the one the class is normally in. She just finished a learning and behavior class so she understands the principle that applies to this situation. What principle would that be?

Context-dependent memory

The general term _______ refers to the loss of memory.

amnesia

H.M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of

anterograde amnesia

A special form of episodic memory, is _______ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

autobiographical

There are _______ levels of autobiographical memory.

3

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term is between _____ units of information.

5 and 9

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda never really encoded the material

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. This memory disorder can:

Be anterograde or retrograde, can affect memories differentially, and can affect the retention of new memories.

Why do some researchers believe that "recovered memories" should instead be called "discovered memories?"

Because at least some recovered memories could be false memories.

According to Baddeley's model of working memory, the component that is in charge of integrating information, planning, and organizing is the _______ _______.

central executive