Exploring Psychology Chapter 2 Test

A human sperm cell contains a. 23 chromosomes b. 23 genes c. 46 chromosomes d. 46 genes

a. 23 chromosomes

Identical twins originate from the fertilization of a. a single egg cell by a single sperm cell b. two egg cells by a single sperm cell c. a single egg cell by two sperm cells d. two egg cells by two sperm cells

a. a single egg cell by a single sperm cell

The most extensive regions of the brain are involved in higher mental functions such as memory and reasoning. These regions are called the a. somatosensory cortex b. hippocampus c. corpus callosum d. association areas

a. association areas

The reticular formation is a nerve network that travels through the ________ into the thalamus. a. brainstem b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. cerebellum

a. brainstem

James Olds and Peter Milner located reward centers int he brain structure known as the a. hypothalamus b. cerebellum c. medulla d. amygdala

a. hypothalamus

The release of epinephrine into the bloodstream is most likely to a. increase blood sugar b. lower blood pressure c. stimulate digestion d. decrease perspiration

a. increase blood sugar

Neurons generate electricity from a chemical process involving the exchange of a. ions b. enzymes c. cortisol d. oxytocin

a. ions

A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between a. neurotransmitters and depression b. age and bone density c. self-esteem and popularity d. genetics and eye color

a. neurotransmitters and depression

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. a. peripheral b. central c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic

a. peripheral

Areas of the visual cortex that normally help people to see may aid blind people to read Braille by processing tactile sensations from the fingers. This best illustrates the value of a. plasticity b. brain fissures c. lateralization d. neurogenesis

a. plasticity

People who suffer partial paralysis as a result of damage to the ________ will sometimes obstinately claim they can move a paralyzed limb. a. right cerebral hemisphere b. corpus callosum c. left cerebral hemisphere d. occipital lobes

a. right cerebral hemisphere

To identify which of Lucy's brain areas was most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and a(n) a. fMRI b. PET scan c. EEG d. MRI scan

b. PET scan

A random alteration in the DNA sequence within one of his genes has caused James to suffer a rare form of nearsightedness. His difficulty best illustrates the impact of a. an epigenetic mark b. a mutation c. free-floating stress hormones d. an organic methyl molecule

b. a mutation

Which neurotransmitter plays the most direct role in learning and memory? a. dopamine b. acetylcholine c. GABA d. oxytocin

b. acetylcholine

Sensory neurons are ________ neurons, and motor neurons are ________ neurons. a. agonist; antagonist b. afferent; efferent c. antagonist; agonist d. efferent; afferent

b. afferent; efferent

When the effect of one factor depends on the presence of another factor, outcomes are said to reflect a. an epigenetic mark b. an interaction c. natural selection d. adaptive flexibility

b. an interaction

Which baseball-sized structure at the rear of the brainstem serves many functions, including helping you to judge time and to discriminate sounds and textures? a. amygdala b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. basal ganglia

b. cerebellum

The loss of an electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of an axon membrane is called a. reuptake b. depolarization c. the resting potential d. selective permeability

b. depolarization

According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be a. socially prohibited b. genetically predisposed c. ecologically disruptive d. disease-producing

b. genetically predisposed

Neurons are surrounded by ________, which guide neural connections and mop up ions and neurotransmitters. a. endorphins b. glial cells c. hormones d. agonists

b. glial cells

A tendency for the brain's left and right hemispheres to serve different functions is called a. hemispherectomy b. lateralization c. neurogenesis d. plasticity

b. lateralization

The control of speech production by the left rather than the right hemisphere of the brain best illustrates a. neurogenesis b. lateralization c. brain fissures d. plasticity

b. lateralization

Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in a. reuptake b. multiple sclerosis c. the fight-or-flight response d. an action potential

b. multiple sclerosis

After Clark's hand had been amputated, he gradually began to feel sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his arm was stroked. This best illustrates the consequences of a. neurogenesis b. plasticity c. lateralization d. the split brain

b. plasticity

Those who survive a hippocampal brain tumor in childhood are likely to have difficulty ________ in adulthood. a. getting adequate sleep b. remembering new information c. maintaining body balance while walking d. experiencing feelings of fear

b. remembering new information

The resting potential of an axon results from the fact that an axon membrane is a. encased by a myelin sheath b. selectively permeable c. sensitive to neurotransmitter molecules d. part of a larger neural network

b. selectively permeable

An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature-controlled genetic switch. This best illustrates that genes are a. dizygotic b. self-regulating c. epigenetic marks d. protein molecules

b. self-regulating

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the a. synaptic gap b. spinal cord c. sympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system

b. spinal cord

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the a. somatic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. sensory nervous system

b. sympathetic nervous system

Jason lost his sense of taste because a tumor caused damage to a structure located on top of his brainstem. This structure is known as the a. amygdala b. thalamus c. medulla d. hippocampus

b. thalamus

The corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers that a. enables the left hemisphere to control the right side of the body b. transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres c. sends information from the left half of your field of vision to your right cerebral hemisphere d. transfers neural impulses from the somatosensory cortex to the motor cortex

b. transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of a. muscular coordination b. visual perception c. speaking ability d. pain sensations

b. visual perception

The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut. a. somatosensory cortex b. hippocampus c. corpus callosum d. motor cortex

c. corpus callosum

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron. a. dendrites to the axon to the cell body b. axon tot he cell body to the dentrites c. dendrites to the cell body to the axon d. axon to the dendrites to the cell body

c. dendrites to the cell body to the axon

The $40 million Human Connectome Project harnesses ________ technology to map neural connections across long distances within the brain. a. positron emission tomography b. electroencephalogram c. diffusion spectrum imaging d. microelectrode insertion

c. diffusion spectrum imaging

Differences between men and women in personality traits that are highly heritable cannot necessarily be attributed to genetic differences between the two groups because a. physical growth proceeds at different rates for males than for females b. natural selection contributes to humans' common genetic endowment c. heritable traits can be influenced by environmental factors d. genes influence the production of sex hormones

c. heritable traits can be influenced by environmental factors

A synapse is a(n) a. chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions b. automatic response to sensory input c. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron d. neural cable containing many axons

c. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron

DNA is a complex a. sex hormone b. genome c. molecule d. epigenetic mark

c. molecule

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins report ________ similarity in neuroticism, and ________ similarity in extraversion. a. more; less b. less; less c. more; more d. less; more

c. more; more

If a genetically based aversion to the bitter taste of rhubarb leaves contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on from parents to offspring. This best illustrates a. behavior genetics b. domestication c. natural selection d. an epigenetic mark

c. natural selection

The strengthening of the brain's synaptic connections facilitates the formation of a. interneurons b. endorphins c. neural networks d. glial cells

c. neural networks

Sensory neurons are located in the a. synaptic gaps b. endocrine system c. peripheral nervous system d. myelin sheath

c. peripheral nervous system

With assistance from the ______________, the cerebellum regulates _________________. a. hypothalamus; hunger and thirst b. amygdala; heartbeat and breathing c. pons; physical coordination and balance d. medulla; fear and rage

c. pons; physical coordination and balance

One function of glial cells is to a. increase the speed of neural impulses b. mimic the effects of neurotransmitters c. provide nutrients to neurons d. stimulate the production of hormones

c. provide nutrients to neurons

According to evolutionary psychologists, our predisposition to overconsume fatty junk foods most clearly illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promoted the ________ of our ancestors. a. hunting skills b. epigenetic marks c. reproductive success d. neuroticism

c. reproductive success

Dendrite is to _________ as axon is to ________. a. sensory neuron; motor neuron b. sodium ion; potassium ion c. signal reception; signal transmission d. central nervous system; peripheral nervous system

c. signal reception; signal transmission

Juan and Alonzo are fraternal twin brothers, whereas Jake and Alex are identical twin brothers. The similarities between Jake and Alex with respect to ________ are likely to be greater than the similarities between Juan and Alonzo. a. extraversion b. neuroticism c. physical appearance d. all of these characteristics

d. all of these characteristics

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. medulla d. amygdala

d. amygdala

After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he could no longer figure out how to find his way around his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his a. amygdala b. somatosensory cortex c. motor cortex d. association areas

d. association areas

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs is called the a. somatic nervous system b. endocrine system c. sensory nervous system d. autonomic nervous system

d. autonomic nervous system

The study of the links between biology and behavior is called a. neurology b. cognitive psychology c. endocrinology d. biological psychology

d. biological psychology

The sequence of brain regions from the oldest to the newest is a. limbic system, brainstem, cerebral cortex b. brainstem, cerebral cortex, limbic system c. limbic system, cerebral cortex, brainstem d. brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

d. brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex is the covering layer of the a. brainstem b. corpus callosum c. hippocampus d. cerebrum

d. cerebrum

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to a. Alzheimer's disease b. schizophrenia c. Parkinson's disease d. depression

d. depression

Our pleasurable "chills" response to a favorite piece of music is facilitated by the release of the neurotransmitter a. GABA b. cortisol c. ACh d. dopamine

d. dopamine

The nervous system is the a. complete set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream b. collection of bundled axons that form neural cables carrying information to body muscles c. an organism's complete set of automatic reflex responses d. electrochemical communication network that includes all of the body's neurons

d. electrochemical communication network that includes all the body's neurons

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs are called ______________ twins. a. epigenetic b. monozygotic c. identical d. fraternal

d. fraternal

Those with damage to the ________ lobes are often untroubled by the ethical dilemma of choosing to push one person in front of a runaway trolley in order to save five others. a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. frontal

d. frontal

A segment of DNA that provides the code for creating protein molecules is called a(n) a. organic methyl molecule b. epigenetic mark c. chromosome d. gene

d. gene

The biochemical code for eye color is transmitted from parents to offspring by a. neurotransmitters b. natural selection c. epigenetic molecules d. genes

d. genes

Twin and adoption studies have been most helpful for tearing apart the influences of a. genetic mutations and epigenetic marks b. extraversion and neuroticism c. genes and protein molecules d. heredity and environment

d. heredity and environment

Which of the following body parts is associated with the greatest amount of brain tissue in the somatosensory cortex? a. toes b. knees c. neck d. lips

d. lips

Compared with fraternal twins, identical twins are ________ similar in physical appearance. Compared with unrelated look-alike pairs of individuals, identical twins report ________ similar personalities. a. no more; more b. more; no more c. no more; no more d. more; more

d. more; more

A limbic system reward center located in front of the hypothalamus is called the a. amygdala b. reticular formation c. pons d. nucleus accumbens

d. nucleus accumbens

Reuptake refers to the a. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap b. release of hormones into the bloodstream c. inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron

d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron

Evolutionary psychology is most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to a. the second Darwinian revolution b. genetic mutations c. epigenetic marks d. reproductive success

d. reproductive success

You feel the pain of a sprained ankle when ________ relay(s) messages from your ankle to your central nervous system. a. the myelin sheath b. interneurons c. motor neurons d. sensory neurons

d. sensory neurons

The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the a. brain and spinal cord b. sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system c. endocrine system and circulatory system d. somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

d. somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Those whose corpus callosum is surgically severed are said to be patients with a. brain plasticity b. brain fissures c. neurogenesis d. split brains

d. split brains

The inability to recognize familiar faces even though one can clearly see and describe features of the faces is associated with damage to the right ________ lobe. a. frontal b. parietal c. occipital d. temporal

d. temporal