EXT010

What are some intrinsic susceptibilities to toxicity that children experience relative to adults? You can choose more than one. a) Children breathe more for their size b) Children eat more for their size c) Children have more a permeable blood-brain barrier d) Children have more permeable skin e) Children excess nasal filtration

a) Children breathe more for their size b) Children eat more for their size c) Children have more a permeable blood-brain barrier d) Children have more permeable skin

Formaldehyde is a useful industrial agent because:

it is a cross-linking agent

Not all carcinogens are mutagens.

true

What is a phytotoxin?

A bioactive chemical from a plant

How does DES cause breast cancer? Choose the best option.

DES binds Estrogen Receptor and causes cell proliferation.

We can potentially find high levels of formaldehyde (FA) in all of the following EXCEPT:

Hot tubs

environmental toxicology

Monitor exposure and health effects in ecosystem

What substance does lead mimic in its toxicity to brain cells and blood vessels?

calcium

What is the current OSHA permissible exposure limit for benzene in the workplace?

1 ppm in air

Which of the following are examples of study designs that apply Hill's causal concept of Experiment and Reversibility? You can choose more than one.

1) Counting the number of smokers and non-smokers who get lung cancer. 2) Giving an antioxidant or placebo to people who have smoked many cigarettes for years and measuring DNA mutations in their urine. 3) Measuring DNA mutations in urine from non-smokers and smokers. 4) Measuring DNA mutations in cord blood from pregnant non-smokers and smokers.

Which of the following are true statements about ethanol? You can pick more than one. a) Ethanol is only a sedative at higher doses. b) Ethanol is only a stimulate at lower doses. c) Ethanol causes different responses in humans because ethanol binds different receptors. d) Ethanol causes different responses in humans depending on the dose of ethanol consumed. e) The only way ethanol can kill you is to make you stop breathing.

1) Ethanol causes different responses in humans depending on the dose of ethanol consumed. 2) Ethanol causes different responses in humans because ethanol binds different receptors.

Why is there a rise in rate of overdose deaths from synthetic opioids such as fentanyl? You can pick more than one.

1) Fentanyl use is difficult to control because it is sold illegally. 2) Fentanyl is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine. 3) Fentanyl is mixed with other street drugs so people don't know they are taking it.

Why are randomized controlled trials so seldomly used in environmental health and toxicology research? You can choose more than one.

1) It is unethical to poison people on purpose. 2) We only have one earth. 3) Some exposures happen to everyone.

How is observing correlations between exposure and health outcomes helpful in identifying causation between exposure and health? You can choose more than one

1) Observing consistent correlations between exposure and health outcomes across different countries and species suggests the correlation could be causal. 2) Observing correlations leads to hypotheses that can be tested experimentally. 3) Observing correlations can reveal strong exposure effect levels.

Approximately how long in days do platelets and erythrocytes typically live in the body respectively:

10, 120

What is the best definition of a counterfactual?

A hypothetical situation that would have been true in similar but different circumstances

What is the difference between a toxin and a toxicant?

A toxin is a natural bioactive substance and a toxicant is a synthetic bioactive substance.

What is cancer? Pick the two best options.

Abnormal cells dividing without control Abnormal cells invading other tissues

Formaldehyde is:

All of the above are true

How does the antidote to organophosphate nerve agents (OPs), atropine, work?

Atropine blocks the acetylcholine receptor

Tube wells were introduced into __________ to reduce childhood mortality but exposed ____________ people to arsenic in their drinking water

Bangladesh, 30 million

How does benzo[a]pyrene cause lung cancer? Choose the best option.

Benzo[a]pyrene metabolite binds and mutates DNA.

Who is considered the father of occupational medicine and wrote Diseases of Workers, a book about health hazards in the workplace?

Berardo Ramazzini

Why is the phenomenon of blood vessels going into a mass of abnormal cells 'beneficial' from the perspective of a cancer?

Blood vessels provide food/nutrients to the tumor cell mass Blood vessels provide oxygen to the tumor cell mass Blood vessels provide a route for tumor cell metastasis

What is a symptom of consuming too much of the anti-oxidant selenium?

Brittle hair, nausea, diarrhea, skin-rashes, irritability, metallic taste, brittle nails, loss of hair or nails, discolored teeth, nervous system problems, kidney/heart failure.

You can detect arsenic in drinking water ______.

By using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Given the immune system is the primary mediator of inflammation, which receptor is most likely attributable to the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids?

CB2

How does caffeine work? You can pick more than one. a) Caffeine activates adenosine to make you alert. b) Caffeine blocks adenosine to make you alert. c) Adenosine blocks caffeine to make you alert. d) Adenosine activates caffeine to make you alert. e) Caffeine binds adenosine to make you alert.

Caffeine blocks adenosine to make you alert.

Which states had a significant increase in both the rate of drug overdose deaths and also the rate of heroin overdose deaths between 2017 and 2018? You can pick more than one.

California

What are problems with using chemical weapons? You can choose more than one answer.

Chemical weapons are prohibited under the Geneva Protocol Chemical weapons are condemned by most world powers Chemical weapons cannot discriminate between allies and foe

Biomedical Research

Determine the mechanisms of how exposures cause health adversity

Which of the following are examples of how mutations to DNA can occur? You can choose more than one.

Exposure to radiation from the sun Exposure to radiation from a tanning bed Exposure to benzo[a]pyrene from cigarette smoke Exposure to benzo[a]pyrene from soot Mutations just happen

Organisms are no longer exposed to chemicals that were banned in the United States in the 1970s. F OR T

False

Measure chemicals in decaying substances

Forensic Toxicology

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Sarin poisoning?

GIDDINESS

All blood cells are derived from...

Hematopoietic stem cells

Which of the following is a potential source of exposure to lead? You can choose more than one.

Inexpensive jewelry Paint chips and the nearby soil at midcentury modern homes Water from corroded pipes Imported candy

What are symptoms of mercury poisoning during development? You can choose more than one.

Malformed heart Malformed limbs Memory impairment Hearing loss Vision loss

Who first isolated benzene from coal gas?

Michael Faraday

What is the best explanation as to why Monarch butterflies are highly poisonous to birds?

Monarch caterpillars eat toxins that remain in the butterfly when it emerges

Public Health

Monitor human exposure and health effects

How does naloxone prevent opioid overdose? You can pick more than one. a) Naloxone blocks the dopamine receptor. b) Naloxone blocks dopamine. c) Naloxone blocks endorphins. d) Naloxone blocks the opioid receptor. e) Naloxone activates the opioid receptor.

Naloxone blocks the opioid receptor.

If someone has a genetic variant of the enzyme NQO1 that renders it unable to function, what do you expect the consequences to be after benzene exposure?

No ability to convert benzoquinone to hydroquinone in the bone marrow

How do opioids work? You can pick more than one. a) Opioids block the dopamine receptor. b) Opioids block dopamine. c) Opioids block endorphins. d) Opioids block the opioid receptor. e) Opioids activate the opioid receptor.

Opioids activate the opioid receptor.

In what industry would you NOT find significant benzene exposures?

Paper mills

Who is attributed to describing the concept "the dose makes the poison"?

Paracelus

Which of the following drugs is not made by plants? You can pick more than one. a) Cocaine b) Caffeine c) Codeine d) Penicillin e) Morphine

Penecillin

Who found high levels of cancer of the scrotum among chimney sweepers which lead to the Chimney Sweepers Act of 1788?

Percival Pott

Why does methyl mercury impact pregnant women less severely than newborns?

Placenta moves methyl mercury from a pregnant women to her fetus

Synthetic chemical production has risen dramatically due to the production of what?

Plastics

Who wrote the book Silent Spring, which alerted the American public about the health hazards of pesticides such as the thinning of bird egg shells causing bird population declines?

Rachel Carson

Law

Review plaintiff histories

Which of Hill's causal considerations are most poorly addressed in human studies of toxic exposures?

Specificity

Which of the following are hallmarks of Cancer? You can choose more than one.

Sustaining proliferative signaling Resisting cell death Evading growth suppressors Inducing aberrant angiogenesis Activating invasion and metastasis

How did Flint Michigan end up with drinking water contaminated with lead?

The city of Flint failed to use corrosion control measures

What is toxicology?

The study of adverse effects of chemicals

What is meant by the exposome concept?

The totality of all exposures in a lifetime.

How do we know benzene causes leukemia?

There are a number of strong, consistent epidemiological studies linking benzene exposure to leukemia incidence

Which of the following statements regarding benzene is NOT true?

There are no genetically susceptible populations

Ice cream sale and homicide increase when days are sunny. What statement(s) do you think best describes the causal relationships underlying that statement? You can choose more than one.

When the sun shines and people are hot outside, people want ice cream to cool off and people get into deadly fights because heat is agitating.

What Could happen to you if you ate a green, not yet ripe, potato? You can choose more than one.

Your gut cells could be irritated You could pee/urinate on yourself You could have convulsions You could slip into a coma

Which compartment can contain persistent organic pollutants? You can pick more than one. a) Atmosphere b) Lithosphere c) Hydrosphere d) Biosphere e) Manosphere

a) Atmosphere b) Lithosphere c) Hydrosphere d) Biosphere

What are some extrinsic vulnerabilities of exposure that children experience relative to adults? You can choose more than one. a) Children crawl on the ground b) Children put items in their mouth c) Children breathe more for their size d) Children eat more for their size e) Children have more a permeable blood-brain barrier

a) Children crawl on the ground b) Children put items in their mouth

Where have perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) been found in California? You can pick more than one. a) City drinking water wells b) Private wells c) Military bases d) Wastewater treatment facilities e) Toy train sets

a) City drinking water wells b) Private wells c) Military bases d) Wastewater treatment facilities

How can taking acetaminophen from a headache after a night of drinking beer send you to the hospital? a) Ethanol induces an enzyme that makes a lot of toxic acetaminophen metabolites b) Acetaminophen doesn't treat headaches and your headache could get really bad c) Beer carbonation inhibits the enzyme that metabolizes acetaminophen so you get toxic build \-up of acetaminophen d) This only happens if you wash the acetaminophen down with grapefruit juice This only happens if you take statin drugs

a) Ethanol induces an enzyme that makes a lot of toxic acetaminophen metabolites

What are extrinsic factors that can modify your vulnerability to a dose of a chemical? You can choose more than one. a) Medicine b) Genetics c) Existing obesity d) Sex e) Diet

a) Medicine e) Diet

Which of the following exposure (also known as absorption or administration) routes can cause a synthetic chemical to circulate in your blood? You can pick more than one. a) Oral b) Transdermal c) Inhalation d) Expired air e) Breast milk

a) Oral b) Transdermal c) Inhalation

What are some problems in assessing risk that can arise from the limitations of testing practices? You can choose more than one. a) The tests to measure health outcomes are not important b) All possible routes of exposure are not tested c) Vulnerability of sub-populations may not be captured d) The doses selected may not capture the full dose response relationship e) The tests don't consider bioconcentration vs biomagnification

a) The tests to measure health outcomes are not important b) All possible routes of exposure are not tested c) Vulnerability of sub-populations may not be captured d) The doses selected may not capture the full dose response relationship

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that was used to prevent miscarriage and other pre-term births until 1971 in the United States. Which groups of people experienced increased risk of harm to their reproductive tissues as a result of DES? a) The women who took DES when pregnant b) The men who impregnated women who took DES c) The daughters of the women who took DES when pregnant d) The sons of the women who took DES when pregnant e) The grandsons of the women who took DES when pregnant

a) The women who took DES when pregnant c) The daughters of the women who took DES when pregnant d) The sons of the women who took DES when pregnant e) The grandsons of the women who took DES when pregnant

You can be exposed to arsenic by _____

all of the above

You hear that relative to other unexposed people, you have a 40% increased chance of developing a heart disease from exposure to Spooncream. Ten people develop this heart disease among 1000 people without Spooncream exposure (1%). Fourteen people develop this heart disease among 1000 people with Spooncream exposure (1.4%). What is the absolute and relative risk associated with Spooncream exposure? a) 1.4% absolute risk and 40% relative risk b) 0.4% absolute risk and 40% relative risk c) 1% absolute risk and 40% relative risk d) 1% absolute risk and 38.6% relative risk e) 1.4% absolute risk and 38.6% relative risk

b) 0.4% absolute risk and 40% relative risk

What is the most accurate word to describe the transfer of PCBs from phytoplankton into a small fish? a) Sublimation b) Biomagnification c) Bioconcentration d) Bioaccumulation e) Unification

b) Biomagnification

What is a source of exposure to PCBs in schools? You can pick more than one. a) Aerosols from toilet flushing b) Caulking c) Writing with chalk d) Wearing vintage clothing e) Breathing in newly painted classrooms

b) Caulking

What is a potential consequence of a small therapeutic index? You can choose more than one. a) Doses that generate therapeutic effects do not generate toxic effects b) Doses that generate therapeutic effects also generate toxic effects c) Physicians have to administer that drug to ensure safety d) Pharmacists have to release that drug to ensure safety e) Adults have to buy that drug for children to ensure safety

b) Doses that generate therapeutic effects also generate toxic effects c) Physicians have to administer that drug to ensure safety

What are intrinsic factors that can modify your susceptibility to a chemical exposure? You can choose more than one. a) Medicine b) Genetics c) Existing obesity d) Sex e) Diet

b) Genetics c) Existing obesity d) Sex

What steps of risk assessment need to reflect on evidence, or lack thereof, of causality? You can choose more than one. a) Exposure assessment b) Hazard identification c) Dose-response assessment d) Risk characterization e) Uncertainty

b) Hazard identification c) Dose-response assessment d) Risk characterization e) Uncertainty

Nitrogen dioxide from motor vehicle exhaust contributes to what problem(s) atmosphere? You can pick more than one. a) Forest fires b) Hole in the ozone layer c) Acid rain d) Smog e) Sunsets

b) Hole in the ozone layer c) Acid rain d) Smog

Why does butter made from cow's milk have more persistent organic pollutants (POPs) compared to cow's milk? a) The machines that process milk into butter are often contaminated with POPs b) The POPs are fat soluble and butter has more fat than milk c) The cows that produce butter have a diet more contaminated with POPs than the diet eaten by cows that produce milk d) The cows that produce butter have a diet less contaminated with POPs than the diet eaten by cows that produce milk e) The cows that produce butter have to eat more food than the cows that make milk since butter has a higher caloric density than milk

b) The POPs are fat soluble and butter has more fat than milk

A chemical that has very potent bioactivity has been deemed not a risk to you. You apply what you learned and ETX10 and conclude this judgement is reasonable because.. a) This chemical is not a hazard b) This chemical is not one you are exposed to c) This chemical is not a risk d) This chemical is found in the lithosphere e) This chemical has a large therapeutic index

b) This chemical is not one you are exposed to

Exposure to harmful substances at what stage of pregnancy is most likely to cause major morphological abnormalities? a) When the fertilized egg is first dividing b) When the embryo is 3 weeks old c) When the embryo is 9 weeks old d) When the embryo is 12 weeks old e) When the embryo is 21 weeks old

b) When the embryo is 3 weeks old

Four people drink a cup of coffee, a non-smoking man, a smoking man, a pregnant woman, and 5 month old boy. Who has lost the caffeine buzz the quickest? a) non-smoking man b) smoking man c) pregnant woman d) 5 month old boy

b) smoking man (2-3hrs)

The retrospective study in Antofagasta, Chile revealed that exposure to arsenic _____________leads to ____________ later in life.

both B and D are correct

What additional factor can greatly increase the risk of getting cancer from arsenic? a) Medicine b) Genetics c) Existing obesity d) Sex e) Diet

c) Existing obesity

Which of the following statements are true about metabolism of parent compounds (the compounds you brought into your body)? You can pick more than one. a) Metabolism can increase how much parent compound you adsorb into your body. b) Metabolism can reduce how much parent compound you adsorb into your body. c) Metabolism can make parent compounds more potently bioactive in your body. d) Metabolism can make parent compounds less potently bioactive in your body. e) Metabolism can help us eliminate parent compounds and their metabolites.

c) Metabolism can make parent compounds more potently bioactive in your body. d) Metabolism can make parent compounds less potently bioactive in your body. e) Metabolism can help us eliminate parent compounds and their metabolites.

What drug was used to prevent morning sickness resulted in children born with missing thumbs? a) Statin b) Acetaminophen c) Thalidomide d) Ethanol e) Cocaine

c) Thalidomide

Which is not an established cause of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

cell phone radiation

If one of these snakes was going to bite you, which would you prefer? (Please see table below)

copper head

Preventing the ability of cereblon protein to bind thalidomide to prevent limb deformation is an example of which of Hill's causal considerations? a) Consistency b) Strength c) Temporality d) Experiment/Reversibility e) Biological gradient/dose response

d) Experiment/Reversibility

How can grapefruit cause kidney failure? a) Grapefruit suppresses urine production b) Grapefruit accelerates urine production c) Grapefruit makes urine toxic d) Grapefruit slows the metabolism of cholesterol-lowering drugs called Statins e) Grapefruit increases the metabolism of kidney-disease treating drugs called Statins

d) Grapefruit slows the metabolism of cholesterol-lowering drugs called Statins

How does atmospheric mercury from burning fossil fuels harm dolphins in the hydrosphere? a) Mercury ends up in dolphins when they breathe atmospheric mercury b) Mercury arrives in the ocean and biomagnifies up the food web to dolphins c) Mercury arrives in the ocean and bioconcentrates up the food web to dolphins d) Mercury arrives in the ocean where it is converted methylmercury by phytoplankton, and methylmercury biomagnifies up the food web to dolphins e) Methylmercury arrives in the ocean where it is bioconcentrated by phytoplankton, and methylmercury biomagnifies up the food web to dolphins

d) Mercury arrives in the ocean where it is converted methylmercury by phytoplankton, and methylmercury biomagnifies up the food web to dolphins

Which of the following is an unlikely reaction to tear (CS) 'gas'?

death

Professor Needleman showed that increased blood lead levels in children were correlated with more distracted, disorganized, hyperactive, impulsive, and lower functioning in those children. Which of Hill's causal considerations best captures those observations?

does response

What is the most accurate word to describe the transfer of the metal lead from soil into a plant? a) Humans drink more ethanol than cows b) Humans drink more water than cows c) Humans drink less water than cows d) Humans are at a lower trophic level than cows e) Humans are at a higher trophic level than cows

e) Humans are at a higher trophic level than cows

What is NOT a significant source of ambient benzene exposure:

farming

What animal has the most potent venom?

geography cone snail

Which of the following makes someone more vulnerable to the effects of tear (CS) 'gas'?

humid weather cigarette smoking

What was the cause of Minamata disease?

methyl mercury

Which of following uses cnidoblast cells to inject venom? You can choose more than one

nudibranch Man O' War Jellyfish Sea Wasp

Arsenic in drinking water can cause all of the following health effects EXCEPT ________

stomach cancer