FAA Private Pilots Written
Bank angle for standard rate turn
(TAS/10) x 1.5 Example: Airspeed of 120/10 = 12 12+(12/2)= 18 degree bank of turn
Required VFR night instruments
*in addition to all required VFR day instruments* F - Fuses L - Landing Lights A - Anti-collision Lights P - Position Lights S - Source of Power (alternator)
How to control airspeed and descent rate?
- Adjust the power setting - Adjust the pitch attitude - Change the airplane configuration (extend flaps)
Steps to Roll out of the turn at the appropriate lead point
- Apply coordinated aileron and rudder control pressures opposite the turn - As the wings roll level, release the back pressure on the control stick
Towering cumulus clouds
- Clouds with Extensive Vertical Development - Similar to cumulus clouds but with more vertical development. - Indicate fairly deep layer of unstable air. - Moderate to severe turbulence with icing and often develop into thunderstorms
How to return to cruise flight after a descent?
- Establish attitude for straight-and-level flight - Adjust power to maintain the cruise setting - Trim to relieve control pressures - Enrich the mixture if necessary
How to begin leveling off from a descent
- Gradually raise the nose - Add power to maintain cruise speed
How to begin leveling off from a descent?
- Gradually raise the nose - Add power to maintain the desired airspeed - Retract the flaps in increments
What is the magnetic compass used for?
- Indicate the magnetic heading of the aircraft - Set the gyroscopic heading indicator to correct for precession - Back up the heading indicator It's the only direction seeking instrument in the aircraft.
What causes an airfoil to stall?
- It exceeds its critical angle of attack regardless of weight, airspeed or flight attitude - At any angle of attack above CLmax, lift decreases as the smooth airflow over the upper surface of the wing becomes turbulent and separates
Steps for performing a level turn
- Move the control stick inthe direction you want to turn - Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder pressure in the direction of the turn - Add back pressure on the control stick as your bank angle increases
Steps to maintain a coordinated level turn
- Neutralize the ailerons when reaching the desired bank angle - Use the rudder to maintain coordinated flight - Maintain the correct bank and pitch attitude using outside visual references and cross checking with the instruments
How to establish the descent attitude?
- Reduce power slightly - Let the nose pitch down a little - Maintain the trim setting for cruise airspeed
How to establish descent attitude?
- Reduce power to the approach power setting - Gradually apply back pressure to the control stick to maintain attitude and slow the airplane to approach speed - Let the nose pitch down to descend - Extend the flaps in increments
Incipient Phase of a spin
- Starts with the stall and lasts until the spin stabilizes - Occurs rapidly in light airplanes. At about the half-turn point, the airplane is pointed down steeply, but the angle of attack remains above the stalling angle because of the downward flight path
What are the properties of rigidity in space?
- Tends to remain rigid - Resists external forces - Fixed position in space
How to maintain the climb attitude?
- Use outside visual references and cross check with the flight instruments - Adjust the pitch to maintain airspeed - Trim to relieve control pressures
Maintain the descent attitude
- Use outside visual references and cross check with the flight instruments - Adjust the pitch to maintain descent rate and desired airspeed - Trim to relieve control pressures
How to maintain the descent attitude?
- Use outside visual references and cross check with the flight instruments - Extend the flaps in increments - Adjust the pitch and power to maintain the descent rate and desired airspeed - Trim to relieve control pressures
Class A Airspace
-18,000 MLS through FL600 (60,000 ft) -Over the 48 contiguous states and Alaska (within 12NM of coastline) -IFR Only, Mode C, Two -way Communications
Using the ISA standards for altitude change, if an aircraft is at 4,000 feet and 10 degrees C, what will the temperature be if the aircraft increases to 10,000 feet?
-2 degrees C
How to establish the climb attitude?
-Add power and apply back pressure on the control stick - Add right rudder pressure to compensate for the left turning tendency - Trim to relieve control pressures
FIS-B
-FIS-B is a free service available to aircraft who can receive data over 978 MHz (UAT). FIS-B automatically transmits a wide range of weather products with national and regional focus to all equipped aircraft. -current weather and aeronautical information -FIS-B is available to UAT IN equipped aircraft flying within ADS-B coverage
Steps to level off out of climb
-Gradually lower the nose - Maintain climb power to accelerate to cruise speed - Reduce the right rudder pressure
Four cloud types classified by altitude
-Low (up to 2000 m or 6,500 ft AGL) -Middle (2000-6000 m or 6,500ft to 20,000ft) - turbulence and icing hazards -High (6000m or 20,000ft and above) -Vertically developed (can start as low but build vertically)
What are the steps to establish the airplane? on a specific altitude and heading in a coordinated flight
-Maintain altitude and heading using outside visual references cross check altitude and heading with the flight instruments -Adjust the power to maintain the desired airspeed. -Trim to relieve control pressures.
Transponder Mode S
-Provides two-way data link capability -Enables the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) -Enables the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B)
Class C Airspace
-SFC to 4,000 AGL as depicted. -Two magenta colored circles. 5nm inner circle (Core) is SFC - 4,000 AGL. 10nm outer circle (Shelf) is 1,200 AGL to 4,000 AGL. -There is a Procedural Outer Area that is not depicted on the map. It is normally 20nm from the Primary Class C Airport at altitudes associated with the upper circle (Shelf). COMMUNICATION: -Two-Way Communication required, Mode C Transponder required in or above Class C. WEATHER: -1,000 ft ceiling and 3-152 -Must have a 1,000 ft ceiling to operate VFR. Less than 1,000 ft ceiling to operate VFR requires SVFR. -SVFR is 1/2 sm visibility and Clear of Clouds unless higher minimums are required.
Class B Airspace
-Surface (SFC) to 10,000 MSL or as depicted. -Surrounds the Nation's busiest airports. -Shaped like an upside down wedding cake - individually tailored for each airport. -Indicated on VFR sectional with solid blue lines or circles plus a 30nm Mode C Veil. COMMUNICATION: -ATC Clearance, Two-Way Communication, and Mode C Transponder are required. WEATHER: -VFR: 3 mile vis- Clear of Clouds -SFVR: 1/2 sm vis / Clear of Clouds unless higher minimums required.
How do you reestablish the airplane on the desired flight path after a deviation?
-Use the flight instruments to determine the magnitude of the deviation -Adjust the flight controls to return to the original altitude
Situations when you're in Class E airspace
-You are flying along V204 at 1,500 - You're flying 2,000 feet above class b airspace - You're flying 200 ft above class D airspace - You're flying 1,200 ft below class a airspace
nimbostratus clouds
...Often dark cloud layer, low cloud, covers the entire sky and is thick enough to blot out sun. Rain or snow produced is steady and persistent unlike the showers produced by cumulus. Abbr: Ns Can pose serious Icing risks
What is the lowest altitude permitted for acrobatic flight?
1,500 feet AGL.
What are three conditions that can cause a false altimeter indications
1. Failing to keep the altimeter set 2. Flying from high pressure to low pressure 3. Not monitoring the temperature
Spin Recovery
1. Reduce the power to idle. 2. Position the ailerons to neutral 3. Apply full opposite rudder against the rotation 4. Apply a positive and brisk, straight, forward movement of the elevator control forward of neutral to break the stall. - After the rotation stops: 5. Neutralize the rudder 6. Begin applying back-elevator pressure to raise the nose to level flight
Inbound to an airport with no tower, FSS, or UNICOM in operation, a pilot should self-announce on MULTICOM frequency
122.9.
What is the ISA standard atmospheric pressure at sea level
14.7 lb 29.92 inches of mercury -Standard pressure lapse rate is 1 inch of mercury (hg) per 1000 feet
120 knots
2 nautical miles per minute
Most general aviation airplane propellers have how many blades?
2 or 3
Shallow Turn
20 degree Bank angle or less
Medium Turn
20 to 45 degree angle
What is the maximum indicated airspeed below a Class B airspace area or in a VFR corridor through Class B airspace?
200 knots
Composition of the Atmosphere
21% Oxygen 1% Other Gases 78% Nitrogen Water Vapor responsible for major changes in the weather (cloud snow and ice)
No person may use an ATC transponder unless it has been tested and inspected within at least the preceding _____ months
24 calendar months
What is a standard rate turn?
3 degree per second turn. The ball should remain centered.
How long should you allow for your eyes to adapt fully to the dark?
30 minutes
Heading indicator
360 degree compass It does not have an automatic north-seeking capability. It must be set before each flight and periodically adjusted throughout the flight.
Steep Turn
45 degree bank angle
What is the ISA standard atmospheric temperature at sea level
59 degrees f - Standard temperature lapse rate is 2 degrees for every 1,000 ft
To compensate for night blind spots, how many degrees off center should you focus on an object?
5° to 10°
FAA advisory circulars containing subject matter specifically related to Airspace are issued under which subject number?
90
Dihedral
A V-shaped wing design that improves lateral stability. If a disturbance causes one wing to drop, lift decreases on the higher wing and increases on the lower wing, rolling the airplane to a level flight attitude. -Gives wings V look when you look at from the front -Helps with lateral stability. -Low-wing planes have more than high wing planes.
V-g Diagram
A chart that relates velocity (v) to load factor (g). It is valid only for a specific weight, configuration and altitude and shows the maximum amount of positive or negative lift the airplane is capable of generating at a given speed. Also shows the safe load factor limits and the load factor that the aircraft can sustain at various speeds.
Class - airmen
A classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics such as single engine, multi engine, land, gyroplane, helicopter or airship
Deviation
A compass error caused by magnetic disturbances from electrical and metal components in the aircraft. There's a compass correction card to correct for deviation. Tells you the correction if radio is on or off
TRACON (Terminal Radar Approach Control)
A large Class B (sometimes Class C) approach control; usually serves major metropolitan areas. TRACON controllers provide traffic advisories, safety alerts, vectoring, and separation between all aircraft in Class B airspace.
Altocumulus Clouds
A middle cloud, usually white or gray. Often occurs in layers or patches with wavy, rounded masses or rolls. Contain supercooled water droplets and can produce light turbulence.
What type of pressure gradient and winds would you expect in an area where the isobars on a weather chart are close together?
A strong pressure gradient and strong winds
Which conditions cause a warm downslope wind to occur?
A warm airmass moves at a high altitude across a mountain range.
Wing Twist
A wing design feature that improves the effectiveness of aileron control at high angles of attack during an approach to a stall.
Class C airspace
ATC Provides radar service to all IFR and VFR aircraft. Participation is mandatory. Has two circular boundaries: 1. Core surface area covers 5 nautical mile radius from center and extends from surface to 4,000ft agl 2. Shelf area covers 10 nautical mile radius. Extends from 1,200 ft agl to 4,000 ft agl
High Clouds
Above 20,000 ft Seldom pose turbulence or icing hazards. Three basic types: - Cirrus - above 30k and wispy. Warning of approaching bad weather - Cirrostratus 0 Long bands of sheets of thin white clouds against a deep blue background. Low moisture content and pose no icing hazards. - Cirrocumulus clouds - white, patchy clouds that resemble cotton. Can pose light turbulence.
Groundspeed
Actual speed over the ground. TAS and Groundspeed are equal in a no wind situation. - A headwind decreases groundspeed - A tailwind increases groundspeed - It is not on the airspeed indicator
True airspeed (TAS)
Actual speed through the air. Calibrated airspeed corrected for density changes due to altitude and temperature. Use flight computer to determine.
Calculate the amount of lift needed to support the weight of the aircraft
Aircraft weight/wing area = weight
Four primary wing design factors
Airfoil camber Aspect ratio Wing Area Wing planform Wingspan/average chord = Aspect Ratio Wingspan x Avg Chord = Wing Area
Vertical Speed Indicator
Airplane's rate of climb or descent. It begins to operate whenever the climb or descent rate exceeds 100 feet per minutes. Major, numbered tick marks represent 1,000-foot increments Minor, unnumbered tick marks represent 500-foot increments
Class of Aircraft
Airplane, rotorcraft, glider, balloon
Where can you find common traffic advisory frequencies?
Airport/Facility Directory, aeronautical charts, nearest FSS
Vso
Airspeed indicator: Lowest limit of the white arc, the stall speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.
Vs1
Airspeed: Lowest limit of the green arc, the stall speed or minimum steady flight speed obtained in a specific configuration
Digital Displays
Aka Glass cockpit Screen is called Primary Flight Display (PFD) All 6 instruments are shown here. Turn coordinator is combined with the attitude indicator
Both static and pitot static sources blocked
All indications remain constant, regardless of changes in airspeed, altitude, and vertical speed
Static Stability
An airplane's initial response after a disturbance disrupts it equilibrium
Newton's first law of motion
An object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by another force. Objects at rest tend to remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force.
How does Newton's third law of motion apply to lift?
As the airfoil forces air downward, the wing is pushed upward in response.
Bernouli's Principle
As the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases
What analog instrument feature is combined with the turn coordinator in a digital display?
Attitude indicator roll pointer
How do variations in temperature affect the altimeter?
Because atmospheric pressure levels are raised on warm days, the aircraft will be at a higher altitude than indicated. In other words, the indicated altitude is lower than true altitude.
Where are approach lighting systems located?
Before the runway, along the extended runway centerline, and beginning as far away as 3,000 feet from the runway threshold
When to level off after a climb
Begin leveling off at approx 10% of your climb rate below the desired altitude. Example: Climbing at 500 fpm Begin leveling off about 50 feet below the desired altitude To level off at 8,000 feet, begin reducing the pitch altitude at 7,950 feet
How to level off after a dscent?
Begin leveling off at approx 10% of your descent rate above the desired altitude. For example: Descending at 500 fpm Begin leveling off about 50 feet above the desired altitude To level off at 6,000 feet, begin reducing the pitch altitude at 6,050 feet
When to roll out of a turn
Begin rolling out of your turn about one-half of the number of degrees of your bank angle before reaching your heading For example: 30 degree bank Start rolling out about 15 degrees before the desired heading
Airport Information signs
Black letters on yellow background
Airport Destination Signs
Black text on yellow background with arrow
Category (Airmen)
Broad classification such as Airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air
Which wing design contains no external bracing?
Cantilever
Slipping turn
Cause - Not enough rudder pressure in the direction of the turn Correction - Add rudder pressure to center the slip/skid indicator and maintain coordinated flight
Skidding turn
Cause - too much rudder pressure in the direction of the turn Correction - Relax some rudder pressure to center the slip/skid indicator and maintain a coordinated flight
Polar cell
Cells of air circulation occurring between 60 degrees north and south and each pole. Flows towards the poles where it cools and sinks.
Information concerning parachute jumping sites may be found in the
Chart Supplements publication
A blue segmented circle on a Sectional Chart depicts which class airspace?
Class D.
In addition to wire-braced wings, what identifies open truss structure?
Clearly visible struts
stratocumulus clouds
Clouds that form low in distinct or whitish patches. Defined and rounded appearance and merged into rolling masses, rolls, or regular long sheets. Sometimes formed when a cumulus spreads out. These clouds help regulate heat by blocking out sun. Abbr: Sc...
Which process occurs when water droplets collide and fuse together?
Coalescence
CL
Coefficient of Lift A way to measure lift as it relates to angle of attack. As angle of attack increases, CL increases If the maximum CL is exceeded, lift decreases rapidly and a stall occurs.
Lift Equation
Coefficient of lift (CL) - Corresponds to the angle of attack Velocity (V) - corresponds to airspeed Air density (P) - corresponds to altitude Wing area (S) - the size of the wing
Combination Rectangular and Tapered Planform
Combination Rectangular and tapered - good for low-speed aircraft
Which aircraft construction material combines two or more materials together to make a structure that is much stronger than the individual components?
Composite
What procedure should you follow when taking off from a satellite airport within Class C airspace when the airport does not have an operating control tower.
Contact the primary airport as soon as practicable after takeoff.
Class D airspace
Controlled airspace around an airport that has an operating control tower but that provides no radar services. - Normally extend from surface to MSL altitude ( 2,500 ft AGL) - It is only Class D when the tower is in operation. If it's closed, changes to Class E.
Class E airspace
Controller airspace not A, B, C, or D. Upwards from either surface or designated altitude (700 ft AGL or 1200 ft AGL depending) to controlled airspace above. Used for federal airways, transition areas, etc. Begins at most at 14,500 ft MSL over US. Floor is 700 ft AGL if designated in conjunction with airport with approved IAP; 1,200 ft AGL in conjunction with federal airway.
Hadley cell
Convection Currents that cycle between the equator, 30 degrees North and South. Air rises at the equator and flows toward the poles.
What term describes the illusion of rotating in a different plane after moving one's head during a constant-rate turn?
Coriolis illusion
What clouds have the greatest turbulence?
Cumulonimbus.
How do you correct a slip?
Decrease the amount of bank or increase the rate of turn by applying more rudder pressure in the direction of the turn.
What is indicated by an isogonic line on an aeronautical chart?
Degrees of magnetic variation
Va
Design maneuvering speed. Listed in POH. Speed you can use full control movement and not cause structural damage to the aircraft. It changes with aircraft weight. It's greater when aircraft is heavy and lower when the load is light.
upslope fog
Develops along coastlines or mountain valleys near lakes requires wind to form develops when winds force moist, stable air up a sloping land mass
What is interference drag?
Drag created when the air flowing around one part of the airplane interacts with air moving at a different speed or in a different direction around an adjacent part of the airplane
How can a military airport be identified at night?
Dual peaked (two quick) white flashes between green flashes.
Why might temperature extremes in the cockpit make you more susceptible to hypoxia?
During increased physical activity (such as shivering), your body requires more oxygen, which increases the risk of becoming hypoxic.
How do you correct a skid?
Either increase the amount of bank or decrease the rate of turn by applying less rudder pressure in the direction of the turn.
Newton's Third Law of Motion
Every force exerted by one body on another is countered by an equal force in the opposite direction.
How often is a surface analysis chart transmitted?
Every three hours
Who do you have to show your certificates upon request?
FAA Administrator NTSB Federal, state or local LEO TSA
What is the other accepted name for the pilot's operating handbook (POH)?
FAA Approved Flight Manuel
What are high-lift devices?
Flaps are the most common type 1 Leading edge flaps - slots (stationary) and slats (move) 2 Training edge
Altostratus Clouds
Flat, dense clouds that cover a wide area. They are gray or gray-white and can cause icing hazards
How should the flight controls be held while taxiing a tailwheel airplane with a left quartering tailwind?
For a quartering tailwind, the controls are held the same for both tailwheel and tricycle-gear airplanes. Ailerons are down on the side from which the wind is blowing. The elevator is down to prevent the wind from lifting the tail.
ADS-B Data 1090ES
For operation at any altitude Required for operations at or above 18,000 ft MSL Enables TIS-B Does not enable FIS-B
Freezing rain
Freezing rain and freezing drizzle freeze upon contact with objects.
Category of aircraft
Grouping based upon intended use or operating limitations such as transport, normal utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted and provisional
Three Cell Circulation Patterns
Hadley cell Polar cell Ferrel cell
Airport signs
Have 6 categories that all have unique colors and markings
Horizontal situation Indicator
Heading indicator. Displays movement and heading information using electronic 360 compass card. HSI is self adjusting
What does AGL refer to?
Height above the ground
5 types of pressure systems
High - center of high pressure surrounded on all sides by lower pressure Low - center of low pressure surrounded on all sides by higher pressure Ridge - elongated area of relatively high pressure Trough - elongated area of relatively low pressure Col - neutral area between two highs or two lows or the intersection of a ridge and a trough
Unlike an automobile, your airplane can only be loaded to a certain weight. If it is loaded beyond the maximum allowable weight it will experience:
Higher stall speeds and longer takeoff distances. Lower rate of climb and longer landing roll.
Highly Tapered Planform
Highly tapered - decrease drag, inc lift, tendency to stall inboard of the wingtip
Hail
If rain falls through a temperature inversion, it can freeze and arrive at the ground level as ice pellets.
Acceleration/Deceleration Error
In northern hemisphere, when your aircraft accelerates, the compass indicates a turn to the north. When you slow, the compass indicates a turn to the south. ANDS: Accelerate North, Decelerate South These errors do not occur when you fly on a north or south heading.
Angle of Attack
In photo "A" is the angle of attack. It is the angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the relative wind.
What causes hypemic hypoxia?
Inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the cells
What is the purpose of flaps
Increase lift, decrease stall speed, and create drag
Which type of airspeed is important to performance, regardless of altitude?
Indicated
Static Source Blocked
Indicated Airspeed: Decreases with altitude gain, increases with altitude loss. Indicated Altitude: Does not change with altitude gain or loss Indicated Vertical Speed: Does not change with vertical speed changes
Pitot Ram Air Source Blocked and Drain Hole open
Indicated Airspeed: Displays zero knots Indicated Altitude: Unaffected Indicated Vertical Speed: Unaffected
Pitot Ram Air Source and Drain Hole Blocked
Indicated Airspeed: increases with altitude gain, decreases with altitude loss. Indicated Altitude: Unaffected Indicated Vertical Speed: Unaffected
Calibrated airspeed (CAS)
Indicated airspeed corrected for installation error and instrument error. Determine by looking at chart in the POH.
What are the 6 main types of altitude?
Indicated altitude Pressure altitude Density altitude True altitude Absolute altitude Calibrated altitude
Coriolis Force
Influences the paths of all objects that move freely across the face of the earth Deflects moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere Differs in amount of deflection depending on latitude Differs with the speed of the moving object Breaks up atmospheric circulation into the three-cell circulation model Deflects wind until the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient are in balance
Prior to departing an airport in Class B airspace, what information should you provide to ATC?
Intended altitude and route
Why is temperature inversion hazardous to pilots?
It causes poor visibility
What is the turn coordinator?
It indicates turn direction and quality of the turn. Also, serves as a backup source of bank information in the event of attitude indicator failure. Two components: Turn indicator and Inclinometer
In what states does equilibrium exist
It is a state in which opposing forces are balanced. Lift equals weight Drag equals thrust Example: an increase in thrust cases the plan to accelerate. As the plane moves faster, drag increases until the forces return to equilibrium.
How is elevation depicted on an airport description?
It is shown as the first number listed on the last line of an airport description.
What is Load Factor (G)?
It is the rtio of the weight supported by the airplane's wings to the actual weight of the aircraft and its contents. Measured in G-forces. Straight and Level Flight Load Factor:1G Turning or banking increases load factor.
What is the altimeter?
It measures the aircraft's altitude and is part of the pitot-static system. - Indications are based on the mean sea level (MSL) -Change the Kollsman window to compensation for changes in local pressure. -Indicated altitude changes about 1,000 feet for every inch of change in the setting. -Altimeter settings are accurate only in the vicinity of the reporting station.
How does L/Dmax relate to airplane performance?
L/Dmax provides maximum gliding distance and fuel economy for an airplane.
ADB-B 978 UAT
Limited to altitudes below 18,000 ft MSL Enables TIS-B and FIS-B
Wind sock
Limp: no-wind Extended at 45 degrees: Wind speed approx 7 knots Fully extended when wind is 15 knots.
Isogonic Lines
Lines on an aeronautical chart that connect points of equal magnetic variation.
How do you scan for traffic while climbing?
Lower nose periodically Perform shallow S-turns Transition to a cruise climb as soon as practical
What do the length and orientation of a vector arrow represent?
Magnitude and direction
Aircraft brakes are located on which wheels?
Main wheels
How do you return to cruise flight?
Maintain the attitude for straight-and-level flight - Reduce power to the cruise setting - Trim to relieve control pressures - Lean the mixture if necessary
Vlo and Vle
Max landing gear operating airspeed and maximum landing gear extended airspeed
Vfe
Maximum speed with the flaps extended. Upper limit of the green arch
Vn
Maximum structural cruising speed
Stall Strips
Metal strips attached to the leading edge of each wing near the fuselage; used to ensure positive control during the stall.
Which fuselage design cannot tolerate dents or deformations of the surface?
Monocoque
How are gyroscopic instruments powered?
Most use a combination of electrical and vacuum power to provide a backup in case one system fails. Turn coordinator is typically electrically powered. Attitude and heading indicators normally receive power from a vacuum system.
Ferrel cell
Moves opposite the air in Hadley and Polar cells Is located between 30 and 60 degrees latitude Is believed to be the result of air movement in the Hadley and Polar cells - This reversed rotational movement presents some possibilities for why the mid-latitudes experience a wide range of weather
Calculate Fuel Required
Need Fuel Consumption Rate and time time = distance and ground speed Use calculated AS or indicated AS to find TAS GS need TAS, Wind speed and direction
What are the possible upper boundaries of class G airspace
Normally 700ft or 1,200 ft agl 1,500 ft agl as an exception when 14,500 ft MSL is actually lower than 1,500 ft AGL
MULTICOM
Not an acronym, just the radio frequency (122.9) use to announce aircraft when there's no ATC.
UNICOM
Not an acronym: Universal Communications. A radio broadcast that tells you about non-flight services, such as fuel, taxis, and car rentals. Weather, airport advisories, and radio checks Instructions on how to access additional information.
radiation fog (ground fog)
Occurs when a layer of air is in contact with a cool earth and is cooled to the dew point
Indicated airspeed (IAS)
On airspeed indicator. It's calibrated for sea level conditions. Doesn't reflect variation in air density. Importance performance airspeeds are always the same indicated airspeed, regardless of altitude.
Conditions that initiate Lifting (thunderstorms)
Orographic lifting, frontal systems, convection
What is the vertical speed indicator (VSI)?
Part of the pitot-static system - Static pressure - Measures rate at which an aircraft gains and loses altitude - Indicates 0 when you're flying level - Displays trend and rate
What are the characteristics of performance graphs?
Performance graphs provide several variables and interpolation is not necessary.
What certificates are you required to carry when you're PIC? Part 61.3
Pilot Certificate Photo ID Current and appropriate medical certificate
Where are the required operating limits and weight and balance records for a particular aircraft found?
Pilots Operating Handbook (POH)
Attitude Indicator
Pitch and roll. Is an artificial reference for pitch and roll attitude with respect to the earth's surface. Useful when the horizon is not visible (storms, night time, etc) Set the indicator while on the ground.
Four types of flaps
Plain, Split, Slotted, Fowler
5 P Checklist
Plan Plane Pilot Passengers Programming
What effects does precession have on gyroscopic instruments
Precession is the tilting or turning of a gyro in response to pressure. Causes: - Slow drifting and minor error indications - Reaction in the direction of rotation
Define Rain
Precipitation that is .02 inches or greater in diameter. Falls at a steady rate and stops gradually.
Density Altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for temperature. When conditions are standard, Density and Pressure altitude are the same. If temp is higher, the density altitude is higher than pressure altitude If the temp is lower, density altitude is lower than pressure altitude It is important because it's directly related to aircraft performance.
polar easterlies
Prevailing winds that blow from east to west between 60degrees-90degrees latitude in both hemisphere.
trade winds
Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator
What is convection
Process of transporting heat from warmer areas to cooler areas. Air is heated at equator and moves towards cooler areas at the poles. As the air cools in the poles, it then moves back towards the equator. The circulation process continues as the surface of the earth heats and cools.
ARTCC (Air Route Traffic Control Center)
Provide air traffic control service to aircraft on IFR flight plans in controlled airspace.
Runway Distance Remaining Signs
Provides remaining runway length in 1,000-foot increments White lettering on black background
Mandatory Instruction Signs
Red background with white inscriptions, used to denote entrance to a Runway or a critical area -areas where an AC is prohibited from entering.
What action can a pilot take to aid in cooling an engine that is overheating during a climb?
Reduce rate of climb and increase airspeed.
Steps to find Groundspeed and Wind Correction Angle
Set magnetic wind direction under the true index mark a wind dot up from the grommet Set magnetic course under the true index Slide the card so the true airspeed arc is under the wind dot Groundspeed is under the grommet Wind correction angle is measured form center line to wind dot.
What are the weather characteristics of a warm front occlusion when the front lifts moist, unstable air?
Severe weather forms.
What are the three types of turns?
Shallow Medium Steep
Airport direction signs
Single black letter on yellow background with arrow
If you read in a METAR the symbols "SKC" and "OVC", refer to:
Sky Clear and Overcast.
What is a slip and a skid?
Slip: The rate of turn is too slow for the angle of bank and the ball moves to the inside of the turn. Skid: The rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank, and the ball moves to the outside of the turn. "step on the ball" with the rudder pressure.
Drizzle
Small droplets that are les than .02 inches in diameter. - Warm rain and drizzle can develop into dense precipitation-induced fog.
Colors on digital display airspeed indicator
Solid red indicates the aircraft is within 20 knots of stalling speed Yellow - aircraft is approaching stall speed White - flap operating range Green - normal operating range Another yellow tape - the caution range Red and white diagonal stripes - the never exceed speed
How is stability different from controllability?
Stability is the airplane's tendency to return to equilibrium after it is disturbed, while controllability is how well your airplane responds to control inputs.
What flight conditions does the turn coordinator display?
Standard-rate turn and coordinated flight
Rain Showers
Start suddenly, change intensity suddenly and stop suddenly.
What type of fog forms when cold, dry air moves over warmer water?
Steam fog
Types of Clouds
Stratus - Layers, sheet-like Cumulus- Heap. Puffy clouds Cirrus- Ringlet. Wispy clouds Nimbus- rain clouds Alto - high altitude Fracto - pieces or broken clouds
Required VFR day instruments
T - Tachometer O - Oil Temperature Gauge M - Manifold Pressure Gauge A - Airspeed Indicator T - Temperature Gauge** O - Oil Pressure Gauge E - Emergency Equipment (Flotation device, pyrotechnic signaling device) S - Seatbelts A - Altimeter F - Fuel Gauge L - Landing Gear Extension Lights*** L - Landing gear position indicator A - Anti-collision Lights**** M - Magnetic Compass E - ELT S - Seatbelts E - Emergency locator transmitter
Rectangular Planform
Tends to stall first at the wing root, which provides adequate stall warning and aileron effectiveness
How far can you expect Class G airspace to extend above the surface of a mountain peak with an elevation of 14,128 feet MSL?
The Class G airspace extends 1,500 feet AGL (15,628 MSL) above the surface of the mountain peak.
Absolute altitude
The actual height of the aircraft above the earth's surface, commonly referred to as height AGL. It varies based on the height of the surface over which the aircraft is flying.
What part of the airplane controls roll and turns?
The ailerons
If the pitot tube and its associated drain hole become completely blocked but the static system remains open, what happens to the airspeed indication?
The airspeed indication will vary as altitude changes.
What is the Kollsman window?
The altimeter setting window. Turn the know to a higher setting increases the indicated altitude. Changes 1,000 feet for every inch of change in the setting.
Pressure Altitude
The altitude indicated when the barometric pressure scale is set to 29.92.
Indicated Altitude
The altitude measured by the altimeter, the altitude used most often during flight. -
Sweepback
The angle at which the wings are slanted rearward from the wing root to the wingtip. -Improves lateral stability when a wing drops by advancing the lowered wing forward into the relative wind, creating extra lift to level the wings.
Variation
The angular difference between true north and magnetic north. Convert true course to magnetic course, subtract easterly variation and add westerly variation. "East is least, west is best"
Centrifugal Force
The apparent force that results from inertial resistance to a turn. It opposes centripetal force.
Digital Turn coordination
The ball is shown as a trapezoid. Shifts to the left or right to indicate slipping or skidding. "step on the trapezoid"
Tropopause
The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Acts as a lid to contain water vapor and the associated weather within the troposphere.
Camber
The curvature of the airfoil from front to back. Changes in camber affects lift.
Keel Effect
The flat surfaces located behind the center of gravity tend to weathervane with the wind. -Provides lateral stability when the airflow exerts a force against the vertical fin and the side of the aircraft above the CG. -Provides lateral stability.
In a power-off descent what causes the airplane to increase airspeed?
The forward component of weight acting along the flight path counteracts drag.
Pressure altitude
The height above the standard datum plane. The standard datum plane is a theoretical reference point at sea level where pressure is 29.92 of mercury. Used to compute density altitude, true altitude, true airspeed and other performance data
How does air temperature relate to dewpoint temperature?
The higher the temperature of the air, the higher the dewpoint.
You have finished climbing and need to level off at your cruise altitude. What is your primary visual reference to fly straight-and-level?
The horizon. Instruments are used as backup.
Centripetal Force
The horizontal component of lift that causes the airplane to turn.
Agonic Line
The line that connects points where the magnetic variation is zero.
What do the dials on the altimeter mean?
The longer of the two needles indicates multiples of 100 feet. The shorter of the two needles indicates multiples of 1,000 feet The pointer indicates multiples of 10,000 feet - A crosshatched area appears at altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL
LDMAX
The maximum ratio between total lift (L) and total drag (D) This point provides the best glide speed Any deviation from the best glide speed increases drag and reduces the distance you can glide
The pitot-static system generally consists of what two components?
The pitot tube and pitot-static instruments
Density Altitude
The pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.
What is meant by rigidity in space?
The principle that a wheel with a heavily weighted rim spun rapidly will remain in a fixed position in the plane in which it is spinning
lift to drag ratio (L/D)
The ratio of lift to drag, obtained by dividing the coefficient of lift by the coefficient of drag. A measure of the wing's efficiency. The L/D ratio is also used as the glide ratio.
Aspect Ratio
The relationship between the length and width of a wing. Wingspan/average chord = Aspect Ratio
What is the difference between the service ceiling and the absolute ceiling?
The service ceiling marks the altitude beyond which the aircraft is able to maintain a climb no greater than 100 feet per minute, whereas absolute ceiling is the point where Vx and Vy meet and marks the altitude at which the aircraft is unable to climb.
Dewpoint
The temperature at which the air reaches saturation and can hold no more water vapor. Dewpoint and temperature are proportional: the higher the air temperature, the higher the dewpoint 100% Relative Humidity
True altitude
The vertical distance above the mean sea level.
How do ice, snow, and frost cause an airplane to stall?
They increase stall speed by disrupting airflow over the wing.
What are the VFR flight visibility and cloud clearance minimums when you are operating at 7,500 feet MSL in Class E airspace?
Three statute miles500 feet below clouds1,000 feet above clouds2,000 feet horizontal from clouds
What are the VFR minimums required for you to enter Class C airspace when flying VFR?
Three statute miles500 feet below1,000 feet above2,000 feet horizontal
What is the row of lights placed across the end of a runway called?
Threshold lights: A row of steady green lights
What is indicated when a current CONVECTIVE SIGMET forecasts thunderstorms?
Thunderstorms obscured by massive cloud layers.
What is the pitot-static system used for?
To determine speed, altitude, and altitude trend
You're flying straight-and-level. What do you use the pitch trim for?
To eliminate the need to apply continuous forward and back pressure on the control stick to maintain a constant pitch altitude.
Air velocity and lift
To generate lift, an airfoil needs motion. The faster it moves relative to the air, the more lift it generates If all other factors remain the same, doubling the airspeed quadruples the amount of lift.
What is the purpose of obstruction lighting?
To give the pilot advance warning of prominent structures
What is the name of the two rows of lights on either side of the runway centerline that begin 100 feet from the threshold and extend to 3000 feet or to the midpoint of the runway, whichever is less?
Touchdown zone lights
TIS-B
Traffic Information System-Broadcast, is a data broadcasting service that allows aircraft operators to receive traffic information in near-real time. -available to UAT IN equipped aircraft flying within ADS-B coverage
Transponder Mode A
Transmits a four digit code for aircraft identification Provides 4,096 available codes
Transponder mode C
Transmits your airplane's altitude Is required: - In class a, b, and c airspace - within 30 miles of the primary airport in class b airspace - Above class b and c airspace - Above 10,000 feet msl
What small hinged device on an airplane is used to help minimize the pilot's workload?
Trim tab
You're in a straight-and-level flight and are having to continuously push forward on the control stick to keep from climbing. What should you do with the trim control?
Trim the nose down.
What are the four atmospheric layers
Troposphere - closest to earth, layer you fly in. contains most of water vapor, cloud cover and winds. Earth to 36,000 feet Stratosphere - only high performance aircraft, commercial aircraft, and military aircraft. From Troposphere to 160k feet Mesosphere - no aircraft fly here. has little influence on whether Thermosphere - space shuttles fly here. Has no influence on weather. >250k feet TSMT
What are the most common instruments that contain gyroscopes
Turn coordinator Heading indicator Attitude indicator
Class G airspace
Uncontrolled, extends from surface up to controlled airspace above (at most 14,500 ft MSL where class E airspace begins)
What causes a spin to continue?
Unequal lift on each wing is combined with unequal drag, continuing a downward spiral.
If you are taxiing a tailwheel aircraft in a headwind from your left, how should you position your controls?
Up aileron on left wing and up elevator
What services does Flight Service provide?
Updated weather and receipt of PIREPs enroute on 122.2 MHz or the local FSS frequency
Vno
Upper limit of the green arc, the maximum structural cruising speed
Angle of Incidence
Upward angle formed between the chord line and a line parallel to the longitudinal axis. - Places wing at the best angle of attack at cruising airspeed - Keeps the fuselage aligned with the flight path to minimize drag
Cruise Climb Speed
Use to increase groundspeed, forward visibility, and engine cooling with only a small reduction in climb rate.
CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)
Used when the ATCT is closed or at uncontrolled airports. Its a frequency used by all air and ground vehicle which travel on runways or taxiways to be aware of each other. At uncontrolled airports, use CTAF to: - Broadcast your position and intentions to other aircraft in the area - Receive airport advisories - Activate pilot-controlled lighting Locate CTAF: - In airport/facility directory - On aeronautical charts - From nearest FSS
360 Channel Radio
Uses 50 MHz spacing (118.05, 118.10)
Which instrument would continually indicate zero when a static system blockage occurs?
Vertical speed indicator
A conventional empennage always contains what two components?
Vertical stabilizer, or fin, and a horizontal stabilizer
What are the three sensory inputs that provide awareness of your body's position?
Vision, kinesthetic sense, and vestibular system
Best Angle-of-Climb Speed
Vx Use to climb over obstacles near the airport
Best rate of climb speed
Vy Use to reach your cruise altitude as quickly as possible due to factors such as terrain clearance or ATC instructions.
Newton's second law of motion
When a force is applied to a mass, the mass will accelerate. A large force applied to a small mass causes larger acceleration than the same force applied to a larger mass.
After landing at a tower-controlled airport, when should the pilot contact ground control?
When advised by the tower to do so.
What is the minimum weather condition required for airplanes operating under special VFR in Class D airspace?
When authorized by ATC, special VFR allows you to operate with one statute mile visibility as long as you can remain clear of clouds.
Virga
When rain evaporates very quickly and never reaches the ground.
Cruise descent
When you need to fly at a lower cruising altitude. Maintain cruise airspeed as you lose altitude.
Coriolis Illusion
When you put your head down for a prolonged period of time, you believe you are rotating, turning, or accelerating.
Airport Location Signs
Yellow letters on black background with yellow border
Which operating procedure is correct when you are preparing to land at a Class D satellite airport with a tower that is not in operation?
You should contact the control tower at the primary airport before entering its airspace.
The most effective method of scanning for other aircraft for collision avoidance during daylight hours is to use
a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements to search each 10-degree sector.
When departing behind a heavy aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by maneuvering the aircraft
above and upwind from the heavy aircraft.
Cumulonimbus Clouds
are thunderstorm clouds. Grey-white or black clouds that contain large amounts of moisture. Many flying hazards.
Troposphere
closest to earth, layer you fly in. contains most of water vapor, cloud cover and winds. Earth to 36,000 feet Temp decreases 2 decreases 2 degrees celsius for every 1,000 fee to about -51 degrees c It is elliptical and its altitude varies with latitude and the season. Lower near the poles and higher near the equator During winter months, the altitude of the troposphere over the poles is lower, during summer months the altitude increases over the equator
What is fog?
clouds that form near the ground, within 50 feet.
steam fog
condensation of water vapor that results when cool air moves over warm water
advection fog
created when warm, moist air from the sea blows onto cooler land surface. Requires light wind to form. Most common along coastlines.
The basic purpose of adjusting the fuel/air mixture at altitude is to
decrease the fuel flow in order to compensate for decreased air density.
Sweptback Planform
efficient high speed Degraded low-speed performance
An alternating red and green light signal directed from the control tower to an aircraft in flight is a signal to
exercise extreme caution
720 channel radio
has a decimal point 3 number capability. 25 MHz spacing (118.025, 118.050) Required for full ATC usage
Squelch Control
is a setting that controls the level of background noise . (can be manual or automatic) .
What are the four forces of flight
lift, weight, thrust, and drag
Radar weather reports are of special interest to pilots because they indicate
location of precipitation along with type, intensity, and cell movement of precipitation.
While operating in class D airspace, each pilot of an aircraft approaching to land on a runway served by a visual approach slope indicator (VASI) shall
maintain an altitude at or above the glide slope until a lower altitude is necessary for a safe landing.
degrees of longitude
measurement east or west of the Prime Meridian; their width shrinks as they merge at the poles
degrees of latitude
measurement north or south of the Equator; always the number written first in an absolute location; each one is about 69 miles wide
Planform
the shape of the wing viewed from above
Detonation occurs in a reciprocating aircraft engine when
the unburned charge in the cylinders explodes instead of burning normally.
Three global wind belts
trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies
prevailing westerlies
winds that blow west to east between 30 and 60 degrees in the northern and southern hemispheres
Calculate the cloud base when the surface air temperature is 86 Degrees and the dew point is 81 Degrees.
{(Temp F - Dewpoint F) / 4.4f} * 1000 (86-81)=5/4.4= 1.136x 1000 = 1,136 feet cloud base 80-62 = 18/4.4 = 4.09 x 1000 = 4,090 feet cloud base
