Federalist No. 70 (Hamilton)

Noted Quote

"Energy in the executive is the leading character in the definition of good government. It is essential to the protection of the community against foreign attacks...to the steady administration of the laws, to the protection of property...to justice; [and] to the security of liberty...."

Title

"The Executive Department Further Considered"

What are the other four arguments Hamilton makes in favor of having a single executive?

1. It would enable the president to defend against legislative encroachments on his power 2. It would best permit purpose, direction, and flexibility in the executive branch—especially necessary during times of emergency and warfare. 3. A unitary executive is best-suited to promoting accountability in government because it is easier to point blame at one person than to distinguish fault among members of a group 4. Misconduct and disagreements among members of the council of Rome contributed to the decline of the Roman Republic, we should not reproduce the plural executive structure of Rome.

Author

Alexander Hamilton

Subject

Argues in favor of the unitary executive created by Article II of the United States Constitution

How does Hamilton justify executive strength?

By claiming that the slow-moving Congress, a body designed for deliberation, will be best-balanced by a quick and decisive executive.

What does Hamilton note about having a single executive?

Hamilton notes that a single executive would be watched "more narrowly" and vigilantly by the people than a group of people would be. It would also ensure accountability in government.

What does Hamilton claim is the only way to achieve governmental balance?

He says that governmental balance can only be achieved if each branch of government (including the executive branch) has enough autonomous power such that tyranny of one branch over the others cannot occur.

What is important to note about Hamilton's case for duration (the amount of time that the single executive is in power)?

He wants a presidential term long enough to promote stability in the government.

Why does Hamilton advocate for a presidential salary?

It insulates government officials from corruption by attracting capable, honest men to office.

Problem

Some had called for an executive council—Hamilton argued in favor of a single executive. Remember that the Articles of Confederation did not have an executive branch.

According to Hamilton, what is the danger when two or more people are engaged in any common pursuit?

There is always danger of difference of opinion...bitter dissensions are apt to spring. Whenever these happen, they lessen the respectability, weaken the authority.