Fetal spine & musculoskeletal system

Acheiria is absence of the : a . hand . b . foot . c . elbow . d . knee .

A

All of the following are signs of Arnold - Chiari II malformation except : a . S - shaped spine . b . banana sign c . lemon sign . d . colpocephaly .

A

In VACTERL association the letter " L " stands for : a . limb b . lung c . liver d . larynx

A

Sonographically , you note that the fetal foot has a curved shape of the sole . What is the most likely diagnosis ? a . Rocker - bottom foot b . Sirenomelia c . Micromelia d . Amelia

A

Talipes equinovarus is associated with : a . clubfoot . b . syndactyly . c . rhizomelia . d . rocker - bottom feet .

A

The artifact seen posterior to solid structures such as fetal bone is referred to as : a . acoustic shadowing . b . posterior enhancement c . reverberation artifact d . edge artifact

A

The brain and spinal cord are covered by the : a . meninges . b . ependyma . c . neural tube . d . myelocele .

A

The lemon sign denotes : a . an abnormal shape of the fetal skull . b . a normal shape of the cerebellum . c . an abnormal shape of the cerebellum d . a normal shape of the fetal skull .

A

What is the larger bone of the lower leg ? a . Tibia b . Fibula

A

Which of the following is true for the diagnosis of clubfoot ? a . The metatarsals and toes lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula . b . The metatarsals are perpendicular to the tibia and fibula c . The carpals and metacarpals lie in the same plane as the tibia and fibula . d . The tibia , fibula , and patella are perpendicular to the femur .

A

A disorder that results in abnormal bone growth and dwarfism is : a . osteogenesis imperfecta . b . achondroplasia . c . radial ray defect . d . caudal regression syndrome .

B

All of the following are associated with spina bifida except : a . splaying of the laminae . b . enlarged posterior fossa . c . lemon sign . d . banana sign .

B

All of the following are characteristics of spina bifida occulta except : a . closed defect . b . elevated MSAFP . c . sacral dimple . d . hemangioma

B

All of the following are clinical or sonographic findings consistent with LBWC except a . ventral wall defects . b . decreased MSAFP . c . marked scoliosis . d . shortened umbilical cord .

B

An absent sacrum and coccyx is referred to as : a . sirenomelia . b . caudal regression syndrome . c . achondroplasia d . radial ray defect .

B

The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is referred to as : a . kyphosis b . scoliosis . c . splaying d . achondroplasia

B

The condition associated with the absence of the sacrum and coccyx a . limb - body wall complex b . caudal regression syndrome c . thanatophoric dwarfism d . heterozygous achondroplasia .

B

The exaggerated distance between the first toe and the second toe is : a . trident toes b . sandal gap c . phocomelia d . mesomelia

B

The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed to the fetus is : a . autosomal recessive . b . autosomal dominant . c . inherited dominant . d . inherited recessive .

B

The most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia is : a . achondrogenesis . b . achondroplasia . c . thanatophoric dysplasia d . osteogenesis imperfecta .

B

The radius is located on what side of the forearm ? a . Medial b . Lateral

B

What is the term for clubhand ? a . Sirenomelia b . Talipomanus c . Syndactyly d . Rhizomelia

B

Which of the following would increase the likelihood of a fetus developing sirenomelia and caudal regression syndrome ? a . Previous cesarean section b . Preexisting maternal diabetes c . Previous ectopic pregnancy d . Elevated hCG

B

Absence of the radius is referred to as : a . talipes equinovarus . b . clubfoot c . radial ray defect . d . phocomelia .

C

Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes : a . micromelia b . mesomelia c . phocomelia d . arthrogryposis

C

All of the following are characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis except : a . micromelia . b . absent mineralization of the pelvis . c . multiple dislocated joints d . polyhydramnios

C

Rhizomelia denotes a . long upper extremities . b . shortening of an entire limb c . shortening of the proximal segment of a limb d . shortening of the distal segment of a limb .

C

Sirenomelia is commonly referred to as : a . radial ray defect b . rhizomelia . c . mermaid syndrome . d . rocker - bottom feet

C

The abnormal lateral ventricle shape in which there is a small frontal horn and enlarged occipital horn is referred to as : a . cebocephaly . b . banana sign . c . colpocephaly . d . cephalocele .

C

The group of fetal head and brain abnormalities that often coexists with spina bifida is referred to as : a . Dandy - Walker malformation . b . Budd - Chiari syndrome . c . Arnold - Chiari II malformation d . amniotic band syndrome .

C

The neural process of the spine will become all of the following except : a . lamina . b . pedicle . c . vertebral body . d . spinous process .

C

What condition is associated with bilateral renal agenesis , oligohydramnios , and fusion of the lower extremities ? a . SCT b . Caudal displacement syndrome c . Sirenomelia d . Osteogenesis imperfect

C

What is the maternal dietary supplement that has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of the fetus suffering from a neural tube defect ? a . AFP b . Estriol c . Folate d . Pregnancy protein A

C

What is the term for absence of a foot ? a . Amelia b . Acheiria c . Apodia d . Arthrogryposis

C

What term is defined as fusion of the digits ? a . Clinodactyly b . Polydactyly c . Syndactyly d . Rhizodactyly

C

Which condition is often associated with heterozygous achondroplasia ? a . Oligodactyly b . Mesomelia c . Rhizomelia d . Phocomelia

C

A bell - shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of : a . thanatophoric dysplasia b . caudal regression syndrome . c . achondrogenesis . d . osteogenesis imperfecta

D

A cloverleaf skull and hydrocephalus is seen with : a . achondrogenesis b . osteogenesis imperfecta . c . sirenomelia d . thanatophoric dysplasia

D

A protein produced by the yolk sac and fetal liver that is found in excess in the maternal circulation in the presence of a neural tube defect is : a . folate . b . hCG . c . Estriol . d . AFP .

D

Achondroplasia is associated with all of the following except : a . frontal bossing b . flattened nasal bridge c . trident hand d . absent mineralization of the skull

D

All of the following are associated with amniotic band syndrome except a . amputation of fetal parts . b . anencephaly . c . facial clefting . d . synechiae

D

All of the following are characteristics of spina bifida cystica except a . banana sign b . lemon sign c . enlarged massa intermedia d . normal MSAFP

D

In VACTERL association , the letter " C " stands for : a . cerebellar . b . C - spine c . cranial d . cardiac .

D

Sonographically , you visualize a mass extending from the distal spine of a fetus . This mass could be all of the following except : a . SCT . b . meningocele c . meningomyelocele d . phocomeningocele

D

The disorder associated with fetal amputations is : a . achondroplasia b . osteogenesis imperfecta c . thanatophoric dysplasia d . amniotic band syndrome

D

The thalamic tissue located within the third ventricle of the brain that can become enlarged with Arnold - Chiari Il malformation is the a . corpus callosum . b . cerebellar vermis . c . cavum septum pellucidum . d . massa intermedia

D

Upon sonographic interrogation of a 28 - week distorted . This is sonographic evidence of applied to the fetal skull the skull pregnancy , you note that when pressure is can be easily a . Arnold - Chiari Il malformation . b . achondroplasia c . thanatophoric dysplasia d . osteogenesis imperfecta

D

What abnormality results in limitation of the fetal limbs as a result of joint contractures ? a . Acromegaly b . Radial ray defect c . Achondrogenesis d . Arthrogryposis

D

What is the anomaly of the spine in which there is absence of all or part of a vertebral body and posterior element ? a . Kyphosis b . Scoliosis c . Kyphoscoliosis d . Hemivertebra

D

What is the term defined as the absence of part of an extremity distal to the elbow or knee ? a . Phocomelia b . Amelia c . Acromelia d . Hemimelia

D