FINA Music Final

ternary form

A-B-A

verse-chorus form

ABABCB

During the early Middle Ages, the instituion that preserved written records of Medieval culture, including music, was the _________

Christian church

During the early Middle Ages, the institution that preserved written records of Medieval culture, including music, was the _______ .

Christian church

treble clef or?

G clef

Written in 1935, _______ is set in the barrier islands of South Carolina and, with its score that calls for opera singers, is considered a "folk opera."

Gershwin's Porgy and Bess

The great tradition of classical or art music from northern India is known as _______ music.

Hindustani

What is the term for the main percussion instrument of Irish traditional dance?

bodhran

Secular songs in colonial America that were inspired by wars, colonial life, love, crime, humor, religion, etc., sung to older tunes, and published on one side of large sheets of cheap paper that were posted in public places were called _______ .

broadside ballads

french composer of 20th century and influenced by the french impressionist painters

claude debussy

chord

combination of three or more tones sounded at once

pieces of programmatic music that present general scenes from a story and are intended ot begin a concert

concert overtures

secondary theme of a fugue

countersubject

How is pitch determined?

frequency

In a Hindustani raga performance, what is the term for the second section that includes the tabla drums and ends with a repeated rhythm called a tihai?

gat

classical composers began to use what types of dynamics?

gradual; crescendo and decrescendo

Ritardando

gradually slower

The _________ tells us which scale will be used in a piece?

key signature

Which of the following Latin American styles has its roots in West African music?

mambo, cha cha cha, rumba

A series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole is called a _______

melody

Musical Developments: Briefly discuss the origins of Western art music beginning with the reason we commence our studies with the Middle Ages then discuss three of the most important musical developments that took place during the Middle Ages and three that occurred during the Renaissance.

middle ages: single melody, lone instrument (voice), dancing (secular), religious music renassiance music: rich harmony, easy rhythm/melody, imitative polyphony, acapella, additional instruments

if a flute player performs a piece without any accompaniment, what is the texture

monophonic

the only common characteristics of operas, oratorios, and cantatas is ________________

multiple sections

Fascination with national identity also led composers to draw on colorful materials from foreign lands, a trend known as musical

nationalism

Fascination with national identity led composers to draw on musical materials from their homelands, a trend known as _______ .

nationalism

The single-line melodies of the early Christian church are known as

plainchant

While some Baroque operas were based on historical events, most Baroque operas were based on Greek and Roman ________

plays

multiple stacked triads

polychords

Instead of traditional triads (three-note chords), twentieth century composers used _______ (multiple stacked triads) and _______ (groups of notes a half-step or whole-step apart).

polychords tone clusters

when the men in a choir sing "Joy To The World" while women sing "o come all ye faithful", the texture is?

polyphonic

characteristic of Classical Period musical style?

terraced dynamics, homophonic texture, tuneful melodies

perhaps the most interesting feature of Handel's oratorio Messiah is its constantly changing _____________

texture

groups of notes a half to whole step apart

tone cluster

The triad built on the first note of a scale is called the _______ .

tonic chord

The music of each of the six cultures we have examined reflects or involves at least one aspect of that people's religious or social concerns. Give at least one specific example of how religious or social concerns are reflected in the music of each of the FINA 3123 - Fine Arts: Music MWF - Test II Study Guide, p.10 following cultures: West Africa, Latin America, Trinidad and Tobago, Ireland, India, and Indonesia.

trinidad and tobago: slavery and carnival

True or False: By the end of the Baroque, dance suites were no longer intended for dancing and had become abstract pieces of instrumental music.

true

True or False: Louis Armstrong is a pillar of jazz history because he was one of the first jazz musicians to emerge as a virtuoso soloist that focused on solo rather than group improvisation.

true

True or False: The first films in America were silent and used live orchestras to provide the music.

true

true or false: Tala refers to the rhythmic cycle chosen for a raga performance.

true

music involves arranging each of the twelve chromatic pitches in any order of the composer's choosing such that the major/minor system of tonality is broken and "all notes are created equal."

twelve tone

A string quartet consists of

two violins, viola, cello

Interestingly, the song _______ that came to associated with the South during the Civil War originated in the North with Ohio-born minstrel singer Daniel Decatur Emmett who introduced it on a New York stage in 1859.

I wish I was in Dixie Land

Many music historians believe that improvements in _______ was the main reason that purely instrumental music began to flourish during the Baroque period.

Instrument making

What European country was the cultural center of the Baroque, as well as the country where opera originated?

Italy

Where is the main hub of culture and learning in the Renaissance Period?

Italy

American composer ______________________ is considered the most recognizable composer in modern history and is credited with bringing the symphonic sound back to film scores.

John Williams

Which of the following is not a dance rhythm commonly used in Irish music?

Mambo

Which is the first historical period of the Western Art Music tradition, lasting from 450-1450?

Middle Ages

The legendary riot that erupted in the audience in Paris in 1913 occurred at the first performance of Igor Stravinsky's ballet entitled

Rite of Spring

Many consider the song _______ by Bill Haley and His Comets the first rock and roll hit.

Rock around the clock

Which of the following was one of the most important early figures in the preservation, cultivation, and dissemination of Irish traditional music?

Seamus Ennis

American Music: Briefly respond to the questions "What is American music? Is there such a thing as American music? Is any music truly indigenous to the United States? If it exists at all, what makes music from the United States uniquely American?"

Similar to America itself, American music is the "melting pot" of music. Native American music is the most indigenous "American" music, as they are the indigenous people. Because of Spanish and British colonization and African slavery, however, what we now label as "American music" embodies all of these cultures. There is no distinct sound to American music, as there is no distinct American culture. American music is a cultural mixture of sounds that has developed over 200+ years.

The most enduring Civil War song of the North was _______ , a Methodist hymn tune set with text that put God on the side of the virtuous Northern army with its famous line "Glory, glory Hallelujah."

The Battle Hymn of the Republic

_________________________ was the first film with completely synchronized sound incorporating talking, sound effects, singing, and music.

The Jazz Singer

In the 1950's and 60's, science fiction film makers incorporated the use of an instrument called the _________________ to create an eerie, other-wordly sound.

Theremin

One of the most important developments in the history of music was the phonograph, invented in 1877 by American inventor _______ , who also invented the electric light bulb.

Thomas Alva Edison

True or False Early American theatre companies rented out theaters for a short period of time and presented a wide range of stage entertainment including tragedies, comedies, and operas.

True

True or False: Romantic artist were drawn to the realms of natuure, fantasy, dreams, irrational and supernatural

True

True or False: Mozart began his life in the service of a wealthy noble, but became a freelance musician able to make his living as a composer and performer.

True

phase music

When a recorded musical idea on a loop is played on top of itself, then changing the tape speeds of the copied loops

refers to the musical term for "voices alone" or vocalists without instruments

a capella

relentless rhythm of piano in Schubert's The Erlking suggests

a galloping horse

Pop Styles: Choose five American popular music styles and briefly describe the characteristics of each and why they are the five most important.

- Folk music, or Native American music, is characterized by repetition or call and response of brief melodic phrases either sang as an individual or as a group. The words for this music hold significant meaning and are usually connected to ancestral customs. This music is important to the American style as it is the music of the indigenous peoples. - Ragtime or cakewalks are important to American music because it seems to kick start the music idea of playing with rhythm and harmony, which we see in the blues. Ragtime also allowed for African Americans to introduce their sheet music into the music realm, such as Scott Joplin. Ragtime's melody is repeated, but the rhythm changes and is syncopated. - The Blues stressed the hardships of the black community in America. Originally, blues was the coalesce of the black community in response to the segregation and racism they faced in America. Blues is characterized by call and response melody with improvisational smeared/blended pitches known as "blue notes." The blues create the "twelve bar blues" of four measure phrases of repetitive chord progression. In addition to holding personal identity with African Americans and the "twelve bar" creation, blues open the door for further exploration of music in this style and sound. - Jazz, originated in New Orleans, is the start of the of a very wide genre of music. Lots of new musical theory ideas can develop from jazz. Jazz consists of a rhythm section with string bass, drums, and piano, while the melody section consists of saxophones, trumpets, and trombones. Improvisation, syncopated rhythm, and the structure of Jazz make it unique and influential on the rest of music. - Finally, rhythm and blues laid the foundation for lots of popular music after the 1950s. Rhythm and blues, in particular, gave way to the popular style, rock and roll. Built of the twelve bar blues, rhythm and blues added a stronger beat and emphasized the saxophone, guitar, and snare drum. This created an energetic, flamboyant music style that strongly appealed the younger audience.

Why World Music?: You get your coffee order from Dr. Jack's and sit down to study for this test. A friend sits down and asks you what you are studying. You say that it is a test on world music, and your friend looks confused and says: "Why do you need to know about world music?" Briefly answer your friend's question with justifications and positive reasons why learning about music from around the world is important.

-clue to cultures and beliefs, values, ancestry -beauty -contribute to music as a whole

The Renaissance may be described as an age of _______ .

-curiosity and individualism -"rebirth" of human creativity -exploration and adventure

Characteristics of The Ring of Nibelung

-cycle of four operas -between 15-17 hours in duration -called the most ambitious musical work ever composed

Clara Schuman was

-daughter of a piano teacher -virtuoso pianist -composer

The rise of the urban middle class in Europe during the 1800s led to the _______ .

-development of regular subscription concerts -piano becoming a fixture in middle class homes -formation of many orchestras and opera groups

The responsibility of the conductor includes ________________________________.

-direct rehearsals to improve the quality of the final outcome -translating the composer's printed music into a meaningful artistic performance -to make decisions regarding personnel, repertoire, guest artists, and performance dates

characteristic of nineteenth-century European romanticism?

-emphasized freedom of expression -glorified emotional overflow and release -abandoned time honored convention

Baroque vs. Classical: Briefly discuss four ways the music of the Classical period rebelled against, was different than, or transformed the music of the Baroque period.

-extravagant -spinning melody -polyphonic -forward moving rhythm -1 mood per piece -terraced dynamics -"simple"-tuneful melodies (balanced and symmetrical) -homophonic -clear unpredictable rhythm -multiple contrasting moods -gradual dynamics

Expressionist music by composers like Schoenberg stresses _______ .

-harsh dissonance -unusual instrumental effects -fragmentation

characteristics of expressionist music

-harsh dissonances -fragmentation -unusual instrumental effects

Briefly discuss the value of art to human existence by providing three benefits of art and artistic experiences, and discuss positive ways in which art has impacted your life.

-inherently good -calming/cathartic to some -expression of culture

description of Haydn

-kind, caring, jovial -born in Austria -worked entire life in service of a wealthy family

characteristics of minimalist music

-steady pulse -clear tonallity -slowly changing harmonies -repetition of rhythms

Minimalist music is characterized by _______

-steady pulse, clear tonality, slowly changing harmonies, repetition of rhythm

reason that modern piano took over fortepiano in popularity

-strong metal frame to hold strings at higher tension -sound that was more "singing" in nature -larger range of pitches

Colonial Puritans believed dancing _______ while other Protestants believed dancing _______ .

-was not sacred, but taught it to their children -could serve as a sacred activity

Musical texture refers to ______

-what kind of layers of sound are heard -how layers of sound are related to each other -how many different layers of sound are heard at the same time

Briefly, but in detail, describe the step-by-step biological process of how humans hear sounds.

1) object in motion vibrates and the vibrations travel through the air2) the vibrations reach the eardrum, thin drum head-like membrane3) the vibration is transferred to the maleus, incas, and stapes4) these three little bones pass the vibration into the cochlea, a snail-shaped fluid filled membrane5) the vibrations are carried across the small hairs in the cochlea which convert the vibration into electrical nerve impulses6) impulse sent to auditory cortex in the temporal lobe (which processes sound such as music and language)

# of Romantic musicians in orchestra

100

Baroque orchestras were made up of _______ members.

15-20

# of members in classical period orchestra

40-50

The Middle Ages, or medieval era, according to musicologists begins in the year _____________ and ends in the year _______________.

450-1450

What is the schematic for minuet and trio form?

A B A

What is the schematic for rondo form?

A B A C A

composer that Romantic composer look to as an example of a "free artist"

Beethoven

The first film to include a complete musical score was called ____________. a. Kol Nidre

Birth of a Nation

Pick an Ism`

Expressionism/total serialism -focused on subconcious, oppression, tragedy; this would encourage blues -dissonance, fragmentation, unusual sounds; important because it should the rules of music could be broken but some probably shouldnt; schoenburg pushed the constrains of music for other composers -twelve tone system; started a path toward twelve bar blues, organized improvisation in jazz, blues, ragtime, rhythm and blues

bass clef or?

F clef

True or False: Rather than conform to the popular instrumentation of the day like Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and Glenn Miller, Latin Bandleaders in the 1950's, in an attempt to maintain their identity, restricted their instrumentation to only Afro-Cuban percussion instruments.

False

true or false: Where the Classical period music of Mozart and Haydn emphasized individual expression, composers of the Romantic period composed works valuing order and logic.

False

Written by _______ , The Star-Spangled Banner began life as a poem called "Defense of Fort M'Henry" that was published in a Baltimore newspaper and later became a broadside ballad sung to a 1770s English drinking song before it was published as sheet music in 1814.

Francis Scott Key

What American city do almost all jazz scholars agree was the birthplace of jazz?

New Orleans

Popular theatre shows that went on tour around America, variety shows and vaudeville, the Tin Pan Alley music publishing district, and a general magnetic pull made what major city the center of musical culture in America in the late 1800s?

New York City

Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical _______ is set on a farm around 1900, explores old-fashioned values, includes characters that are country and cowboy folk, portrayed a simple life that appealed to many Americans, and was the most popular musical of the 1940s.

Oklahoma!

What European capital city was the cultural center of the Romantic period (and the Middle Ages)?

Paris

What "mambo king" is credited with the first mambo hit, Mambo #5?

Perez Prado

oratio differs from opera because it has no

acting, scenery, costume

In a Hindustani raga performance, what is the term for the first section that is unmetered and contains a great deal of improvisation?

alap

dynamics are determined by?

amplitude of vibration

refers to the parts of an opera that are songs intended to freeze time so that the audience may live within the emotion of the character.

aria

why does art deserve your time and attention

art is inherently good

The rejection of any tonal center is called

atonality

All of the following statements about the Twentieth Century are true except _______ . a. America had an international impact on music for the first time b. Wars and upheavals did not have a significant impact on the arts c. Asian, Latin American, African American, and women composers rose to great importance d. Recordings, radio, and television exposed people to music they had never heard before

b. Wars and upheavals did not have a significant impact on the arts

Which of the following regarding singing within the Western Art Music tradition is FALSE? a. The vocal cords oscillate quickly for high notes and slowly for low notes b. This type of singing is relatively simple since everyone can do it. c. Achieving a full resonant sound involves a wide variety of anatomical components. d. The human voice can sing in a variety of different styles and can create a variety of different timbres.

b. this type of singing is relatively simple since everyone can do it

The use of many keys at once is known as

bitonality.

The "arrival point" at the end of a melody is called a _______________.

cadence

What is the term for an informal social gathering where musicians playing different instruments join together to play Irish tunes in which dancing and music are closely integrated?

ceili

On the uilleann pipes, the main melody is played on the _______ .

chanter

The danzón, Cuba's "national dance" of the 1920s, was accompanied by "sweet-sounding" _______ ensembles featuring the flute, maracas, and guiro.

charanga

Harmony refers to _______ .

chords used to support a melody

In music, "harmony" refers to

chords used to support a melody

What part of sonata form typically involves free exploration of the previously heard musical ideas in new and creative ways?

development

fragments of themes explored in many keys

development

active intellectual listening

digging deeper into musical elements

The dominant popular dance music of the 1970s was _______ .

disco

As a result of the Baroque emphasis on motion and movement, rhythms in Baroque music are usually _______ .

driving and constant

preferred keyboard instrument of the classical period

fortepiano

Baroque melodies often are _______ and reflect the period interest in forward motion and movement.

elaborate and spinning

Composers of the 20th century used the available technology to create original, acoustically impossible sounds, bypassing the performer entirely, a style known as _________________________________.

electronic music

syncopated rhythm

emphasized note occure between regular beats

Sonata form consists of three main sections in the following order:

exposition, development, recapitulation

Pick An -Ism: The twentieth and twenty-first centuries were replete with new artistic styles such as impressionism, primitivism, expressionism, minimalism, etc. Choose one -ism and briefly discuss three substantial reasons why you think it was the most important new style of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

expressionism

True or False: The most significant difference between Italian and English madrigals is that Italian madrigals are humorous and English madrigals are serious.

false

true or false: Woodwind instruments get their name by being made of only wood.

false; name comes from source of vibration, the wooden reed

Bebop jazz music was highly commercial, played by large bands, featured little to no improvisation, and intended for dancing.

false; not intended for dancing

The usual order of movements in a Classical period symphony is _______

fast, slow, dance related, fast

presto

fastest tempo indication

staff

five line graph which music notes are written

most popular keyboard instrument of the Baroque period

harpsichord

An early composer of plainchant, but also known for visions and writings about science and medicine.

hildegard of bingen

When harmonized by chords, Row, Row, Row Your Boat is an example of

homophonic

texture of classical period music is

homophonic

Sensory listening

how does the music make you feel

upper number of key signature

how many beats in a measure

difference between Italian and English madrigals

humorous verses serious

What was the new and preferred texture of early Renaissance music?

imitative polyphony

A Baroque musical composition usually expresses _______ within the same movement.

one basic mood

meter

organization of beats into regular groups

form

organization of musical ideas in time

music may be defined as

organized sound and silence

Medieval monks began singing additional melodies over plainchant, music known as _______ .

organum

medieval monks began singing additional melodies over plainchant, music known as ________

organum

Which song was covered by the group Santana and went on to play an important role in the salsa explosion of the 1970s in the United States?

oye como va

programmatic multi-movement work for orchestra that tells a story

program symphony

What style of American popular music was all the rage around 1900, received its name from its syncopated melodies and rhythms, and was associated with classically-trained African American pianists like Scott Joplin?

ragtime

A kind of rhythmic talking accompanied by a disk jockey who manipulates recordings on two turntables to create a collage of rhythmic effects that arose in the early 1980s in New York City is known as _______ .

rap

tempo

rate of pulses

part of an opera that imitate the rhythm and pitch fluctuations of speech and are often used to move the plot along quickly

recitative

beat

regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time

the type of music most likely to be written down in the middle ages was

religious music

subjects reflected in the poems and songs of the troubadours and trouveres included all of the following except _________

religious praise

italian composer claudio monteverdi was an important composer because he serves as musical bridge or transitional figure between what two musical style periods

renaissance and baroque

term originally used for black music played on black radio stations for black listeners.

rhythm and blues

refrain or main musical idea is played by the orchestra in between a soloist playing rapid, virtuosic, technically difficult passages to feature their talents and abilities

ritornello form

In 1951, Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed coined the phrase _______ to describe black-derived popular music that appealed to white teenagers.

rock and roll

Classical vs. Romantic: Briefly discuss three ways the music of the Romantic period rebelled against, was different than, or transformed the music of the Classical period, as well as one characteristic of an earlier style period that was popular in the Romantic period.

romantic: emotional, individual, imagination -self expression, didnt need audience acceptance -tension and dissonance -supernatural classical: reason, enlightenment, human ability -needed audience to accept-stable, organized, simple -natural *chivalry and romance of the middle ages; fantasy/story/adventure

Pick A Composer: The twentieth and twenty-first centuries saw the rise of many important composers such as Debussy, Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Berg, Copland, Ives, Bartok, Varese, Cage, Saariaho, Adams, etc. Choose one composer and briefly discuss three substantial reasons why you think he or she was the most important composer of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

schoenburg; expressionism

melody

series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole

Franz Joseph Haydn was content to spend most of his life _______ .

serving a wealthy aristocratic family

adagio

slowest tempo indiciation

Baroque Concerto Grosso

small group of soloists is pitted against a larger group of players called a tutti(all orchestra)

art song is musical composition for

solo voice and piano

Which voice parts is generally the highest?

soprano

definite pitch

sound with specific measurable frequency

The orchestra of the Classical period was made up of _______ .

strings, specific pairs of woodwinds, horns, trumpets and timpani

Classical orchestra made up of

strings, specific woodwinds, horns, trumpets, timpani

main theme of a fugue

subject

terraced dynamics refers to

the sudden alternation from one dynamic level to another

The individual style of a particular composer is described in terms of:

the way the composer handles musical elements

The _________ are four sacred texts, written in Sanskrit and are sung melodically in chants and devotional songs.

vedas

simple process of sound

vibrating object-air-eardrum-brain

associative listening

what does the music make you think of/remember

lower number in key signature

what kind of note gets a beat