Final

The Public Land Survey is used in all the following states except

Massachussetts

What do the lines separating different rock units on a geologic map represent?

all of the possible answers are correct - faults, stratigraphic contacts bw sedimentary formations, intrusive contacts between plutons and their host rocks

The Earth system component that would most likely change the most rapidly is the

atmosphere

The Earth System component that would change the least during our lifetime is

geosphere

Dendritic, trellis, and rectangular drainage patterns are the result of the

structure and erodibility of the rocks underlying the region

The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of

the amount of energy released during the fault movement that produced the earthquake

The gradient of a stream describes

the steepness of its path through the landscape

You have been asked to draw a map as part of your campus on an 8.5x11 sheet of paper. You first try a scale of 1:1,000 but the paper is not large enough. Which of the following scales might work better?

1:5,000

What causes the greenhouse effect?

absorption of short wavelength energy by Earth and re-radiation as long wavelength energy

Increased human population could be the cause of extinctions if we do which of the following?

all possible answers are correct - clear forest land for housing or agricultural purposes; pollute river, lake, and ocean water; catch fish faster than the remaining population can reproduce

A good map must contain a way to accurately determine which of the following?

all possible answers are correct - direction bw points on map, direction bw points shown on map, locations of points shown on map

The _________of a stream are where it begins, and its __________is where it flows into another body of water

headwaters; mouth

A direction of 315 degrees in the azimuth system corresponds to

northwest

A travel-time chart/graph shows graphically

the velocities of different kinds of seismic waves

Why is vertical exaggeration often used on maps and map profiles?

to make topographic features like hills and valleys more visible

If Earth entered another Ice Age, and continental glaciers expanded (not likely in current situation, but it's happened before)

sea level would drop and most stream gradients would increase

Information on the borders of a topographic map includes all except

the types of rock present in the area

By which process(es) are V-shaped stream valleys formed?

all possible answers are correct - stream erosion, slumping of valley walls, soil creep in the valley walls

Which is true of the map projections?

all possible answers are correct - needed to portray spherical shape of Earth on flat page, may significantly distort shapes of continents and oceans, can be selected so they show particular aspects of a landmass most accurately

What does a map scale of 1:24,000 indicate?

all possible answers are correct - one inch on the ground equals 24,000 inches on the ground; one cm on the ground equals 24,000 cm on the ground; one foot on the map equals 24,000 feet on the ground

To show topography in a flat, coastal area, the most appropriate contour interval would be

5 feet

The first seismic wave to reach the surface is usually the

P-wave

What does a map scale of 1:24,000 describe?

a map where 1 inch corresponds to 2,000 feet in the ground

What is the greenhouse effect?

a natural process that warms the Earth to a temperature suitable for life

Shear stress is what is generated when we use which of the following tools?

a pair of scissors

By what motion(s) do sediment particles move in a stream?

all possible answers are correct - sliding, rolling, bouncing

Liquefaction occurs during earthquakes when

bedrock melts because of intense seismic energy

The two plant hardiness zone maps shown in Figure 18.1 indicate that

changing climate conditions are causing plant distribution to shift to the north

Most earthquakes are

concentrated at plate boundaries

The latitude of a location is based on the

equator

The base level of a stream controls

how deeply it can erode a channel

The intensity of an earthquake is a measure of

how much damage an earthquake caused

The sinuosity of a stream is a measure of

how much it meanders

Meridians of longitude

meet at North and South Poles

The zero contour line is also known as

sea level

Two maps have been drafted so that each fills an 8.5x11 sheet of paper, one at a scale of 1:24,000, and another at a scale of 1:62,500. Which of the following statements correctly describes these maps?

the map with the scale 1:62,500 covers more area than the other

Streams deposit sediments when

the water slows down

What is the minimum number of seismic stations to locate an earthquake?

three

On a scale of 1:48,00, a distance of one mile would be represented by how many inches?

1.32

To show topography in a rugged, mountainous area, the most appropriate contour interval would be

100 feet

Base lines and principal meridians are reference lines in the

Township and range (Public Land Survey) system

A benchmark is

a permanent marker on the ground that indicates location and elevation

The cryosphere reflects a significant amount of solar radiation, helping moderate the Earth's temperature. As glaciers melt, less heat is reflected and more is absorbed by the geosphere and atmosphere, causing glaciers to melt faster. This is an example of

a positive feedback loop because the loss of ice eventually leads to an increased loss of ice

Which of the following shows the topography of the landscape?

all possible answers are correct - a digital elevation model, a Landsat satellite image, a contour map

Which of the following could be the base level of a stream?

all possible answers are correct - a lake into which it flows, a larger stream into which it flows, the ocean

What types of area constitutes a stream channel?

an area in which its water normally flows

In the plate tectonic model, where is the large-scale compressional stress found?

convergent plate boundaries

Small tick marks (hachures) on contour lines indicate

depressions

Where is the large-scale tensional stress found in plate-tectonic model?

divergent plate boundaries

Isotherms in weather maps differ from contour lines on topographic maps in that they

do not show changes in elevation

Which of these map elements are not shown on an aerial photograph?

elevations and slope steepness

The relative motion of fault blocks on opposite sides of a strike-slip fault is

horizontal

Streams are able to carry clasts ranging from mud to medium-sized boulders depending on their

kinetic energy

Contour lines on maps connect points

of equal elevation

In the anticline, the ____________ rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip _________________one another.

oldest; away from

Strike and dip refer to thev

orientation of the bed or a fault

Metamorphic foliation produced during compression will be

perpendicular to the compressional stress

The longitude of a location is based on

prime meridian

The ground shakes during an earthquake because of which type of waves?

seismic waves

A drainage basin is

the entire area that feeds water into a stream

The farther an earthquake is from a seismic station, the

the greater the delay time bw P- and S- waves

The focus of an earthquake is

the point below the earth's surface where the energy that caused the earthquake was released

The epicenter of the earthquake is

the point on the Earth's surface closest to where the rock broke

A vertical exaggeration of 1.00x on a topographic profile means

the scale of the profile is the same as the map scale

Where is the large-scale shear stress found in plate tectonic model?

transform faults

Human production of carbon dioxide has had a significant effect on atmospheric temperature

true

Fault-block motion in a dip is

up and down the fault plane

During the propagation of a P-wave, particles in the rock ____________ as the energy passes through the rock

vibrate parallel to the direction in which the wave is traveling

During the propogation o an S-wave, particles in a rock __________ as the energy passes through the rock

vibrate perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is traveling

Block diagrams used to portray geological structures contain

both possible answers are correct - map view, two cross-sectional interpretations

With which landscapes or features are floodplains associated?

broad valleys and meandering streams

The difference between a plunging and nonplunging fold is that

the hinge of the fold is not horizontal

Sedimentary gold deposits form when dense gold nuggets are deposited as water slows down in

the inside of meander loops

Contour lines on topographic maps

are usually brown

During the propagation of the Rayleigh wave, particles in a rock ___________as the energy passes through the rock

move in circular paths

In a syncline, the __________rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip _________ one another.

youngest; towards

What are the latitude/longitude and UTM systems used to describe?

the location points on the globe