Final
The Public Land Survey is used in all the following states except
Massachussetts
What do the lines separating different rock units on a geologic map represent?
all of the possible answers are correct - faults, stratigraphic contacts bw sedimentary formations, intrusive contacts between plutons and their host rocks
The Earth system component that would most likely change the most rapidly is the
atmosphere
The Earth System component that would change the least during our lifetime is
geosphere
Dendritic, trellis, and rectangular drainage patterns are the result of the
structure and erodibility of the rocks underlying the region
The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of
the amount of energy released during the fault movement that produced the earthquake
The gradient of a stream describes
the steepness of its path through the landscape
You have been asked to draw a map as part of your campus on an 8.5x11 sheet of paper. You first try a scale of 1:1,000 but the paper is not large enough. Which of the following scales might work better?
1:5,000
What causes the greenhouse effect?
absorption of short wavelength energy by Earth and re-radiation as long wavelength energy
Increased human population could be the cause of extinctions if we do which of the following?
all possible answers are correct - clear forest land for housing or agricultural purposes; pollute river, lake, and ocean water; catch fish faster than the remaining population can reproduce
A good map must contain a way to accurately determine which of the following?
all possible answers are correct - direction bw points on map, direction bw points shown on map, locations of points shown on map
The _________of a stream are where it begins, and its __________is where it flows into another body of water
headwaters; mouth
A direction of 315 degrees in the azimuth system corresponds to
northwest
A travel-time chart/graph shows graphically
the velocities of different kinds of seismic waves
Why is vertical exaggeration often used on maps and map profiles?
to make topographic features like hills and valleys more visible
If Earth entered another Ice Age, and continental glaciers expanded (not likely in current situation, but it's happened before)
sea level would drop and most stream gradients would increase
Information on the borders of a topographic map includes all except
the types of rock present in the area
By which process(es) are V-shaped stream valleys formed?
all possible answers are correct - stream erosion, slumping of valley walls, soil creep in the valley walls
Which is true of the map projections?
all possible answers are correct - needed to portray spherical shape of Earth on flat page, may significantly distort shapes of continents and oceans, can be selected so they show particular aspects of a landmass most accurately
What does a map scale of 1:24,000 indicate?
all possible answers are correct - one inch on the ground equals 24,000 inches on the ground; one cm on the ground equals 24,000 cm on the ground; one foot on the map equals 24,000 feet on the ground
To show topography in a flat, coastal area, the most appropriate contour interval would be
5 feet
The first seismic wave to reach the surface is usually the
P-wave
What does a map scale of 1:24,000 describe?
a map where 1 inch corresponds to 2,000 feet in the ground
What is the greenhouse effect?
a natural process that warms the Earth to a temperature suitable for life
Shear stress is what is generated when we use which of the following tools?
a pair of scissors
By what motion(s) do sediment particles move in a stream?
all possible answers are correct - sliding, rolling, bouncing
Liquefaction occurs during earthquakes when
bedrock melts because of intense seismic energy
The two plant hardiness zone maps shown in Figure 18.1 indicate that
changing climate conditions are causing plant distribution to shift to the north
Most earthquakes are
concentrated at plate boundaries
The latitude of a location is based on the
equator
The base level of a stream controls
how deeply it can erode a channel
The intensity of an earthquake is a measure of
how much damage an earthquake caused
The sinuosity of a stream is a measure of
how much it meanders
Meridians of longitude
meet at North and South Poles
The zero contour line is also known as
sea level
Two maps have been drafted so that each fills an 8.5x11 sheet of paper, one at a scale of 1:24,000, and another at a scale of 1:62,500. Which of the following statements correctly describes these maps?
the map with the scale 1:62,500 covers more area than the other
Streams deposit sediments when
the water slows down
What is the minimum number of seismic stations to locate an earthquake?
three
On a scale of 1:48,00, a distance of one mile would be represented by how many inches?
1.32
To show topography in a rugged, mountainous area, the most appropriate contour interval would be
100 feet
Base lines and principal meridians are reference lines in the
Township and range (Public Land Survey) system
A benchmark is
a permanent marker on the ground that indicates location and elevation
The cryosphere reflects a significant amount of solar radiation, helping moderate the Earth's temperature. As glaciers melt, less heat is reflected and more is absorbed by the geosphere and atmosphere, causing glaciers to melt faster. This is an example of
a positive feedback loop because the loss of ice eventually leads to an increased loss of ice
Which of the following shows the topography of the landscape?
all possible answers are correct - a digital elevation model, a Landsat satellite image, a contour map
Which of the following could be the base level of a stream?
all possible answers are correct - a lake into which it flows, a larger stream into which it flows, the ocean
What types of area constitutes a stream channel?
an area in which its water normally flows
In the plate tectonic model, where is the large-scale compressional stress found?
convergent plate boundaries
Small tick marks (hachures) on contour lines indicate
depressions
Where is the large-scale tensional stress found in plate-tectonic model?
divergent plate boundaries
Isotherms in weather maps differ from contour lines on topographic maps in that they
do not show changes in elevation
Which of these map elements are not shown on an aerial photograph?
elevations and slope steepness
The relative motion of fault blocks on opposite sides of a strike-slip fault is
horizontal
Streams are able to carry clasts ranging from mud to medium-sized boulders depending on their
kinetic energy
Contour lines on maps connect points
of equal elevation
In the anticline, the ____________ rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip _________________one another.
oldest; away from
Strike and dip refer to thev
orientation of the bed or a fault
Metamorphic foliation produced during compression will be
perpendicular to the compressional stress
The longitude of a location is based on
prime meridian
The ground shakes during an earthquake because of which type of waves?
seismic waves
A drainage basin is
the entire area that feeds water into a stream
The farther an earthquake is from a seismic station, the
the greater the delay time bw P- and S- waves
The focus of an earthquake is
the point below the earth's surface where the energy that caused the earthquake was released
The epicenter of the earthquake is
the point on the Earth's surface closest to where the rock broke
A vertical exaggeration of 1.00x on a topographic profile means
the scale of the profile is the same as the map scale
Where is the large-scale shear stress found in plate tectonic model?
transform faults
Human production of carbon dioxide has had a significant effect on atmospheric temperature
true
Fault-block motion in a dip is
up and down the fault plane
During the propagation of a P-wave, particles in the rock ____________ as the energy passes through the rock
vibrate parallel to the direction in which the wave is traveling
During the propogation o an S-wave, particles in a rock __________ as the energy passes through the rock
vibrate perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is traveling
Block diagrams used to portray geological structures contain
both possible answers are correct - map view, two cross-sectional interpretations
With which landscapes or features are floodplains associated?
broad valleys and meandering streams
The difference between a plunging and nonplunging fold is that
the hinge of the fold is not horizontal
Sedimentary gold deposits form when dense gold nuggets are deposited as water slows down in
the inside of meander loops
Contour lines on topographic maps
are usually brown
During the propagation of the Rayleigh wave, particles in a rock ___________as the energy passes through the rock
move in circular paths
In a syncline, the __________rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip _________ one another.
youngest; towards
What are the latitude/longitude and UTM systems used to describe?
the location points on the globe