FINAL EXAM 6

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Effects of Vit D3.deficiency

loss of bone density

types of membranes

mucous (respitory, digestive, reproductive, urinary) serous (pericardial, peritorium) cutaneous (skin), synovial (joint cavities) made up ephitelial and connective

Characteristics of action potential

action potential - all or none, aka nerve impulse, parts: deplorization to the threshold. (sodium influx causes deplorization) (what brings it? potassium eflex) (resting? sodium potassium pump.) graded potential - changes the strenght of stimulus, aka local potentials cant go far.

what Is prime mover, synergist, and antagonists

agonist/prime mover = muscle most responsible for movement. synergist = muscle assistance to primer mover. antagonist = muscle thats reponsible for the movement that is the opposite of the agonist.

Basal nuclei and its function - control of movements

basal nuclei - matter in cerebrum. function: controls movement in the subconscious movement. such as walking

Burns: Rule of 9's

burns - rule of 9 - 9% upper, 9% lower, covered in a layer of skin.

the cerebral cortical lobes and important areas - motor, sensory, visual, auditory, prefrontal, speech areas

cerebral cortical lobes = frontal (motor), parietal (general sensory), temporal (hearing), occipital (visual) precentalgitis - primary motor cortex, involuntary movements begin. association areas is where information is stored premotor - learned movements prefrontal - receives information from all areas

structure of spinal cord

cervical and lumbar enlargments (more nueron bodies)

types of active gated channels

chemically gated (can be opened NT binding to receptor), voltage gated (open when theres a change in a vortage), mechanically gated ( open when there is a change in the membrane)

Major types of white matter of cerebrum

commision fibers -corcos collosum largest projection fibers - internal capsule

*the types of tissues and different subtypes and their functions

connective - nervous - muscular -

Contraction of skeletal muscle in detail

contraction steps = 1. contraction cycle begins 2. active-site exposure 3. cross-bridge formation 4. myosin head pivoting 5. cross-bridge detatchment 6. myosin reactivation. contraction begins = myosin head in cocked postion in high energy state, pointing away from m-line, calcium has been relapsed from the cisternae of the SR and is floating around in the sarcoplasm

Structure of the eye

cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina

the different types of connective tissues and their classification.

ct proper - loose & dense adipose, reticular fluid ct - liquid blood supporting ct - bone cartilage smooth skeletal

the effects of damage to the major parts of the brain

damge to frontal lobe = paralysis, personality and mood changes, lack of focus damage to parietal lobe = trouble with direction, reading, memory, hand eye coordination damage to occipital lobe = vision impairment damge to temporal lobe = long/short term memory problems, processing language, excessive aggression brain stem damage = touble with swallowing, balance, sleeping, dizzines, nausea, and breathing cerebellum damage = general movement issues (fine motor movements, walking, speaking, rapid movement)

CSF and its production, circulation and drainage

- CSF produced = in choroid plexus of the brain ventricles - CSF drained into superior sagittal sinus. - CSF circulation = through choroid plexus, through ventricles, to central canal of spinal cord, into subarachnoid space via 2 lateral apertures and one medial aperture around the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina

parts of neuromuscular junction

-motor neuron-motor end plate-synaptic cleft-synaptic vesicles

Diffustion, osmosis

diffusion - the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration osmosis - a type of diffsion where substances cross a semipermieable memberane to balance out the concentrations

Know the body cavities and major organs in different cavities

dorsal body cavity - brain and spinal cord ventral body - thorac and pelvic abdominopelvic -

visual pathway

1. begins at photoreceptors 2. crosses photoreceptor to bipolar cell synapse 3. crosses bipolar cell to ganglion cell synapse 4. end at visual cortex of cerebral hermispheres

the dorsal horn , dorsal root, ventral horn and ventral roots and what type of neurons/fibers they carry

1. dorsal horn = back branches of gray matter dorsal root ganglion = ganglion extending from dorsal horns. dorsal = sensory neurons. 2. vental horn = front branches of gray matter ventral root ganglion = gaglion extending from ventral horns ventral = motor nuerons 3. vental horn = front branches of gray matter ventral root ganglion = gaglion extending from ventral horns vental = motor nuerons

the parts of external, middle and internal ears and the functions of each.

1. external = auricle and external acoustic meatus 2. middle = malleus (hammer) inclus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) 3. endolymph body labryinth cochlea round window oval window vestibule semsicircular canals

Nerves carrying the sense of taste

1. facial (VIII) 2. Glossopharyngeal (IX) 3. Vagus (X)

the names, origins and distributions of 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Olfactory pathway

1. olfactory (nasal cavity) are sensory nuerons. 2. optic nerve (visual) 3. oculomotor ( eye motor) 4. Trochlear nerve 5. Trigimenial nerve 6. abducens nerve 7. facial nerve 8. vestibulocochlear nerve (carries info tear, balance) 9. glossopharyngeal 10. vagus nerve 11. accesory nerve 12. hypoglossal nerve (supplie motor info to tongue) olfactory pathway

the types of bone cells and their functions

1. osteogenic cells- stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types. found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum. these multiply continually 2.osteoblasts- bone forming cells 3. osteocytes- mature bone cells 4. osteoclasts- bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces 5. osteocongentical (stem cells)

Special characteristic of olfactory receptors

1. provide sense of smell 2. do not synpase in thalamus before being processes 3. can be healed/regenerated

Sarcomere organization - A band, I band, M line, H zone, Z line, etc

A band = thick, dark filaments within myofibrils, I band = thin, light filaments within myofibrils, M line = center line of the a band // midline of sacromere, H band = area surrounging the m line, zone overlap = where thick and thin filaments overlap, Z line = at the center of the i band at the end of each sacromere.

negative feedback

A response in which the stimulus is fought in order to maintain homeostasis

Divisions of the nervous system - CNS, PNS and its subdivisions

CNS - brain and spinal cord ( basal nuclei inside) PNS - cranial, ganglia (clusters, cell body of neurons outside the CNS), and spinal nerves

the structure of the spinal cord in section

grey matter is inside, cells body unmylenitated grey horn posterior is made up of motor nuerons anterior root - motor dorsal - sensory

the major hormones and their effects - Growth hormone, calcitonin and PTH.

growth hormone (puberty- this is the time bones fuse) - giantism, dwarfsm, ecromanily, early aging. calcitonin- decreases the blood calcium level (involve in the regulatoin of blood levels. ) ( produces when its too much) PTH - increases the blood calcium level (produces when its low) bones, kidneys, intestines where it works.

the important gyri, sulci and fissures on the cerebrum

gyri = elevated ridges sulci = shallow depression fissures = deep grooves

anatomical position

Facing forwards, toes facing forward, feet shoulder width apart, and palms facing forward.

Structure and functions of gustatory hair cells and taste buds

Gustatory taste buds contain = kemoreceptors sense chemicals in fluid basal cells and hair cells gustatory hair cells extend taste hairs through taste pore

sebaceous glands

Holocrine (cell bursts open) glands that secretes sebum. (oil gland)

the structural and functional differences between the rods and cones

How do rods detect vision = photoreceptors color in bright light How do cones see light = photoreceptors black and white in dim lighting

Homeostasis

Internal balance/stability Mechanishm - negative feedback

the major functions of thalamus and hypothalamus

hypothalamus function = production of hormones (adh & occitocin - urinary contraction and ejection of milk) mantains homeostasis, autonomic functions, thalamus function = regulates all sensory information except smell.

the terms, origin and insertion of muscle

insertion - movable end origin - does not move

what are the isotonic and isometric contractions

isotonic contractoin = length of a muscle DOES change during contraction isometric contractoin = length of a muscle does NOT change during contraction

What is a triad?

T-tubule plus 2 terminal cisternae.

Basic structure of cell membrane

phospholipid bilater with some surface proteins embedded around the surface

Structure of a synapse

presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron

Types of glands - Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands and their functions. Where are they located.

sebaceous - To keep hair and skin oily aprocrine - Secretes products into hair follicles. Produces a sticky cloudy secretion that break down and cause odors, in response to a hormonal or nervous signal (mammary glands, armpits, nipples, and groin)

what is somatic and autonomic nervous system

somatic - supplies the skeletal automatic - visceral efferent (sympathethic (flight or flight) & parasympthatic (rest & digest)

the layers of epidermis and dermis

stratum basal - produces the new cells. dermis - 2 layers - reticular, papillary. epidermis - 5 layers - stratum, basal, stratum spinosum,

what are the accessory structures of integumentary system.

subaceous glands, sweats glands, hair

types of joints and movements occurring in the various joints

synovial joints - hinge (synovial fluid, cartilage btwn each bone) ball and socket, saddle, gliding (plane), condyle, pivot. ex: shoulder hinge moves only in one axis, flexion & extension. elbow & knee.

what is a 'tendon' and what type of tissue it is made up of

tendon - connects muscle to bone made up of: dense regular connective tissue

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

What is threshold?

the point of no return for producing an action potential

the differences between thin and thick skin

thin - Covers most of the body and has four layers of karantinocytes (stratis lucidum is absent) thick - Covers palms of the hands and soles of the feet and have five layers of keratinocytes ( stratis lucidum is present)

Tympanic membrane and its function

thin, semitransparent sheet that seperates the external and middle ear that transforms sound waves into mechanical movemets

Cavities of the brain

third ventricle, fourth ventricles, (2) lateral ventricles

Growth hormone and its effects

too much = too tall - marfan's syndrome too little = too short - pituitary dwarfism

major/distinguishing features of various regional vertebrae

transverse foramena thoracic - ribs (austal facet) lumbar - large body

Know the components of actin, active sites of actin, what structure blocks the active sites on the actin.

tropomyosin - covers the active sites on the actin

what are twitch, treppe, wave summation, incomplete and complete tetanus contractions.

twitch = single neural stimualtion treppe= stair step increase in twitch tension, repeated sitimulations that occur immediately after relaxation, wave summation = repeated stimulations that occur before the end of relaxation phase incomplete tetanus = when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly and never completely relaxes complete = when there is never any relaxation before twitches.

types of neurons

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, anaxonis functional - divide them into sensory (carry info to cns) , motor (carries info out the cns) , interneurons ( found within the cns connecting the sensory & motor association fibers connect different neurons together)

Know the reflex arc and major reflexes

what is the reflex arc = the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synpase in between receptory - internuerons - motor neuron bring info to effector major reflexes: cross extensor, pupil reflex


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