FINAL EXAM 6
Effects of Vit D3.deficiency
loss of bone density
types of membranes
mucous (respitory, digestive, reproductive, urinary) serous (pericardial, peritorium) cutaneous (skin), synovial (joint cavities) made up ephitelial and connective
Characteristics of action potential
action potential - all or none, aka nerve impulse, parts: deplorization to the threshold. (sodium influx causes deplorization) (what brings it? potassium eflex) (resting? sodium potassium pump.) graded potential - changes the strenght of stimulus, aka local potentials cant go far.
what Is prime mover, synergist, and antagonists
agonist/prime mover = muscle most responsible for movement. synergist = muscle assistance to primer mover. antagonist = muscle thats reponsible for the movement that is the opposite of the agonist.
Basal nuclei and its function - control of movements
basal nuclei - matter in cerebrum. function: controls movement in the subconscious movement. such as walking
Burns: Rule of 9's
burns - rule of 9 - 9% upper, 9% lower, covered in a layer of skin.
the cerebral cortical lobes and important areas - motor, sensory, visual, auditory, prefrontal, speech areas
cerebral cortical lobes = frontal (motor), parietal (general sensory), temporal (hearing), occipital (visual) precentalgitis - primary motor cortex, involuntary movements begin. association areas is where information is stored premotor - learned movements prefrontal - receives information from all areas
structure of spinal cord
cervical and lumbar enlargments (more nueron bodies)
types of active gated channels
chemically gated (can be opened NT binding to receptor), voltage gated (open when theres a change in a vortage), mechanically gated ( open when there is a change in the membrane)
Major types of white matter of cerebrum
commision fibers -corcos collosum largest projection fibers - internal capsule
*the types of tissues and different subtypes and their functions
connective - nervous - muscular -
Contraction of skeletal muscle in detail
contraction steps = 1. contraction cycle begins 2. active-site exposure 3. cross-bridge formation 4. myosin head pivoting 5. cross-bridge detatchment 6. myosin reactivation. contraction begins = myosin head in cocked postion in high energy state, pointing away from m-line, calcium has been relapsed from the cisternae of the SR and is floating around in the sarcoplasm
Structure of the eye
cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina
the different types of connective tissues and their classification.
ct proper - loose & dense adipose, reticular fluid ct - liquid blood supporting ct - bone cartilage smooth skeletal
the effects of damage to the major parts of the brain
damge to frontal lobe = paralysis, personality and mood changes, lack of focus damage to parietal lobe = trouble with direction, reading, memory, hand eye coordination damage to occipital lobe = vision impairment damge to temporal lobe = long/short term memory problems, processing language, excessive aggression brain stem damage = touble with swallowing, balance, sleeping, dizzines, nausea, and breathing cerebellum damage = general movement issues (fine motor movements, walking, speaking, rapid movement)
CSF and its production, circulation and drainage
- CSF produced = in choroid plexus of the brain ventricles - CSF drained into superior sagittal sinus. - CSF circulation = through choroid plexus, through ventricles, to central canal of spinal cord, into subarachnoid space via 2 lateral apertures and one medial aperture around the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina
parts of neuromuscular junction
-motor neuron-motor end plate-synaptic cleft-synaptic vesicles
Diffustion, osmosis
diffusion - the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration osmosis - a type of diffsion where substances cross a semipermieable memberane to balance out the concentrations
Know the body cavities and major organs in different cavities
dorsal body cavity - brain and spinal cord ventral body - thorac and pelvic abdominopelvic -
visual pathway
1. begins at photoreceptors 2. crosses photoreceptor to bipolar cell synapse 3. crosses bipolar cell to ganglion cell synapse 4. end at visual cortex of cerebral hermispheres
the dorsal horn , dorsal root, ventral horn and ventral roots and what type of neurons/fibers they carry
1. dorsal horn = back branches of gray matter dorsal root ganglion = ganglion extending from dorsal horns. dorsal = sensory neurons. 2. vental horn = front branches of gray matter ventral root ganglion = gaglion extending from ventral horns ventral = motor nuerons 3. vental horn = front branches of gray matter ventral root ganglion = gaglion extending from ventral horns vental = motor nuerons
the parts of external, middle and internal ears and the functions of each.
1. external = auricle and external acoustic meatus 2. middle = malleus (hammer) inclus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) 3. endolymph body labryinth cochlea round window oval window vestibule semsicircular canals
Nerves carrying the sense of taste
1. facial (VIII) 2. Glossopharyngeal (IX) 3. Vagus (X)
the names, origins and distributions of 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Olfactory pathway
1. olfactory (nasal cavity) are sensory nuerons. 2. optic nerve (visual) 3. oculomotor ( eye motor) 4. Trochlear nerve 5. Trigimenial nerve 6. abducens nerve 7. facial nerve 8. vestibulocochlear nerve (carries info tear, balance) 9. glossopharyngeal 10. vagus nerve 11. accesory nerve 12. hypoglossal nerve (supplie motor info to tongue) olfactory pathway
the types of bone cells and their functions
1. osteogenic cells- stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types. found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum. these multiply continually 2.osteoblasts- bone forming cells 3. osteocytes- mature bone cells 4. osteoclasts- bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces 5. osteocongentical (stem cells)
Special characteristic of olfactory receptors
1. provide sense of smell 2. do not synpase in thalamus before being processes 3. can be healed/regenerated
Sarcomere organization - A band, I band, M line, H zone, Z line, etc
A band = thick, dark filaments within myofibrils, I band = thin, light filaments within myofibrils, M line = center line of the a band // midline of sacromere, H band = area surrounging the m line, zone overlap = where thick and thin filaments overlap, Z line = at the center of the i band at the end of each sacromere.
negative feedback
A response in which the stimulus is fought in order to maintain homeostasis
Divisions of the nervous system - CNS, PNS and its subdivisions
CNS - brain and spinal cord ( basal nuclei inside) PNS - cranial, ganglia (clusters, cell body of neurons outside the CNS), and spinal nerves
the structure of the spinal cord in section
grey matter is inside, cells body unmylenitated grey horn posterior is made up of motor nuerons anterior root - motor dorsal - sensory
the major hormones and their effects - Growth hormone, calcitonin and PTH.
growth hormone (puberty- this is the time bones fuse) - giantism, dwarfsm, ecromanily, early aging. calcitonin- decreases the blood calcium level (involve in the regulatoin of blood levels. ) ( produces when its too much) PTH - increases the blood calcium level (produces when its low) bones, kidneys, intestines where it works.
the important gyri, sulci and fissures on the cerebrum
gyri = elevated ridges sulci = shallow depression fissures = deep grooves
anatomical position
Facing forwards, toes facing forward, feet shoulder width apart, and palms facing forward.
Structure and functions of gustatory hair cells and taste buds
Gustatory taste buds contain = kemoreceptors sense chemicals in fluid basal cells and hair cells gustatory hair cells extend taste hairs through taste pore
sebaceous glands
Holocrine (cell bursts open) glands that secretes sebum. (oil gland)
the structural and functional differences between the rods and cones
How do rods detect vision = photoreceptors color in bright light How do cones see light = photoreceptors black and white in dim lighting
Homeostasis
Internal balance/stability Mechanishm - negative feedback
the major functions of thalamus and hypothalamus
hypothalamus function = production of hormones (adh & occitocin - urinary contraction and ejection of milk) mantains homeostasis, autonomic functions, thalamus function = regulates all sensory information except smell.
the terms, origin and insertion of muscle
insertion - movable end origin - does not move
what are the isotonic and isometric contractions
isotonic contractoin = length of a muscle DOES change during contraction isometric contractoin = length of a muscle does NOT change during contraction
What is a triad?
T-tubule plus 2 terminal cisternae.
Basic structure of cell membrane
phospholipid bilater with some surface proteins embedded around the surface
Structure of a synapse
presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron
Types of glands - Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands and their functions. Where are they located.
sebaceous - To keep hair and skin oily aprocrine - Secretes products into hair follicles. Produces a sticky cloudy secretion that break down and cause odors, in response to a hormonal or nervous signal (mammary glands, armpits, nipples, and groin)
what is somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic - supplies the skeletal automatic - visceral efferent (sympathethic (flight or flight) & parasympthatic (rest & digest)
the layers of epidermis and dermis
stratum basal - produces the new cells. dermis - 2 layers - reticular, papillary. epidermis - 5 layers - stratum, basal, stratum spinosum,
what are the accessory structures of integumentary system.
subaceous glands, sweats glands, hair
types of joints and movements occurring in the various joints
synovial joints - hinge (synovial fluid, cartilage btwn each bone) ball and socket, saddle, gliding (plane), condyle, pivot. ex: shoulder hinge moves only in one axis, flexion & extension. elbow & knee.
what is a 'tendon' and what type of tissue it is made up of
tendon - connects muscle to bone made up of: dense regular connective tissue
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
What is threshold?
the point of no return for producing an action potential
the differences between thin and thick skin
thin - Covers most of the body and has four layers of karantinocytes (stratis lucidum is absent) thick - Covers palms of the hands and soles of the feet and have five layers of keratinocytes ( stratis lucidum is present)
Tympanic membrane and its function
thin, semitransparent sheet that seperates the external and middle ear that transforms sound waves into mechanical movemets
Cavities of the brain
third ventricle, fourth ventricles, (2) lateral ventricles
Growth hormone and its effects
too much = too tall - marfan's syndrome too little = too short - pituitary dwarfism
major/distinguishing features of various regional vertebrae
transverse foramena thoracic - ribs (austal facet) lumbar - large body
Know the components of actin, active sites of actin, what structure blocks the active sites on the actin.
tropomyosin - covers the active sites on the actin
what are twitch, treppe, wave summation, incomplete and complete tetanus contractions.
twitch = single neural stimualtion treppe= stair step increase in twitch tension, repeated sitimulations that occur immediately after relaxation, wave summation = repeated stimulations that occur before the end of relaxation phase incomplete tetanus = when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly and never completely relaxes complete = when there is never any relaxation before twitches.
types of neurons
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, anaxonis functional - divide them into sensory (carry info to cns) , motor (carries info out the cns) , interneurons ( found within the cns connecting the sensory & motor association fibers connect different neurons together)
Know the reflex arc and major reflexes
what is the reflex arc = the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synpase in between receptory - internuerons - motor neuron bring info to effector major reflexes: cross extensor, pupil reflex
