FINAL EXAM
% KIDS WITH DISABILITY that spend more than 80% of time in general classroom in 2014 1990
% of US students with a disability spent more than 80% of their school day in the general classroom 2014: 61% 1990: 33%
HIV What is it? What happens once you're infected? It's affect on the public? Most common way to transmit it?
(Human immunodeficiency Virus) -It's a virus that destroys the immune system -Once someone is infected, the virus breaks down and overpowers the immune system, leads to AIDS -Common cold is life threatening once you have AIDS It has had the greatest impact on sexual behavior and created public fear Male-Male sexual contact is the most common way to transmit it.
All three processes are what? Cognitive neuroscience: def Social neuroscience: def
**All three of these processes are intertwined, always and are bidirectional Cognitive neuroscience: Explores links between development, cognitive process, and the brain Social neuroscience: Examines connections between socioemotional process, develop, and brain
cognitive theories 4 emphasize what?
**Emphasize conscious thoughts, not unconscious thoughts! 1. Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory 2. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory 3. Information-Processing Theory 4. Computer&Mind P V IP CM
The Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding what's important? ZPD is what? upper limit? lower limit? metaphor?
**Social influences, like instruction, are so important for children's cognitive development ZPD: The range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone, but can be learned with the guidance of adults and more skilled children. Upper limit: Level of additional responsibility the child can accept with assistance of an instructor Lower limit: Level reached while working independently Buds/Flowers → Skills that can be accomplished with assistance Fruits → Skills child can accomplish on their own
Gender Differences characterize intergenerational relationships who plays a special role in maintaining family relationships across generations? What about those people? 5
**Women play a special role in maintaining family relationships across generations 1. Women's relationships across generations are typically closer than other family bonds 2. Mothers and daughters had a closer relationship than mothers and sons, fathers and daughters, and fathers and sons. 3. Married men were more involved with their wife's kin than with their own 4. Maternal grandmothers and maternal aunts were cited TWICE as often as their counterparts on the fathers side as the most important or loved relative 5. Mothers intergenerational ties were more influential for grandparent-grandchild relationships than fathers
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION AND ACTIVITY IN MEN AND WOMEN? WHY LESS SEX? 4
-Ability of women and men to function sexually shows little biological decline in middle adulthood, sexual activity does usually occur less frequently than in early adulthood. Why less sex? 1. Career interests 2. Family matters 3. Diminishing energy levels 4. Routine C F E R
1. The Symbolic Function Substage (Age 2-4) what can you do during this stage? use what to represent what? limitations? 2 1. Name? definition? example experiment? 1. name belief that? child can't.... ex?
-Ability to mentally represent objects that aren't present. -Scribbles to represent people/things/ect, language use is more effective, and they engage in pretend play. Limitations of thinking in this stage: 1. Egocentrism - Inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's Ex: Kid nods to dad while on the phone Experiment: Three Mountains Task -Look at mountains, ask what the doll is seeing. -Children in Preoperational stage pick their own view, preschoolers pick the dolls perspective on some tasks and not others. 2. Animism - Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action -Child can't distinguish appropriate/inappropriate occasions for using human perspectives Ex: Tree pushed the leaf off
Fear apears when and peaks when? stranger anxiety? most common source of fear is what? SA appears when? when is it more intense? do all infants show this? what influences it? Separation protest is what? peaks when in US culture compared to other cultures?
-Appears at 6 months and peaks at 18 months, as early as 3 months though. Stranger Anxiety: Infant shows fear of strangers → Most common source of fear is from strangers -Appears gradually in first 6 months and by 9 months is more intense, continues to first birthday -Not all infants show distress when meeting a stranger Separation Protest: Crying when the caregiver leaves Peaks at 15 months in US infants, peaks at 13-15 months in other cultures (but amount changed)
2. The Intuitive Thought Substage (Age 4-7) begin doing what? age 5 can do what? questions... why is it intuitive?
-Begin using primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to everything! -Age 5: Exhausted adults with "why" questions -Questions are a signal that they're interested in reasoning and figuring out why things are they way they are -Intuitive because young children are so sure about what they know, but now how they know what they know
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory what are the three key factors? what is observational learning/imitation/modeling? ex? cognitive because... bandura's social cognitive model?
-Behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development Observational Learning/imitation/modeling: learning what to do based on observations Ex: Father yells at someone, then kid does too. They now show same behavioral characteristics -Cognitive because they represent behavior of others and sometimes adopt behavior themselves. -Bandura's Social Cognitive Model: all three aspects are reciprocal, not one-way. They're interactive
The Aging Brain-The Shrinking, Slowing Brain Brain loses how much weight between 20 and 90 where does brain loss occur? Brain volume predicted what?
-Brain loses 5-10% of weight between 20 and 90 -Brain volume decreases (even in key brain structures like frontal loves and hippocampus from 22-88) Brain volume predicted mortality in a large population of stroke-free community-dwelling adults
1. Diffuse from larger areas to more focal, smaller areas. characterized by what? prfrontal cortex studies? Less what and more what from what age to what age? better what?1 which involves what? 2 Prefrontal cortez likely 2
-Characterized by synaptic pruning Prefrontal Cortex Studies: -Less diffusion and more focal activation in the prefrontal cortex from 7 to 30 years. → Better cognitive performance, which involves effective control and flexibility -Prefrontal cortex likely 1. orchestrates functions and neural connections of other brain regions 2. provides an advantage to neural networks and connections that include the prefrontal cortex. OF NC ANN
KIDS LEARN TO what first, then what? THEN what? what's important for vocab development?
-Children learn to use language to talk about things that aren't there, then they learn what a word is, how to recognize sounds, and talk about them. THEN they learn to read. -Vocabulary development is important for reading comprehension! Kids with a big vocabulary have an advantage when they're learning to read
Understanding Emotions children understand that...3 Age 2-4... Age 4-5...
-Children understand that 1. Certain situations are likely to evoke certain emotions 2. Facial expressions indicate specific emotions 3. Emotions affect behavior and can be used to influence others. Age 2-4 → Children know more terms to use to describe emotions and learn that causes have consequences Age 4-5 → Increased ability to reflect on emotions and know the same event can elicit different feelings for different people SEE FE EAB IO
2. Multidimensional CONSISTS OF WHAT? CHANGES?
-Consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions -Changes in one dimension also affect development in other dimension
6. Contextual CONTEXTS/SETTINGS include what? each setting in influenced by what types of factors? 4 What about a changing world? types of influences? 3
-Context/setting include families, schools, peer groups, churches, cities, neighborhoods, university laboratories, countries, ect. -Each setting is influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors. -Contexts change, just like individuals → individuals are changing beings in a changing world. TYPES OF INFLUENCES? 1. Normative Age-Graded Influences 2. Normative History-Graded Influences 3. Nonnormative or Highly Individualized Life Events H E S C NAGI NHGI NN/HILE
Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories devlopment is learned in terms of what? can be _____ and ______. emphasizes what? the two theories?
-Development is learned in terms of behaviors learned through interactions with our surroundings -Can be directly observed and measured -Emphasizes continuity in development, not in stages 1. Skinner's Operant Conditioning 2. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory SOC B
WHY do their bad habits get worse? 2
-Don't stop to think about how their personal lifestyles will affect their health later in their adult lives -Develop a pattern of not eating brekky not eating regular meals eating just snacks eating excessively drinking too much not exercising not sleeping enough risky sexual behavior
It gets hard to get hard What about erections? used to think what, but now what? Causes of erectile dysfunctions? 5
-Erections are less full and less frequent and require more stimulation -Used to think it was due to psychological problems, but now as many as 75% of erectile dysfunctions are from physiological problems Some causes of erectile dysfunctions 1. Smoking 2. Diabetes 3. Hypertension 4. Elevated cholesterol levels 5. Obesity S D H EC O
2. Erickson's Psychosocial Theory believed there were how many stages? each being? what about the crises?
-Erickson believes there are 8 stages of development unfold each being a task that confronts us with a turning point (vulnerability and enhanced potential) -If we can resolve these crises, the healthier our development will be
1. Down Syndrome what happened? how common is it? causes what? physical features?
-Extra copy of chrom 21 -1 in 700 live births (less likely in Africa Americans) -Most common genetically linked causes of intellectual disability and physical features -Round face, flattened skull, extra fold on eyelids, thick tongue, short limbs delayed motor/mental
Gender DIFFERENCES IN SUICIDE who are more likely to try it? who is more successful? why? with depression, what do suicidal teens often have? what about children who try to commit suicide? all suicide ideation is predicted by what?
-Females are more likely to attempt but males succeed more -Males use more lethal means, like guns, and girls cut their wrists of take sleeping pills Depression -Suicidal teens often have depressive symptoms, but not all depressed teens are suicidal -Children more likely to attempt suicide becasue of child maltreatment, teens because of depressive mood -Hopeless predicted increase in suicidal ideation
1. Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
-Focuses on organization (to make sense of the world) and adaptation -Child's cognition is qualitatively different in one stage compared with another -Formal Operational Stage: you develop images of ideal circumstances and begin to entertain possibilities for the future. This stage is more systematic.
Cardiovascular System Two problems? GIVE MO
-High blood pressure and high cholesterol take many people by surprise during this time. 1. Cholesterol The level of cholesterol in the blood increases through the adult years and in midlife it begins to accumulate on artery walls, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease 2. Hypertension C H
Results of Seattle longitudinal study Highest level of functioning for what 4? and when? Decline in what two? when? In terms of John Horn's ideas, peak in what in middle age? 2
-Highest level of functioning for 4/6 intellectual abilities occurred during middle adulthood for men and women. 1. Verbal ability 2. Verbal memory 3. Inductive reasoning 4. Spatial orientation 2/6 highest level of functioning showed decline in middle age 1. Numeric Ability 2. Perceptual speed (earliest decline, in early adulthood!) **In terms of John Horns ideas, peak performance of some aspects of both crystallized intelligence (verbal ability) and fluid intelligence (spatial orientation and inductive reasoning) were in middle age! VA VM IR SO NA PS
3. Information-Processing Theory people do what with info? what about our capacity to process info? waht must we do to learn how children learn? microgenetic method?
-Individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. -We gradually increase our capacity for processing information, so we can acquire complex skills -Robert Siegler believes we perceive, encode, represent, store, and retrieve information as we think. -Believed to learn how children learn, we must observe them while they're learning Microgenetic Method: learned not just what kids learn, but HOW they learned it too.
2. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory KIDS DO WHAT WITH THEIR KNOWLEDGE? involves what part of society? ex? what is super importnat? stages? what do they do with information? 3
-Like Piaget, in that children actively construct their knowledge, but he gave social interaction and culture more important roles than Piaget. -Cognitive development involves using the inventions of their society, which may be not be the same Ex: Beads vs. computers for learning how to count! -Social interaction with skilled adults and peers is SUPER IMPORTANT as they learn how to adapt and be successful in their culture. -Not stage-like, is gradual -Individuals process information, monitor, and strategize about it
4. Computer&Mind what is it in general? compared to what? the computer analogy? AI? developmental robots?
-Logical and concrete, but oversimplified comparison -Computers get information from a human who has already coded the information, less ambiguous -Each brain cell, or neuron, can respond to ambiguous information through sensory receptors such as eyes and ears. -computers can't develop new learning goals -Human mind is aware of itself -AI (Artificial intelligence): focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when being done by humans. -Developmental Robots: Build robots to be just like humans so we can learn more about how humans think and develop
Socioeconomic Status and parenting low-income familes have less access to what?
-Low-income families have less access to resources like nutrition, health care, protection from danger, enriching educational and socialization opportunities (tutoring and lessons)
What's best for kids with disabilities? more chidlren are... experts thoughts on inclusion? James Kauffman advocates what? because by pretending... special education should...
-More children are receiving competent, specialized services compared to several decades ago. -Some children benefit from inclusion in the regular classroom, with modifications, but some experts think that this is not beneficial for all children. James Kauffman advocates a more individualized approach that doesn't always include full inclusion but allows options, like special ed outside of the regular classroom with trained professional and adapted curricula. -By pretending students with disabilities are not different, you're selling them short. Same as if you pretend they must not be expected to put in the effort to learn things **Special education should still challenge students with disabilities so they can become all they can be!
ARE THERE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN GENERAL INTELLIGENCE? GENDER DIFFERENCES IN Cognitive Development and Achievement 6
-No gender differences in general intelligence has been found but yes in some cognitive areas 1. Women have slightly better verbal skills than men, although sometimes substantial 2. Females outperform males in reading and writing -Stronger in countries with less gender equity and lower economic prosperity 3. Girls get better grades, more often graduate from high school, and are less likely to drop out than boys. -Boys are more likely to be assigned to special/remedial education classes. 4. Girls are more likely to be attentive in class, put forth effort, and participate more in class. 5. No differences in math scores for boys and girls → but girls have more negative math attitudes and parents/teacher's expectancies for math competence are gender-biased in favor of boys 6. Boys have better visuospatial skills - being able to rotate objects mentally → Boys are always the majority of finalists in geography bee. VS RW G AEP M VSS
3. Neglectful Parenting PARENTS ARE... CHILDRE ARE.... LINKED TO...
-Parent is uninvolved, children feel like other aspects of parent's life is more important. -Children are socially incompetent, have poor self control, and aren't independent. Have low self esteem, are immature, and are often alienated from the family. *Linked to higher level of externalizing problems.
Cross-Culture Studies do parenting styles differ? cultural change is due to what? 3 trends? 6 these trends do what? EX? EX?
-Parenting styles differ -Cultural change, due to international travel, internet, technology, is affecting families all over the world TRENDS: 1. Great family mobility 2. migration to cities 3. separation if some live far away 4. smaller families 5. fewer extended-family households 6. increased rates of maternal employment → Change the nature of the resources available Ex: No extended family, lose support and guidance from family. Ex: Smaller families create more openness and communication between kid and parents FM MC SF SF FEFH ME
4. Indulgent Parenting PARENTS ARE... WHAT ELSE? LINKED TO...
-Parents are highly involved with children with few demands or controls. They do what they want. -Some believe few restraints and warm involvement produce a child who is creative and confident *Linked to lack of respect and have difficulty controlling behavior, are domineering, egocentric, noncompliant, and have unsatisfactory peer relations.
The Kohlberg Levels what are these based on? Kohlberg believed there are... what do these represent and how do you advance?
-Piaget's cognitive stages are the base for Kohlberg's Theory. Kohlberg believed that there are 3 universal levels -Going from one level to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others and to experience conflict between one's currely level or moral thinking and the reasoning of someone at a higher level.
Correlational Research predicts what? provides what? +1? -1? 0? EX? what about causation?
-Predicts how people will behave -Provides the strength of the relationship between two or more characteristics. +1 → likely to happen -1 → unlikely to happen 0 → no association EX: -0.4 has a stronger correlation than +0.2, ignore the sign! **Does not equal causation!!!
Receptive vocabulary vs expressive vocab? what's the difference? words at 13 months compared to 18 months vocab spurt is when?
-Receptive vocabulary (words child understand) exceeds spoken vocabulary (words child uses) 13 months, they understand 50 words at 18 months, they can say those 50 words Vocabulary development at 16-24 months
Touch and Pain what has positive outcomes during prenatal development? what is the positive outcome? circumcision?
-Regular gentle tactile stimulation during prenatal development has positive outcomes → easier temperament Circumcision: Babies are so resilient, go to deep sleep after to cope with pain, now use anesthesia sometimes
Chromosome Abnormalities what are they?
-Sometimes a gamete is formed from a sperm and ovum that don't have a normal set of 23 chrom
Hearing Starts to decline when? Sensitivity to what first? What doesn't change much? Who loses hearing first and why?
-Starts to decline by the age of 40 -Sensitivity to pitches declines first -Ability to hear low pitched sounds doesn't decline much in middle adulthood though -Men first, maybe because of their greater exposure to noise in occupations like mining, cars, ect. -Hearing aids have improved life for those with hearing loss but many don't wear them or use them incorrectly
1. Costa and McCrae's Baltimore Study (1950s - NOW) studied how many people from where? how long? what'd they come up with? 5
-Studied about 1,000 college educated men and women 20 to 96 for many years. -Paul Costa and Robert McCrae focused on the "Big 5 Factors of Personality" OCEAN 1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism (emotional stability) O C E A N
Jean Berko: studied what?
-Study of children's knowledge of morphological rules, here, with the plural of WUG. Answer: Wugs, but with z sounds. -Used made up words for the experiment so they couldn't fall back on past instances of hearing words -When they could make the plurals or past tenses of fake words, it was proof they knew the morphological rules
Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status super difficult to what? SES exaggerates what? troubles of ethnic minority teens? 4 what if your're rich?
-Super hard to separate influences of ethnicity and SES -SES exaggerates influence of ethnicity because ethnic minorities are overrepresented in low SES society -Not all minorities are poor, but it contributes to many troubles ethnic minority adolescents experience like 1. Prejudice 2. discrimination 3. bias 4. Stressful effects of poverty **Don't escape prejudice, discrimination, and bias when you're not poor
Prenatal Tests 6
-Tests are based on several criteria, like age, medical history, genetic risk factors 1. Ultrasound Sonography 2. Chorionic Villus Sampling 3. Amniocentesis 4. Maternal Blood Screening 5. Fetal MRI 6. Fetal Sex Determination US CV A MBS FMRI FSD
Adolescent Pregnancy US rates of teen pregnancies compared to other countries. country with the lowest rates. US is ?X higher rate of it than the Netherlands, even though... % teen pregnancies that are unintended TEEN PREGNANCY TREND IN THE US?
-US has the highest rates of teen pregnancy in the industrialized world, but has declined since the 90s. -Switzerland has the lowest rates -US is 8X higher rate than the Netherlands, even though the same amount of kids are having sex. -US 82% of teen pregnancies are unintended DECREASING!
Emotional Development A young child's growing... Expressing Emotions What are self-conscious emotions? what are they? 6 Example of those self-conscious emotions Mother's with high incidence of positive emotions and low incidence of negative emotions at home had...
-Young child's growing awareness of self is linked to ability to feel a range of emotions! Expressing Emotions Self-Conscious Emotions: Children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others to feel these emotions (empathy, jealousy, shame, guilt, pride, embarrassment) 18 months! -Pride and guilt become more common in early childhood in response to parents' responses to behavior. Ex: You should feel bad for biting your sister -Mothers with high incidence of positive emotions and low incidence of negative emotions at home had children who used more positive emotion words during their interactions
Higher levels of these are linked to higher grade point averages in middle school 4 LONGER THEY'RE...
1 Academic commitment 2. Emotional control 3. Family involvement 4. School climate **Longer someone is in poverty, more damage AC EC FI SC
Changes in Regions of the Brain 2 and info
1. "Blooming and pruning" vary depending on the brain region Prefrontal Cortex: Higher level thinking, self-regulation → peaks year 3, adult density of synapses is achieved in middle to late adolescence. **Heredity and environment influence timing 2. Pace of Myelination -Myelinations of visual pathways occurs rapidly after birth is completed in first 6 months, auditory myelination is not completed until 4 or 5 years old BP M
Strategies for protecting against HIV and other STIs 4
1. . Knowing your own and your partner's risk status -Spend time getting to know your partner before having sex and ask them questions, know they may lie 2. Obtaining medical examinations -Before engaging with someone, both should get tested, campus health service can help with cost 3. Having protected, not unprotected sex -Condoms are most effective in preventing gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and HIV, less for herpes. 4. Not having sex with multiple partners -One of best predictors of getting an STI is having sex with multiple partners K E P M
-Higher risk of SIDS if infant has 8 two most common?
1. Abnormal brain stem functioning with neurotransmitter serotonin 2. Gene mutations linked to occurrence of heart arrhythmias (10-15% had heart arrhyth.) 3. Mothers or fathers smoke 4. Low birth weight 5. African American and Eskimo 6. Sleep with parents in same bed 7. Don't use pacifier when they go to sleep 8. Sleep in bedroom without a fan ***Maternal smoking and bed sharing are the most common ABSF GM S LBW AA E SSB DP F
Vision Struggle with...3
1. Accommodation of the eye declines sharply between 40-59 AOE: the ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina 2. Difficulty viewing close objects → Must wear bifocal lenses at this point 3. Retina is less sensitive to low levels of illumination -Laser surgery and implantation of intraocular lenses have become routine procedures for this age A C R
WHAT IS Linked to decline in production of neurotransmitters? 2 AND WHAT do they cause?
1. Acetylcholine = memory loss for people with Alzehimer 2. Dopamine = worse motor control in parkinson A D
Studies with siblings 2
1. Adult siblings provide practical and emotional support for each other 2. Men with poor sibling relationships in childhood were more likely to develop depression by 50 than men with good relationships with siblings
Teaching Strategies Based on Vygotsky's Theory 5
1. Assess the child's ZPD -Do an assessment to determine where their zone of proximal development is and the best level to start at 2. Use child's ZPD in teaching -Teaching should start at the zone's upper limit so kid can reach the goal with help and move to a higher level of skill and knowledge. Offer JUST enough assistance or maybe even just observe 3. Use more-skilled peers as teachers 4. Monitor and encourage children's use of private speech -Talking to oneself externally preschool = talking to oneself internally in elementary school 5. Place instruction in a meaningful context -Provide students with opportunities to experience learning in real-world settings/implications AZPD UZPD MSP MEPS MC
Four types of parenting according to Baumrind
1. Authoritarian Parenting 2. Authoritative Parenting 3. Neglectful Parenting 4. Indulgent Parenting A A N I
Baumrind's Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind stressed that parents should...3
1. Be neither punitive nor aloof 2. Have rules for their children 3. Be affectionate with them. NPA R A
Factors that influence effectiveness of ZPD? 4 what is scaffolding?
1. Better emotion regulation 2. Secure Attachment 3. Absence of maternal depression 4. Child compliance Scaffolding: Changing (decreasing) the level of support you give a child as they become more skilled BER SA AMD CC
Early Experiences and the Brain 2 Changes in the brain are influenced by what two things? examples of one of them and and how it influences them. What gives a growing brain flexibility and resilience? EX of boy?
1. Changes in brain are influenced by genes, before birth, and environmental experiences, after birth Environmental: sights, smells, sounds, language, touch shape neural connections → full potential! → Kids deprived of these things grow up with depressed brain activity 2. Neural connections give a growing brain flexibility and resilience -Boy at 10 had seizures, had left hemisphere removed, right hemisphere reorganized and took over functions, like speech, that are generally on the other side.
Chromosome abnormality example? 1 Sexu linked chromosome abnormalities? 4
1. Chromosome abnormality example? a. Down Syndrome 2. Sex-Linked Chromosomes Abnormalities a. Klinefelter Syndrome XXY b. Fragile X Syndrome c. Turner Syndrome XO d. XYY Syndrome DS K F T XYY
CHANGES IN THE BRAIN IN TEENS 3 when does the prefrontal cortex mature?
1. Development of brain mainly changes in a button-up, top-down sequence 2. Adolescents have "fewer, more selective, more effective neuronal connections" than children because they've pruned away many of the connections. 3. Structural changes found using fMRI -Remember Prefrontal Cortex doesn't finish maturing until 18-25 years old. BUTD FSENC SC
Genes and depression 2
1. Dopamine related genes associated with depression 2. Short version of serotonin related gene 5HTTLPR D 5
2. Authoritative Parenting three things about it what about the parents? linked to...
1. Encourages children to be independent but there are still limits and controls. 2. Extensive verbal-exchange is allowed and parents are warm and nurturant. 3. Show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior -Parents are cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented. They work well with others and maintain friendly relations with peers, handle stress well. *Linked to prosocial behavior and lower risk of being overweight or obese later I LC EVE PS
Risk Factors in Adolescent Sexuality 6
1. Family Factors: -Difficulties with parents linked to earlier sexual initiation. -If parents know where you are you're less likely to initiative sex between 8-10th grade. **Supportive parents predicts lower level of risky sexual behavior 2. Socioeconomic status - More sexually active teens in low income areas. 3. Peer relations - More deviant peers =more sexual partners by 16 4. School performance - Better grades = protective factor in delaying sex 5. Sports participation - Boys in sports take more risks but girls in sports have lower risk. 6. Religious orientation - More religion, more likely to wait. FF SES PR SP SP RO
The Role of Attachment Secure attachment leads to4
1. Fewer emotional difficulties → Less depression 2. Relationship competence (family, peers) 3. Financial/career competence 4. Fewer problematic behavior → Drug use and skipping school ED RC FCC PB
Middle adulthood and marriages... 5
1. Fewer financial worries 2. Less housework and chores 3. More time with each other → More positive outlook if they engage in activities together 4. Lower likelihood of work-related health limitations if married 5. Better health for both spouses if they have a healthy marriage FF LH MT LWH BH
REDUCING TEEN PREGNANCIES TWO EXAMPLES OF PROGRAMS?
1. Girls Inc. Offers programs to increase teen girls' motivation to avoid pregnancy until they are mature enough to make decisions about motherhood. → Girls who participated were less likely to get preggers There are four programs 2. Sex Ed
Consequences of high self-esteem 3 Inflated Praise results in... 2
1. Greater initiative 2. Prone to prosocial and antisocial behavior 3. Difficulty handling competition and criticism → too much praise for mediocre shit Inflated Praise results in... 1. Can't handle competition and criticism 2. Cause children with low self-esteem to avoid important learning experiences GI P ASB CC CC lse AILE
Outcomes of Teen Pregnancy
1. Health risks for baby and moma → Babies: More likely to have LBW, neurological problems, and childhood illness. → Mothers: More likely to be depressed, drop out of school and never really catch up economically **AA mothers who had kids in teens more likely to be unemployed, live in poverty, depend on welfare, and not have completed college by age 32 → Dads: More likely to be unemployed at 32 2. Socioeconomic Status -More likely to come from low SES and are more likely to have not been good student -Some aren't poor and achieve though, but generally women who waited for kids fare better 3. These mothers need help enhancing competent child care and planning for the future. -Family and Consumer Science Educator Lynn Blankinship has teens take care of robot babies HRBM SES H
Causes of Delinquency Probably... 5 erikson thought that... delinquency is an attempt to what?
1. Heredity 2. Cognitive Factors → self control, intelligence, attention, emotionless 3. Identity problems 4. Community influences 5. Family experiences -Erikson thinks those whose development has restricted them from acceptable social roles, or made to feel like they can't measure up to demands placed on them, may choose a negative identity. **Delinquency is an attempt to establish an identity, even if it's a negative one H CG IP CI FE
-Development is...6
1. Lifelong -No age dominates development 2. Multidimensional 3. Multidirectional 4. Plastic 5. Multidisciplinary 6. Contextual L M M P M C
The Benefits of a Good Marriage 2
1. Live longer More time in a healthy relationship linked to living longer -Unhappy marriage shortens life by 4 years 2. Healthier Divorce → 23% higher mortality rate Not working linked to higher mortality rate but having a happy marriage reduced it Best cardiovascular profile and single men the worst L H
Physical changes in midlife 11
1. Lose Height 2. Gain weight 3. Lose strength 4. Joints become stiff 5. Bone loss 6. Vision 7. Hearing 8. Cardiovascular 9. Lungs 10. Sleep 11. Visible Signs of aging H W S J B V H C L S V
Socioeconomic Status and Poverty Low SES backgrounds are at risk of 5
1. Low achievement 2. Emotional problems 3. Psychological problems → smoking, depression, delinquence, health problems 4. SMOKING INITIATION IN FIFTH GRADE linked to low SES 5. Cardiovascular disease 30 years later → health-compromising behaviors, financial stres, poor medical care, lower education LA EP PP S CD
WHO IS MORE LIKELY TO BE A DELINQUENT? 3 why? 1
1. Males are more likely to engage in delinquency 72% males 28% females 2. Minority groups 3. Low SES families WHY? -Less influence over the judicial decision-making process so may be judges more readily than others M MG LSES
Parts of Brofenbrenner's Ecological Theory. 5
1. Microsystem: Where individual lives and helps construct the settings, most direct interactions with social agents 2. Mesosystem: relations between microsystems or connections between contexts. EX: Parents reject kid, kid rejects teachers 3. Exosystem: Links between social settings in which the individual does not have an active role or their immediate context. EX: Mom gets a promotion, strain on parents, change in patterns of interaction with child 4. Macrosystem: culture in which the individuals live (remember culture is the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed from gen to gen) 5. Chronosystem: Patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, and sociohistorical circumstances EX: Divorce
Lesbian and gay trends with kids 4
1. More are having kids and creating families 2006-2010 → Lesbian couples are FIVE TIMES more likely to have kids than gay couples 2. More same-sex couples are adopting 2000-2009 changed from 10% to 20% 3. Homo couples share child care more than getero, lesbians being the most supportive and gay the least. 4. More same-sex, dual earners share laugndry, household repairs, routine/sick childcare responsibility K A S DE
"Higher-SES Parents" 4
1. More concerned about developing children's initiative and their capacity to delay gratification 2. Create a home atmosphere where children are more nearly equal participants and rules are discussed as opposed to being laid down in an authoritarian manner 3. Are less likely to use physical punishment 4. Are less directive and more conversational CI CDG EP RD LPP LD MC
"Lower-SES Parents" 4
1. More concerned that their children conform to society's expectations 2. Create a home atmosphere in which it is clear that parents have authority over children 3. More likely to use physical punishment 4. More directive and less conversational C PHA PP D LC
Securely attached adults are 2
1. More satisfied with their close relationships than insecurely attached adults 2. Relationships are more likely to be characterized by trust, commitment, and longevity S TLC
Advantages to having kids later (30s)5
1. More time to consider and achieve goals in life 2. Can determine what they want from their family and career goals 3. More mature and able to benefit from their life experiences to engage in more competent parenting 4. Securely established in their careers 5. Have more income for child-rearing T W M C I
Why is it difficult to make a culture-fair test? 4 Sternberg says what...
1. Most tests reflect what the dominant culture thinks is important. 2. Time limits bias the test against groups concerned with time 3. Language differences - meanings might not be the same in different languages 4. Pictures - Some cultures have less experience with drawings and photos ***Sternberg says that basically a culture-fair test won't ever exist, but maybe a culture-reduced test will DC T LD P
Change in first years of life IN THE BRAIN two changes? how they affect each other? pruning? what about the number of connections made vs what we use? each of our billions of neurons...
1. Myelination 2. Connectivity *Myelination speeds up neurotransmission, expansion of dendritic connections facilitates the spreading of neural pathways in infant development Pruning: connects that are used become stronger, and the unused ones disappear Twice as many synaptic connections are made than we will every use -Each of our billions of neurons is connected to ~1,000 neurons=neural networks with trillions of connections! M C
Change in first years of life: 2 and the info about them
1. Myelination (prenatally through childhood and adolescence) speeds up neurotransmission Myelination: the process of encasing axons with fat cells 2. Connectivity among neurons increases, creating new neural pathways. -New dendrites grow, connections among dendrites increase, synaptic connects between axons and dendrites increase.
1. Normative Age-Graded Influences 2. Normative History-Graded Influences 3. Nonnormative or Highly Individualized Life Events
1. Normative Age-Graded Influences -Events that happen to individuals of a particular age group Ex: Biological: puberty and menopause Sociocultural/environmental: Beginning formal education at 6yo 2. Normative History-Graded Influences -Events that happen to a particular generation -Economic (great depression in 30s), political (Cuban missile crisis), and social (civil rights and women's rights movements of 60s/70s) -Includes long-term changes in genetic and cultural makeup of a pop 3. Nonnormative or Highly Individualized Life Events -Unusual events that have a major impact on someone's life Ex: Death of a parent at a young age, teenage pregnancy, winning lottery
Misconceptions about homo couples 5 How does prejudice and discrimination affect couples?
1. Not all lesbian couples are one masucline and one fem 2. Only a small segment of gay population has a large number of sexual partners (uncommon is lesbian) 3. Gay and lesbian couples preger long-term commited relationships 4. ½ of committed gay couples do have an open relationship that allows sex but not affectionate love 5. Lesbian couples don't usually have open relationships **Researches found that the stigma, prejudice, and discrimination that lesbian, bi, and gay couples experience brings them closer together and strengthens their relationship MF SP C OR LOR
Consequences of low self-esteem 7
1. Overweight and obesity 2. Anxiety 3. Depression (later as an adult too) 4. Suicide 5. Drug use 6. Delinquency 7. Lower life satisfaction at age 30 OO A D S D D LLS
Family Characteristics that promote delinquency 4
1. Parental monitoring 2. Authoritative parenting style 3. Siblings 4. Friends who engage in it **Therapy can help prevent it! PM APS S F
Advantages to having kids earlier (20s) 3
1. Parents are likely to have more physical energy 2. Mother is likely to have fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth 3. Parents may be less likely to build up expectations for their kids, unlike parents who have waited years E M E
Undocumented immigrant families STRUGGLE WITH WHAT? 4
1. Parents being unwilling to sign up for services for which they are eligible 2. Low wage work and no benefits 3. Stress 4. Lack of cognitive stimulation in homes S LW S LCS
TRENDS in the workforce 3
1. People don't have long-term careers because the number of long-term jobs has decreased and there's an increase in technology and cheaper labor in other countries. 2. Many are working a series of jobs and man short-term jobs. → Especially when they're switching from survival jobs to careers jobs 3. **Maintaining high aspiration and certainly over career goals better insulated them against unemployment during the recession LTC SJ HA
Types of Child Maltreatment PHSYICAL ABUSE? CHILD NEGLECT? what is it? can be.... SEXUAL ABUSE? what is it? EMOTIONAL ABUSE? types of emotional abuse what is it? Most common type of abuse?
1. Physical Abuse -Infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, or shaking child. -Parent may not have intended to injure the child, may be excessive physical punishment 2. Child Neglect -Failure to provide a child's basic needs. -Can be physical (abandonment), educational (chronic truancy), or emotional (inattention to child's needs) -Most common form of child maltreatment, 3X as often as abuse. RISK: Parents have antisocial behavior, criminal offending, mental/physical problems, experienced abuse 3. Sexual Abuse -Fondling of genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution and making porn mateirals. 4. Emotional Abuse -Psychological, Verbal, mental -Acts or omissions by parents/caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems.
LOW SES characteristics that promote delinquency4
1. Poverty 2. Child Maltreatment 3. Groups and gangs are antisocial or counterproductive to goals and norms of society 4. Hard to stay out of trouble P CM GG T
Three levels of Kohlberg's moral reasoning name and age
1. Preconventional Reasoning: Before 9 2. Conventional Reasoning: By early adolescence 3. Postconventional Reasoning: Adulthood, if they do PCR CR PCR
Three levels of Kohlberg's moral reasoning give the name age what happens then example
1. Preconventional Reasoning: Before 9 -Child knows good and bad in terms of rewards and punishments "What's in it for me" 2. Conventional Reasoning: By early adolescence -Kids apply certain standards, but ones that are set by others, like parents or the government 3. Postconventional Reasoning: Adulthood, if they do -Knows alternative moral courses, explores options, then decides on a personal moral code. -Kids engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to ensure that it meets high ethical standards. -Not everyone progresses beyond level 2, only a small number of individuals do GB RP PG AMC
Some areas lose more volume than others 3
1. Prefrontal cortex shrinks and is linked to decrease in working memory and other cognitive activities 2. Sensory regions of brain (primary visual cortex, primary motor cortex, and somatosensory cortex) are less vulnerable to aging process 3. General slowing of brain and spinal cord starts in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood PFC S BSC
NURSING HOMES LACK WHAT? 4
1. Privacy 2. Access to medical information 3. Safety 4. Lifestyle freedom within their range of mental and physical capabilities P AMI S LF
Love and Marriage at Midlife type of love 2
1. Romantic Love → Strong in early adulthood with physical attraction, romance, and passion. 2. Affectionate Love → stronger in middle adulthood, aka companionate love, with lots of security, loyalty and mutual emotional interest as relationships mature
Reasons for the decline in teen pregnancies 3
1. School/community health classes 2. Increased contraceptive use - LARC 3. Fear of STIs, like AIDS HC C F
Adult's Attachment can be 3
1. Secure 60-80% adults -Positive views of relationships and it's easy to get close to others -Not overly concerned or stressed about romantic relationships -Enjoy sexuality in a committed relationship and less likely to have one night stands. 2. Avoidant -Hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships -Once they're in a relationship, they tend to distance themselves from their partner 3. Anxious -Demand closeness and are less trusting -Are more emotional, jealous, and possessive S A A
1. Securely Attached Babies 2. Insecure Avoidant Babies 3. Insecure Resistant Babies 4. Insecure Disorganized Babies say what the characteristics are and how the caregiver is.
1. Securely Attached Babies -Use caregiver a secure base to explore the environment. When caregiver is there, they'll explore the room and examine toys. When a caregiver leaves, they might protest a little. When they return, infants reestablish positive interaction with her and resume playing Caregiver: responsibe and good 2. Insecure Avoidant Babies -Avoid caregiver, engage in little interaction with them and are not distressed when they leave, do not reestablish contact with them when they come back, may even turn back on them. If contact is established, infant usually leans or looks away Caregiver: Tend to be unavailable or rejecting, don't respond to signals and have little physical contact with babies 3. Insecure Resistant Babies -Cling to caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness. Babies cling anxiously to caregiver and don't explore the playroom, when they leave, they'll cry out loudly and push away if she tries to comfort them when she returns. Caregiver: Tend to be inconsistent, sometimes they respond, other times they dont. In general they aren't very affectionate with babies and show little synchrony with baby 4. Insecure Disorganized Babies -Disorganized and disoriented. Might appear dazed, confused, and fearful. Babies must show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display specific behaviors like fearfulness around caregiver. Caregiver:Often neglect or physically abuse them
1. Development of brain mainly changes in a button-up, top-down sequence what's first? and later?
1. Sensory, appetitive (eating and drinking), sexual, sensation-seeking, and risk-taking brain linkages mature first. 2. Later, high-level brain linkages like self-control, planning, and reasoning nurture later.
Decrease in brain volume due to 5
1. Shrinkage of neurons 2. Lower numbers of synapses 3. Reduced length and complexity of axons 4. Reduced tree-like branching in dendrites 5. MINOR loss due to neuron loss → But Alzheimer is due to neuron loss SN S LC D N
Frankl said that the three most distinctly human qualities are We ask ourselves WHAT? 3
1. Spirituality (doesn't have to be religious) Refers to someone's uniqueness of spirit, philosophy, and mine. 2. Freedom 3. Responsibility We ask ourselves 1. Why we exist 2. What we want from life 3. What our lives mean S F R E W M
How to encourage a Growth Mindset: 5
1. Teach for understanding 2. Give feedback that improves understanding 3. Give students a chance to revise work 4. Explain that effort and struggling are involved with learning 5. Be a partner with children in the learning process U F CR ES P
3. Structural changes found using fMRI 4
1. The Corpus Callosum, where nerve fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves their ability to process information. -Remember Prefrontal Cortex doesn't finish maturing until 18-25 years old. 2. The Limbic system, where emotions and rewards are experienced, matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex and is nearly developed by the end of adolescence. **Amygdala is the structure in the limbic system that is involved with emotion. 3. Levels of neurotransmitters change too -Increase in Dopamine in prefrontal cortex and limbic system linked to increased risk taking and drug use, and it's important in reward seeking during this time. 4. As children and adolescents mature, greater efficiency and focal activation occurs in local areas of the brain while there is also an increase in brain networks (connectedness) across different brain regions. → By the time we reach emerging adulthood, there are increased connections across brain areas → Reduced connectivity between brains's frontal lobes and amygdala linked to depression CC LS LNT FA IN LA BN
Drawbacks of contemporary life-events approach: 2 EXAMPLE daily hassels linked to what?
1. Too much emphasis on change 2. Failure to recognize that our daily experiences may be the primary sources of stress in our lives EX: Boring but intense job, staying in an unhappy marriage, living in poverty aren't major life events but when built up they influence us a lot. **Daily hassles linked to increased anxiety and decreased physical well-being
Leading Causes of Death in Adolescence 3
1. Unintentional Injuries → Almost half of all deaths between 15-24 are unintentional → Majority from car accidents linked to risky driving habits, and driving under the influence, not really from lack of driving experience. 50% of car deaths found the drive with a blood alcohol level of .10%, 2X amount for a DUI 2. Homicide → Especially among African American males. 3. Suicide → Tripled since the 1950s 6% of deaths between 10-14 12% deaths between 15-19
How to teach reading? 2 and a super simple definition which is better? 2
1. Whole-Language approach: Reading instruction should parallel their natural language learning. 2. Phonics approach: Teach children basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. Which is better? -Both, but instruction in phonics needs to be emphasized. -Many believe that direct instruction in phonics is key to learning how to read well.
HIV STATS How many people in the US have it? % People knew a condom prevents the spread? men and women % people know they have HIV? % of new cases between ages 15-24
1.1 million people in the US are living with an HIV infection 49% of 15-24 year old females knew using a condom helps prevent an HIV infection and 74% men 60% of people with HIV know they have it Half of all new cases are in 15-24 year olds
Infertility and Reproductive Technology % of couples with problems? when is it technically infertility? women problems? 4 men problems? 3 aolutions? 3 Risk of Assisted-Reproduction Technology:?
10 to 15% of couples in USA experience infertility (inability to conceive after 12 months of shagging) Woman 1. Not ovulating (releasing eggs to be fertilized) 2. producing abnormal ova 3. fallopian tubes blocked 4. something is preventing implantation of the embryo into the uterus Man: 1. Too few sperm 2. sperm lacks motility (can't move) 3. has a blocked passageway Solutions: 1. Surgery 2. hormone based drugs 3. "test tube baby" (egg and sperm in lab dish) 1978 Risk of Assisted-Reproduction Technology: low birth weight, but the kids turned out alright
Females are at higher risk of depression. % females and males with depression at 12 years old 12-17 years old why? 4
12 years old 5% females and 2% males 12-17 year olds 36% females and 14% males WHY? 1. Females ruminate in depressed mood 2. Body images are more negative than males 3. More discrimination than males 4. Puberty is earlier for girls R BI D PE
Depression % of teens with majory depressive disorders and feel hopeless? who is at risk? 3
15-20% of teens have major depressive disorder and feel hopeless Who is at risk? 1. High level stress 2. A loss of some type 3. Females HS L F
4. Maternal Blood Screening when is it done? what is it? triple screen? process if this then...
16th to 18th weeks of pregnancy identifies pregnancy that has an elevated risk for birth defects, like spina bifida and down syn. Triple Screen: Measures three substances in blood Abnormal triple screen → ultrasound examination → amniocentesis if nothing from UltraS
The Binet Tests - 1904 1. 1905 Scale is a test that was created by Binet and Theophile Simon to... # questions? Types of questions? Mental Age? Intelligence Quotient? (IQ) Equation? Different IQ scores with equation? 3
1905 Scale - A test created by Binet and Theophile Simon to determine which kids aren't learning in normal schools and needed special schools. France wanted to reduce crowding in schools. 30 questions → Ability to touch your ear to draw designs from memory and define abstract concepts Mental Age (MA): Binet An individual's level of mental development relative to others Intelligence Quotient (IQ): Stern a person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) times 100 IQ= MA/CA x 100 MA = CA → IQ = 100 MA > CA → IQ > 100 MA < CA → IQ < 100
Married Adults 1930 COMPARED TO LAST 70-80 YEARS? What has made marriage more fragile? 2
1930: People just wanted a stable marriage and that was the endpoint of adult development Last 70-80 years: People want personal fulfillment inside and outside the marriage Changing norm of male-female equality in marriage and higher expectations for what a marriage should be like has made marital relationships more fragile and intense than before
CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES LAws in 1975 1990 1997 2004
1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Public Law 94-142 -Was the first year public schools enrolled children with disabilities 1990: Recast as "Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)" 1997: IDEA was amended 2004: IDEA was reauthorized and renamed "Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act"
Language Development 2-3 YEARS OLD.... regularities? EX?
2-3 years old → Finally change from simple sentences to complex sentences There are regularities in how children learn a particular language, and it's different from one to another Ex: Always learn on and in before other prepositions
Gay and Lesbian Parents % of same sex couples raising kids under the age of 18? what about custody? differences between kids growing up with hetero and homo parents? What two things predicted adjustment issues and parental stress? % of adoptive parents saying kids were well adjusted to school? gay couples... 3
20% of same-sex couples are raising children under age of 18 un US -Many lesbian mothers and gay fatehrs are noncustodial because they lost custody to hetero spouses **Few differences between children growing up with gay parents and hetero parents. Just as popular, mental health adjustment is good. -Child's behavior patterns and family functioning were predicted by adjustment issues and parental stress. -98% of gay adoptive parents reported their children adjusted to school well. -Gay couples 1. share child care more 2. practice more positive parenting 3. fewer child externalizing problems.
Sex Ed % of teens given info about STIs, HIV/AIDS and how to say no. % males and females given info about birth control three programs taught and do they work?
2011 to 2013, → 80% of teens were given info about STIs, HIV/AIDS, and how to say no. → 55% of males and 60% females given info about birth control. A. Abstinance only programs don't delay sex and don't reduce HIV risk behaviors. B. Push for Abstinence-only-until-marriage (AOUM) programs, but kids aren't waiting and they're getting married alot later! C. Now promoting Abstinence-Plus Sexuality - Promote abstinence and provide information about contraceptive use too AO AOUM APS
Visible Signs4
40s and 50s are when this is most noticeable. 1. Wrinkles and sagging skin due to loss of fat and collagen 2. Pigmentation in skin (age spots) from sunlight, especially on hands and face. 3. Hair becomes thinner and grayer 4. Nails get ridges and become thicker and more brittle
Speaking milestones name? first spoken word? how communicate before speak? appearance of first words is what? first words are usually what? why?
5 months: recognize their name 10-15 months: First spoken word (average 13 months), and vocabulary spurt at 19 months **But babies have been communicated already with gestures and using special sounds before words! → appearance of first words is just a continuation of the communication process -First words are people, animals, toys, food, body parts, greetings, often meaning various intentions -Nouns are more concrete and imaginable so they're easier to learn
Sexual Activity in Emerging Adulthood % having sex at start of emerging adulthood? % end of emerging adulthood? what about adultery? % men and women being faithful?
60% of people by beginning of emerging adulthood (18) have had sex Almost all have had sex by end of emerging adulthood (25) Adultery -Is clearly the exception rather than the rule -75% of married men and 85% of married women have never been unfaithful
US Job Market is Improving for college graduates in 2017 % of employers who will hire recent graduates It's the... Also said they would...
74% of explorers said they were going to hire recent college graduates in 2017, up 7% from 2016! → Highest job outlook for recent college graduates since 2007 Also said they were going to pay the new employers more than they did in 2016
Sibling RELATIONSHIPS NOW % WITH living siblings? adult relationships with siblings can be 3 majority? what makes it more likely they'll be closer later in life?
85% of today's adults have at least one living sibling. -Adult relationships with siblings can be 1. extremely close 2. apathetic 3. highly rivalrous → Majority are close though → If closer in childhood, more likely to be close in adulthood, rare to develop that later in life
WHY ARE STAGE THEORIES PROBLEMATIC? especially for adulthood?
??
Adolescent Egocentrism: what is it? David Elkind believes what? 1. what is it ex? 2. what is it? THE PARTS OF IT facebook and all of this
Adolescent Egocentrism: Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents. David Elkind believes adolescent egocentrism has two key components: 1. Imaginary Audience -Belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, that they are "on stage" EX: Boy walks into class and thinks everyone is looking at his spotty face...but they're not. 2. Personal Fable a. A sense of uniqueness b. Sense of Invincibility c. Invulnerability FACEBOOK → Leads to more egocentrism and narcissism.
Group Differences in IQ scores AFrican Americans score higher or lower than other kids? latino kids score.... % of African American students scored... White kids vs AFrican American kids What has happened recently and why? Especially where? Stanford Binet Intelligence SCales found what between non-Latino white and African American preschool kids STEM?
African Americans score 10-15 points lower on intelligence tests than non-Latino White American kids -Kids from Latino families scored lower than non-Latino White kids. 15-25% of African American students score higher than half of the white children Many white kids score lower than most African American kids **As Afrian Americans have gained social, economic, and educational opportunities, the gap between AA and whites on standardized intelligence tests has narrowed → Especially in college when they have similar environments -Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales found no differences in overall intellectual ability between non-Latino White and AA preschool children. -STEM programs have fewer AA students though, but maybe linked to practitioner's expectations
THEORY OF MIND: Age 2 to 3 4-5 5+
Age 2 to 3 Perceptions: Realizes other people see what is in front of their eyes and not what's in front of kids eyes Emotions: Distinguishes between positive and negative emotions "Vic feels bad" Desires: Understands that if a child wants something, they'll try to get it. "I want my mum" *Children refer to desires earlier and more frequently than they refer to cognitive states like thinking and knowing Age 4 to 5 False Beliefs: Beliefs that are not true, develop by age 5 -Children understand that the mind can represent objects and events as accurately or inaccurately Ex: Sally and Anne, Anne takes something from a basket and puts it in a box while Sally is gone. -3 yo think sally will look in the box, 4 yo know Sally will have a "false belief" Age 5+ -Children finally have a deepening appreciation of the mind itself, not just the mental states. Middle and Late Childhood: See mind as an active constructor of knowledge or a processing center → Then they can understand that beliefs go from being false to realizing the same event can be open to multiple interpretations
Strange Situation: Created by Mary Ainsworth wanted to measure what? wanted to find out what? what are the four attachment styles?
An observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order -Wanted to find info about infant's motivation to be near caregiver and the degree to which a caregiver's presence provides the infant with security and confidence 1. Securely Attached Babies 2. Insecure Avoidant Babies 3. Insecure Resistant Babies 4. Insecure Disorganized Babies
WHO is most likely to be bullied compare the two extremes of who is bullied.
Anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive kids are more likely to be victims → Maybe the quiet ones because they're non threatening and are not likely to get back at the bully → Aggressive kids because their behavior is annoying to bullies.
Attachment APPEARS WHEN romantic relationships... securely attached adults also feel like...
Appears during infancy and plays a huge role in socioemotional development Romantic relationships are different than those with parents, but they fulfill the same needs -Securely attached adults also feel like they can get comfort and security during stressful times from partner
Life-Span Perspective: it involves what? 3 What is essential to the life-span perspective? development is from what? 3
As a process, it involves 1. growth 2. maintenance 3. regulation of loss. -Development throughout life is central to the life-span perspective -Development is from 1. biological 2. sociocultural 3. individual factors. G M RL B S IF
3. Multidirectional what happens as some dimensions/components change? EX? 3
As some dimensions/components of a dimension expand, others shrink Ex: Learn a language at a young age, it's harder to learn one later Ex: Start a romantic relationship in adolescence, relationship with friends decrease Ex: Older adults are wiser but slower to process information
Brain's Development brain birth weight at birth compared to after year 2 compared to adults? HOW DOES BRAIN DEVELOP? CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS IN SYNAPSES CONNECT... WHAT IS A SYNAPSE LIKE?
At birth, brain weighs 25% of its adult weight and by second birthday, 75% its adult weight **Brain doesn't mature uniformly Chemical interactions in synapses connect axons and dendrites, allowing info to pass from one neuron to another -Synapse is like a ferry helping a truck get from one side of a river to another
2. John Bowlby (1969-1989) what is it about? what importnat?
Attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life can have consequences throughout life span. Critical period: Imprinting must take place at a very specific, early time in the life of an animal or it won't happen
Sleep WHAT HAPPENS STARTING IN YOUR 40S? 3
Beginning in the 40s 1. Wakeful periods are more frequent 2. Less of the deepest type of sleep (stage 4) 3. Amount of time spent lying awake in bed increases in middle age → Feel less rested in morning W D T
3. Amniocentesis when is it done? what can happen? how often? what is done? later vs earlier? useful in deciding what? results how quickly?
Between 15th and 18th weeks of pregnancy → 1 in every 200-300 have miscarriage -Sample of amniotic fluid is taken with a syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders -Later→ Better diagnostic potential Earlier → More useful in deciding how to handle preg. **Can take 2 weeks for enough cells to grow so amniocentesis test results can be obtained
Biological Processes: DEF EX Cognitive Processes: DEF EX Socioemotional Processes: DEF EX
Biological Processes: Changes in an individual's physical nature Ex: Genes inherited, height and weight gains, changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, ect Cognitive Processes: Changes in an individual's thinking, intelligence, and language Ex: Putting together a sentence, memorizing a poem, imagining being a movie star, ect Socioemotional Processes: Changes in relationships with other people, emotions, and personality Ex: An infant's smile in response to a touch, joy going to prom, affectionate elerly couple
Weight CHANGES BODY FAT % in adolescence compared to middle age? Obesity trend from early to middle adulthood? Obesity rates in 40-59 YO? Young adults? What about being overweight in middle adulthood? Higher risk of things?
Body fat in adolescence → 10% Middle age → 20%+ -Obesity increases from early to middle adulthood OBESITY RATES 40% of 40-59 YO 32% of younger adults were obese -Being overweight is a critical problem in middle adulthood and increases the risk that they will develop more health problems, such as hypertension and diabetes, later on. -More risk of major chronic diseases unhealthy aging if gained weight from early to middle adulthood
genital herpes Caused by? How is it spread? Symptom? # cases Treatment?
Caused by a family of viruses with different strains. Sexual contact Symptoms: 1. Eruption of sores and blisters 1 in every 5 adults in US No known cure but there are antiviral medications that can shorten outbreaks.
AIDS caused by what? What does it do? Transferred through what? Symptoms 5 # Cases Treamtment?
Caused by a virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) The virus kills the body's immune system Transferred through blood and semen Symptoms 1. fevers 2. night sweats 3. weight loss 4. chronic fatigue 5. swollen lymph nodes More than 300,000 cases in US 25-34 year olds. Epidemic in sub-Saharan countries New treatments slow the progression from HIV to AIDS but there's not cure
Chlamydia caused by? how does it spread? the effect? 2 TIP? number of cases every year? Treatment?
Caused by bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis Spreads through sexual contact It's affect 1. infects organs of both sexes 2. In women it can lead to infertility Recommended females have an annual screening for this STI 3 million people in US every year Antibiotics
Syphilis caused by? symptoms? 3 If not treated leads to...2 number of cases every year? Treatment?
Caused by bacterium treponema pallidum Symptoms: 1. appearance of a sore where it entered the body 2. sores can be on genitals, vagina, or anus. 3. Later, a skin rash breaks out on palms of hands and sole of feet. If not treated leads to 1. Paralysis 2. Death 100,000 cases every year in US Penicillin
-Brain continues to mature & experiences widen their world changings in their brain allows children to do what? 3
Changes in brain allow children to 1. Plan their actions 2. Attend to stimuli more effectively 3. Improve language development P A L
Recently, new emphasis on what with brain volume loss?
Changes in myelination and neural networks -Demyelination (deterioration in the myelin sheath that encases axons and helps with info processing) occurs with aging in the rain of older adults
Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior who said what? who survives?
Charles Darwin says natural selection is the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species that are best at adapting are most likely to survive and reproduce. -Organisms with the best characteristics are most likely going to survive, pass their genes on
The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine said what about sex ed? what works? what doesn't work? do they actually do it?
Comprehensive sex education does delay initiation of sex and reduces rates of STIs. AOUM is bull shit. UNFORTUNATELY, even though there is evidence to support C, there's been an increase in government funding for abstinence-only programs.
Peer Pressure CONFORMITY PEAKS WHEN? MORE LIKELY TO DO BAD THINGS IF...3
Conformity to peers peaks at 8th-9th grade More like to do bad things if they're 1. Uncertain about their identity 2. With someone that has a higher status than them 3. Boys more likely to be pressured into sexual things than girls UI HS B
Continuity and Discontinuity Continuity-Discontinuity Issue: Emphasize nurture→ Emphasize nature→
Continuity-Discontinuity Issue: The degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity) -Emphasize nurture→ development is a gradual, continuous process -Emphasize nature→ development is a series of distinct stages
Creating Culture-Fair Tests what is a culture-fair test? TWo types of them?
Culture-fair Tests: Tests of intelligence that are meant to be free of cultural biases There are two types of tests: 1. Includes items that are familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ehtnic background, or items that are at least familiar with the kids taking the test. Ex: How a bird and dog are different. 2. No verbal questions
Daniel Offer found that ??% of teens... teens like to...BUT that doesn't mean... adolescents have more...
Daniel Offer found that 73% of adolescents had healthy self-images and not storm-and-stress. -Teens like to try new things but that doesn't mean they're hostile towards parental and societal standards. -Adolescents have more positive than problematic development and engage in healthy behaviors, supportive relationships with friends and family, and had positive self-perceptions more than angry and depressed feelings.
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) decreases when you do what? highest risk is at what age? number of deaths? LOWER RISK IF... the name of the movement?
Decreases when infants sleep on their backs rather than on their stomach or side because they have more fresh air and reduces the chances of overheating -Highest risk between 2 to 4 months -2,000 deaths due to SIDS in US, one of main causes of infant death -Lower risk if infants are breastfed "Back of sleep movement" Better to sleep on back, but needs "tummy time" to develop skills
Brain Changes: TWO MAIN CHANGES? Myelination and areas of the brain 1. HAND EYE COORDINATION BY... 2. attention by... 3. higher level thinking by... INCREASED MYELINATION = ??
Dendrites and Myelination 1. Number and size of dendrites 2. Myelination - axons covered in layer of fat cells = faster and more efficient nervous system Myelination and areas of the brain 1. Hand eye coordination complete age 4 2. Focusing attention completed in end of middle or late childhood 3. Higher level thinking skills (prefrontal cortex) completed in adolescence or emerging adulthood **Increased myelination = higher cognitive ability D M HEC FA HLT
stranger anxiety depends on what? → what reduces the chances of it? 4 when are they less likely to show stranger anxiety?
Depends on context and characteristics of a stranger Less likely to occur 1. In their own home (familiarity) compared to a research laboratory 2. on their mother's lap compared to infant seat nearby 3. Less fearful of children than adults 4. Less fearful of friendly, outgoing, smiling strangers than passive, unsmiling strangers **When infants feel secure they are less likely to show strange anxiety
Psychoanalytic Theories general? development primarily in terms of what type of processes that are heavily colored by what? true understanding of development requires analyzing what? what are the theories? 2
Development primarily in terms of unconscious (beyond awareness) processes that are heavily colored by emotion, molded by experiences with parents shape this development -True understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meaning of behavior and deep inner workings of the mind. 1. Freud's Theory 2. Erickson's Psychosocial Theory
1. Ultrasound Sonography when is it done? what happens? can detect what? 3 what can be detected?
Done at 7 weeks and again later on during pregnancy → no risk -High-frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen, and the echo from the sounds is transformed into a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures -Can detect abnormalities (microcephaly, small brain), number of fetuses, and sex **50% of severe spina bifida cases can be identified in the first trimester with ultrasound
2. Chorionic Villus Sampling when is it done? what is it? when do you get the results?
Done between 10th and 12th week of pregnancy -CVS: Prenatal medical procedure where a tiny tissue sample from the placenta is removed and analyzed -Sampling for genetic defects and chromosome abnormalities → get results in 10 days
Substance Use and Abuse trend in the 80s? 90s? early 2000s? recent trend? why? Us rate compared to other countries? why? what's expected? what about alochol and cigarette use? now they're...
Drug use decreased in the 80s, increased in the 90s, and then decreased until early 2000s 2006-2017 drug use increased, mostly because of weed, so if we remove weed, it's not bad. US has highest rates of drug use in all industrialized countries, maybe because of legalization of weed, expectd to increase even more. Alcohol and cigarette use decreased, but now they're vaping. Like 19% 12th graders and 8% 8th graders.
Lose height DUE TO WHAT? MEN LOSE WHAT WHEN? 2 WOMEN LOSE WHAT WHEN?
Due to bone loss in the vertebrae and there are large variations between people Men → Lose ½ inch (30-50 YO) and another ¾ inch (50-70 YO) Women → Lose as much as 2 inches from 25-75 YO
Emotional regulation Durign the first year.... EX? EX? At first infants depend on what? should you console your crying infant?
During first year, infant gradually develops ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions. Ex: Early in infancy - Babies put thumb in mouth to soothe themselves Ex: Second year - Say things to help soothe themselves (Go to sleep, Alex, okay.) -At first, infants depend on caregivers to help them soothe emotions, like rocking, singing, or stroking. yes.
Becoming an Adult what is emerging adulthood? age? what are common during this time? WHo do the 5 key features of EA apply to?
Emerging Adulthood: the super lengthy transition period from adolescence to adulthood, 18-25 years old -Experimentation and exploration of identity, career, and lifestyle (married, single, cohabiting) characterize this time period -These 5 key features are true for Americans and their counterparts in Europe and Australia → Not all cultures though! Only in those where assuming adult roles and responsibilities is postponed
Contemporary life-events approach → Current version of this approach emphasizes what? These depend on what? 5 EXAMPLE
Emphasizes how life events influence someone's development depends on 1. Life event itself 2. Mediating factors - physical health, family support, ect 3. Their adaptation to the life event - appraisal of the threat, coping strategies, ect. 4. Life stage context 5. Sociohistorical context EXAMPLE If someone is in poor health and have little family support, life events are more stressful -Some may perceive a life event as highly stressful and others might think of it as a challenge LE M A LSC SH
Ecological Theory what is it about? what is the theory and the parts of it? Influenced by what? Later added what? What are the 5 systems and what about them?
Environmental factors Brofenbrenner's Ecological Theory -Influenced by several environmental systems -Later added biological influences, but minor **All 5 systems are affected by each other and by events over time 1. Microsystem: 2. Mesosystem: 3. Exosystem: 4. Macrosystem: 5. Chronosystem: MI MES EX MA CHR
Eikson's View of Identity VS Confusion is his fifth stage was the first to see what? what happens during this time? a special part of it....? explain it. during this time, teens might do what?
Erikson was first to see that identity is central to understanding adolescent development -Identity VS Confusion is his fifth stage → Figuring out who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in life -Psychosocial Moratorium: Term for gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. → Society gives them this time to figure out what they want to do with relatively few responsibilities → They might try different clothes, want to be a lawyer one day and a chef the next, it's a deliberate effort to find out where they fit in the world.
Ethological Theory what is ethology? stresses what? emphasizes what? the two theoires?
Ethology: The study of behavior of animals in their natural habitat Stresses behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods, which there presences or absence can have long-lasting effects -Emphasize biological foundations of development 1. Lorenz's Research with Greylag Geese Imprinting 2. John Bowlby (1969-1989)
Fine Motor Skills what are they? EX? during first 2 years... sticky mittens? -Pincer grip?
FMS: Finely tuned movements EX: using a spoon, buttoning shirt, anything with finger dexterity During first 2 years of life, infants refine how they reach and grasp (first just move shoulder and elbow, then move wrist, rotate hand, use thumb, ect) Sticky Mittens: 3-month-old infants wore mittens with sticky palms, allowing them to pick toys up. -Infants who participated grasped and manipulated objects earlier in their development than control group -They also looked at objects for longer, swatted more, and mouthed objects -Pincer grip- when infants will pick anything up once they can (pincer grip and crawling are at ~ the same time)
Harry Harlow thought what about attachment? tell about his experiment. what is not the crucial element in the attachment process and what is?
Feeding isn't as important as Freud thought! Monkeys separated from mothers at birth, one surrogate mother of wire, another of cloth. Monkeys spend way more time with cloth mother, regardless of who fed them. Scared monkeys jumped to cloth mother if they were "raised" by her, and those raised by the wire mother did not go to the wire mother. **Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process but contact comfort is!
Reasons for the benefits of a happy marriage? two types?
Feel less stressed physically and emotionally More stress linked to Physical ailments → High blood pressure & heart disease Psychological problems → Depression, anxiety, substance abuse
Perceiving Occluded Objects first two months? 2 months? 3-5 months? 5-9 months?
First 2 months: infants can't perceive occluded objects as complete, only what is visible 2 Months: develop ability to perceive objects as whole 3-5 Months: Ability to track briefly occluded moving objects 5-9 Months: experiment with ball disappearing, preferred gradually vanishing ball to abrupt or implosions.
habituation is... infants habituation what? dishabituation? Franz studied what 3 things
Habituation: When an infant decreases its responsiveness to a stimulus when it's no longer interested in it -Infants can habituate to released sights, sounds, smells, and touches Dishabituation: Recovery of a habituated response after a change of stimulation. -Study sucking, heart and respiration rates, length of time an infant looks at an object
2. Hypertension when does it occur? what happens? 2
High blood pressure (hypertension) often occurs in 40s and 50s and puts people at risk of 1. Damage brain's structure & function as early as late 30s and early 40s 2. Cognitive impairment in late adulthood
IDEA makes it mandatory to what? what are the four things they need to do? IDEA gives legal basis to.... inclusion?
IDEA makes it mandatory to provide educational services to children with all different types of disabilities 1. Evaluation and eligibility determination 2. Appropriate education 3. Individualized education plan (IEP): A written statement that explains a specifically tailored program for a student with a disability 4. Education in the least restrictive environment (LRE): -A setting that is as similar to the one in which children do not have a disability are educated ***IDEA gives a legal basis to efforts to educate children with a disability in the regular classroom. Inclusion: educating a child with a special education needs full-time in the regular classroom. EED AE IEP LRE
eriksons stages
INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR Reflects on life 60+ GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION Desire to help the younger generation develop 40s=50s INTIMACY VS ISOLATION Forming healthy relationships with others 20s-30s IDENTITY VS IDENTITY CONFUSION Figuring out who they are 10-20 INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY Mastering knowledge and intellectual skills 6-puberty INITIATIVE VS GUILT New challenges that require active, purposeful, responsible behavior BAD= anxious 3-5 AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBTAssert independence, realize will 1-3 TRUST VS MISTRUST Expectations of the world first year TMS ASD IG II IIC II GS ID
Immigration IMMIGRANT FAMILY IS WHAT? circumstances that might change? 4
Immigrant family: At least one parent was born outside the country of residence Circumstances immigrants face that challenge their adjustment: 1. Language barriers 2. Dislocations and separations from support networks 3. Dual struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate 4. Change in SES status LB DS PIA CSES
Parenting In general parents... what are two important components of parenting?
In general parents are more satisfied with their lives than non parents, feel better on a daily basis, and have more positive feelings related to care for their children than to engaging in other daily activities. **Quantity and quality of time parents spend with children is important.
EXPLAIN THESE TYPES OF LOVE infatuated affectionate fatuous say what they are and give an example
Infatuated: Passion is only ingredient EX: affair or a fling with little intimacy and commitment Affectionate Love: Intimacy and commitment but little passion EX: Couple that has been married for many years Fatuous Love: Passion and commitment are present but no intimacy EX: if one person worships another person from a distance
Stability and Change involves what? stability? change? WHAT IS DEBATED? some believe that what type of caregiving during infancy is best for development later in life? and others?
Involving the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist or change over time Stability: Becomes an older version of younger self Change: Becomes different from who they were before -Roles of early and later experience are debated -Some believe warm, nurturant caregiving during infancy and toddlerhood are best for development later in life -Others believe experiences later in life can produce change
Key Features of Emerging Adulthood Jeffrey Arnett said what are the 5 features of emerging adulthood?
Jeffrey Arnett said these are the 5 features that characterize emerging adulthood: 1. Identity exploration, especially in love and work -Key changes in identity take place now 2. Instability -Changes in where you live, love, work, and education are common 3. Self-focused - "In the sense that they have little in the way of social obligations, duties and commitments to others, so they have a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives" 4. Feeling in-between -Don't consider themselves adults or adolescents 5. The age of possibilities, a time when they have a change to transform their lives -Two ways how it is the age of possibilities a. Are optimistic about the future b. Those who have experienced hard times growing up think they have the change to reorient their lives in a more positive direction E I SF FIB AP
Juvenile Delinquency: IS WHAT? INCLUDES WHAT? technically....
Juvenile Delinquency: Teens who break laws or engage in illegal behavior -Includes anything from literally to murder -Technically teen only becomes a juvenile delinquent after going to court, so more than we know of
Lungs changes? when? what are they? 2
Little change in lung capacity through most of the middle adulthood BUT there are some 1. Around 55, proteins in lung tissue become less elastic 2. Gradual stiffening of connective tissues in the chest wall -These changes decrease the lungs' capacity to move oxygen from the air people breath to the blood in their veins P S
d. XYY Syndrome who gets it? genetically? believed what? how common is it?
Male has extra Y chromosome Believed males were more aggressive, but it turns out that's not true , but are tall! 1, in 1,000 males
Marriage trend? eventually find what? Most people who are married in midlife are what? %? why?
Marital satisfaction tends to increase in middle age, even those that were difficult and rocky in early adulthood -Eventually discover a deep and solid foundation to anchor a relationship, even after turmoil and drama. -Most of those who are married in midlife are really happy with their marriage → 72% said their marriage was excellent or good. → Maybe because the bad marriages dissolved already
Strength changes Max strength achieved when? Name for age realted muslce loss? % of muscle loss past the age of 50 Where do they lose the most muscle?
Max strength is attained in the 20s Sarcopenia: age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. 1-2% per year of muscle loss past the age of 50 -Especially a loss in muscle in the back and legs
Carol Dweck and Mindset what is mindset? what they? they influence... Mindset starts to get shaped when? by who? BUT.... STUDENTS from what background are less likely to have a growth mindset? what if kids are from that background but have a growth mindset, how does that affect them?
Mindset: the cognitive view people develop for themselves. We have one of two mindsets: 1. Fixed Mindset → Believe their qualities are carved in stone and cant change 2. Growth Mindset → Qualities can change in improve with effort Influence if we're optimistic, pessimistic, what our goals are and how hard we'll try to get it Mindset starts to get shaped in childhood with parents, teachers, coaches, but just because they have a growth mindset, doesn't mean the kid will Students from lower-income families less likely to have growth mindset Achievement of students from lower-income families who did have growth mindset was more likely to be protected from negative effects of poverty
Depth Perception Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk did what experiment? 6-12 motnh olds? 3-4 month olds?
Miniature cliff with glass. 6-12 month olds wouldn't walk on glass, suggesting they could perceive perception 3-4 months: Ability to use binocular (two eyed) cues to depth
Religion and Adult Lives & US MIDDLE AGED ADULTS WHO ARE RELIGOUS ROLE OF RELGION?
More than 70% of US middle-aged adults are religious and consider spirituality a major part of their lives Role of religion → powerful to some, and for others it plays little to no role
Most common sexual problems for men 40-80? two biggest problems and the % Most common sexual problems for women 40 to 80? two biggest problems and %
Most common sexual problems for men between 40 and 80 years old 1. Early ejaculation 26% 2. Erectile difficulties 22% Most common sexual problems for women between 40 and 80 years old 1. Lack of sexual interest 33% 2. Lubrication difficulties 21% EE ED SI L
Nature and Nurture nature? defintion? those who focus on nature believe what? Nurture? definition? what do they focus on?
Nature: An organism's biological inheritance → Those who focus on nature believe basic growth tendencies are genetically programmed into humans Nurture: An organism's environmental experiences → Others focus on nurture, like nutrition, exercise, medical care, drugs, accidents, ect
Freud's Theory stages
ORAL STAGE Pleasure around mouth birth to 1.5 years Anal Stage Anus 1.5-3 years Phallic Stage Genitals 3 to 6 years Latency Stage Represses sexual interest and develops intellectual skills. 6 to puberty Genital Stage Sexual reawakening Sex outside of the family Puberty onward O A P L G
Skinner's Operant Conditioning operant condition? what is a key aspect and what isnt?
Operant Condition: Consequences of a behavior produces changes in the probability of the behavior recurring, pattern in behavior changes come from rewards and punishments -Behavior is a key aspect, not thoughts and feelings.
Bones changes Peak How does bone loss occur? women compared to men? by end of midlife.... what increases bone density in middle-aged and older adults?
Peak in mid to late 30s Progressive loss of bone after -Rate of bone loss begins slowly but accelerates during 50s -Women lose bone mass TWICE as quickly as men -By end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly -Intake of fruits and veggies linked to increased bone density in middle-aged and older adults
Joints changes Peak? What changes? What's normal?
Peak in the 20s -Cartilage that cushions movement of bones and other connective tissues (like tendons and ligaments) become less efficient in middle-adult years -Normal to feel stiffness and difficulty in movement
Phonology what is it? children become more... 3rd birthday? recognize.... Morphology what is it? examples of this in language? demonstrate uncerstanding of morphology rules when... TEST?
Phonology: The sound system of a language, including sounds used and how they are combined. -Children become more sensitive to sounds of spoken words and learn how to produce all of the sounds 3rd birthday → Can produce all vowel sounds and most of the consonant sounds. → Recognize the sounds before they can produce them Ex: "Merry-go-round" Morphology: Units of meaning involved in word formation -Plural and possessive forms of nouns, appropriate endings on verbs, prepositions, articles, use "to be" -Demonstrate knowledge of morphology rules when they move beyond two-word utterances TEST: Check when they say feet instead of foots! Then they know.
4. Plastic what is plasticity? what about it?
Plasticity: the capacity for change -Plasticity and its constraints are a key element in the study today
Advances in Pragmatics what are pragmatics? four components of improving their pragmatics? age 4-5... EX?
Pragmatics: Appropriate use of language in different contexts 1. Children learn culturally specific rules of conversation and politeness 2. Become sensitive to the need to adapt their speech to different settings 3. Their developing linguistic skills and increasing ability to take the perspective of others help them generate more competent narratives 4. They can talk about things that aren't' there (grandma's house) and noT now (tomorrow) Age 4-5 → Change their speech style to suit the situation Ex: Talk slower, simpler to younger children, another way to their peers, and more formal and polite to adults. CSR AS PO AT NN
What is properational thought? what are the parts of it? 2
Preoperational Thought: beginning to reconstruct in thought what is already formed in behavior. Two Stages of Preoperational Thought: 1. Symbolic Function Substage 2. Intuitive Thought Substage S I
1. Freud's Theory focuses on what? belives adult personality is determined by what? what leads to problems later on? problem with it? what was the central theme, but now we know what? experiences with what shape development?
Psychoanalysis: Developed by Freud while working with patients. -Believed adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality are solved -Unsolved conflict leads to problems later in life -Many believe he overemphasized sexual instincts and not cultural experiences **Unconscious thought remains the central theme, but now we know conscious thought also plays a role -Experiences with parents shape development
5. Multidisciplinary what about it?
Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers are all interested in better understanding development through life.
Use it or Lose it WHAT HELPS benefit the maintenance of cognitive skills? if you do that what happens?
Reading books, doing crossword puzzles, going to lectures and concerts, writing, playing cards or board games, are mental activities that are likely to benefit the maintenance of cognitive skills -If you do something like that, the onset of rapid memory loss was delayed by .18 years
1. Whole-Language approach: reading instruction should... class may... reading materials should be... reading is.. should focus on...
Reading instruction should parallel their natural language learning. Class may teach readers to recognize whole words or sentences, then use context of what they are reading to guess the meaning of the words. -Reading materials should be whole and meaningful - meaning kids are given material in their original form (story, poem) so they learn the function of it. -REading is connected with listening and writing, and most think that reading should be integrated with other skills and subjects -Should focus on real-world material, use newspapers, magazines, books, then write about and discuss what they've read
Erikson vs Freud Type of stages? Motivation? developmental change occurs... What ages are important?
Recognized Freud's ideas, but believed he misjudged important dimensions of human devel. Erickson 1. Psychosocial Stages 2. Motivation reflects a desire to affiliate 3. Developmental change occurs throughout life span 4. Importance in early and later experiences Freud 1. Psychosexual stages 2. Motivation is sexual in nature with other people 3. First five years of life 4. Early experiences
Regulating Emotions REGULATING EMOTIONS IS KEY for....3 Cybelle Raver did what? EX?
Regulating emotions is key for children's ability to 1. manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting 2. have social competence 3. self-regulation/executive function (aka their higher-level cog functioning) Cybelle Raver uses interventions to improve children's emotion regulation and reduce behavior problems HS Ex: Increasing caregiver emotional expressiveness MDC SC SR/EF
REJECTED KIDS HAVE... john coie thinkings aggressive, peer-rejected boys have problems in social realtionships because 3
Rejected kids have significant adjustment problems → rejection = more aggression and rule-breaking John Coie thinks these are the reasons why aggressive, peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships: Rejected, aggressive boys... 1. They're more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention. → More likely to be disruptive during class and in focused group play 2. More emotionally reactive. → Get aroused more easily and have a harder time calming down → More likely to attack other verbally and physically 3. Have fewer social skills in making friends and maintaining positive relationships with peers I PSA ER FSS
1. Authoritarian Parenting three things about it parents are often... linked to...
Restrictive, punitive style. 1. Parents urge children to follow directions and respect their work and effort 2. Limits and controls children with many rules, and spanks, but doesn't explain rules. 3. Little verbal exchange. -Parents are often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others, they have weak communication skills and don't initiate activity. *Linked to higher level of externalizing problems (acting out, aggression) DRW LC LVE
The Visual Preference Method Robert fantz discovered what? created what to study it? 2 day old infants preferred looking at what? The Visual Preference Method studied what? two things he looked for?
Robert Fantz(1963) discovered infants look at different things for different lengths of time -Created a "looking chamber" where he looked through a peephole and saw what the infant was gazing at 2 day old infants → looked at patterned stimuli the longest Visual Preference Method: Franz's method of studying whether infants can tell the difference between one stimulus and another by measuring the length f time they attend to different stimuli Habituation and Dishabituation Tracked their eyes for that ^^
Piaget's stages
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE 0-2 Sensory and physical experiences create understanding of the world symbolic thought develops at end of stage Preoperational Stage 2-7 words and images reflect symbolic thinking Concrete operational stage 7-11 Reason logically about concrete events classify objects into different sets Formal operational stages PUBERTY ONWARDS reasons abstractly, logically, and idealistically SS PS COS FOS
STI? how common is having an STI in the US? Bacterial infections? 3 Viral Infections? 3
STI: Diseases that are primarily contracted through sexual relations - intercourse as well as oral/anal-genital sex 1 in 6 US adults have an STI Bacterial infections: Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia Viral infections: AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts
STUDY found that most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescents were.... what are they? 6
STUDY found that most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescents were increased in emerging adulthood 1. Inactivity → 5% to 46%! 2. Bad Diet 3. Obesity → 26% in college freshman to 32% in college seniors 4. Substance abuse 5. Reproductive health care 6. Health-care access worsened too I BD O SA R HCA
Self-Esteem and Self-Concept self-esteem aka ? aka? what is it? EX? self-concept is what?
Self-Esteem/Self-Worth/Self-Image: GLOBAL evaluations of the self Ex: Not just a person but a good person. Self-Concept: DOMAIN-specific evaluations of the self for academics, athletics, appearance, ect.
Piaget's Preoperational Stage SENsorimotor stage? Preoperational stage? 3 PREOPERATIONAL STAGE EMPHASIZES WHAT?
Sensorimotor Stage: Organize and coordinate sensations and perceptions with physical movements and actions Preoperational Stage: 1. Represent the world with words, images, and drawings. 2. Form stable concepts and begin to reason. 3. Cognitive world dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs. -Preoperational emphasizes that the child can't perform operations (reversible mental actions that allow kids to do mentally what before they could only do physically). WID SC BR EMB
Gross Motor Skill milestones few weeks? 2 months? 6-7 months? 8 months? 10-12 months? 12 months? 12-18 months? 18-24 months?
Skills that involve large-muscle activities (move arm or leg) After a few weeks: Infant holds head erect, and soon lift their head 2 months: Can sit while supported on a lap 6-7 months: Can sit independently 8 months: Infant can pull themselves up and hold onto a chair 10-12 months Stand alone 12 months: Standing gradually develops during first year 13-18 months: pull toy attached to a string, use hands and legs to climb up steps 18-24 months: walk quickly or run stiffly for a little, balance on their feet in squatting position, walk backward, stand and kick a ball, stand a throw a ball, and jump in place
Visual Acuity and Color Snell eye exam: newborn's vision is what? 6 month old's vision? what's the most important visual stimuli? when can they see colors?
Snell eye exam: Newborn's vision is 20/600 (meaning an object 20 ft away is like 600 ft away from 20/20) vision 6 months cision is 20/40 -Faces are most important visual stimuli in children's social environment Within hours of being born, infants prefer to look at faces than objects, and attractive faces, not ugly ones 8 weeks, maybe 4 weeks: infants can see some colors
Study showed WHAT TREND IN SPIRITUALITY BEWTEEN MID 50S AND LATE ADULTHOOD? % 18-29 % 30-49 % 50-64 % 90+
Spike in spirituality between mid-50s and late adulthood 67% of 18-29 year olds 77% of 30-49 year olds 84% of 50-64 year olds 90% of 90+ year olds
Stereotype Threat: definition EX? EX? critics?
Stereotype Threat: Anxiety that one's behavior might confirm the negative stereotype about one's group, such as an ethnic group. Ex: AA students might be extra nervous because they're worried they're "intellectually inferior" Ex: AA students do worse on tests if they think they're being evaluated Critics: the extent of this threat might be exaggerated
2. Connectivity between brain regions increases STUDY SHOWED WHAT?
Study: Connectivity between prefrontal and parietal lobes = better reasoning later on
Changes in Syntax and Semantics syntax is... EX? children learn what early? but... EX? semantics are... when are they learning one word every waking hour? first grade they know how many words? fast mapping is... best way is...
Syntax: Involves the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences Ex: Wh question words go at the front of a sentence if it's a question Children learn quite early on where to put the wh word, but they take longer with auxiliary-inversion rule Ex: Where Daddy is going? Semantics: Aspect of language that refers to the meaning of words and sentences 18 months - 6 years → learning one new word every waking hour! First grade: 14,000 words! Fast Mapping: Involves children's ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure to a word. Best way: Exposure to words on multiple occasions over several days is better than all in one day **Way that children can learn so many new words so quickly!!
Friendships now? 3
Takes time to develop intimate friendships in adulthood -Just as important as earlier in life -Friendships that have endured time are often deeper than new ones
2. Phonics approach: teach kids what? should use what type of materials? how should you do it?
Teach children basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. -Should use simplified materials -Only once they know the rules of spoken phonemes to the alphabet letters that represent them, should they be given more complex reading materials like books and poems.
The Life-Span Perspective Development: WHAT IS IT? why study it?
The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life-span. The Importance of studying life-span development: To study who we are, how we came to be this way, and where our future will take us. -Unibomber vs. Alice Walker
1. Lorenz's Research with Greylag Geese Imprinting: what is it? what'd he do?
The rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen -He had two groups of geese lay eggs, some with mother and some in an incubator. -The first group followed their mother around and the incubator group followed him around!
The Child's Theory of Mind WHAT IS THEORY OF MIND? child is a thinker who is trying to.... overall consensus of this?
Theory of Mind: Refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and those of others. Child is a "thinker who is trying to explain, predict, and understand people's thoughts, feelings, and utterances" **Theory is questioned, but most agree that changes occur quite early in development
how are identical twins formed? fraternal twins?
To form identical or monozygotic twins, one EGG AND ONE SPERM (ovum) split and develop into two babies with exactly the same genetic information. To form fraternal or dizygotic twins, two eggs (ova) are fertilised by two sperm and produce two genetically unique children.
What happens to brain volume in late childhood? but in general, what changed? what are the two main changes?
Total brain volume stabilizes by late childhood but there are changes in structures and regions of the brain still. Activation in some brain areas increases, and in other areas it decreases 1. Diffuse from larger areas to more focal, smaller areas. 2. Connectivity between brain regions increases D C
Ethnicity AND PARENTING what might vary? 5 Minority groups tend to have/be 3 african american and latino kids.... single parent families are more common in which two groups?
Typical size, structure, composition, reliance on kinship networks and level of income and education vary Minority groups → 1. Large families are more common 2. less educated 3. more likely to live in low-income circumstances African American and Latino children → Interact more with abuelos, tios, primos, distant relatives Single parent families → More common in African American and Latino families
6. Fetal Sex Determination ultrasound when is it done? cell-free DNA analysis in blood plasma? Meta-analysis can find out sex when? concern with them?
Ultrasound: weeks 11-13 Cell-free DNA analysis in blood plasma: Earlier than ultrasound Meta-analysis determined could find out sex as early as week 7! -Ethical Concerns about why couples' want to terminate a pregnancy...
5. Fetal MRI how does it work? US VS MRI? better for what? especially good for...
Uses magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of body's organs and structures US is first choice, but MRI gives more detailed images Better for abnormalities of central nervous system, chest, gastrointestinal tract, genital/urinary organs, and placenta. **Especially better for assessing central nervous system abnormalities in third trimester
Meaning in Life - Viktor Frankl HIS HISTORY? MAN'S SEARCH FOR MEANING EMPHASIZES WHAT? WHAT ADDS MEANING TO LIFE? WHY?
Viktor Frankl lived in concentration camps and survived, went on to write about the search for meaning in life Man's Search for Meaning emphasized someone's uniqueness and their finiteness of life. -Examining finiteness of our existence and certainly of death adds meaning to life. → If life wasn't finite we would spend our lives doing whatever we wanted.
b. Fragile X Syndrome genetically... effects? treatment? how common is it?
X chromosome becomes constructed and breaks (rare in women because extra X) Intellectual disability, autism, learning disability, short attention span Treatment: Maternal responsivity to the adaptive behavior, improved comm skills 1 in 1,000
c. Turner Syndrome genetically? effects? treatment? how many people have it?
XO Females are missing X chromosome, so they're XO, or part of X chrom is deleted Short, webbed neck, sometimes infertile Treatment: hormone therapy in childhood and puberty 1 in 2,500 females
a. Klinefelter Syndrome what is it? who gets it? what happens to their bodies? treatment? how common is it? when is it diagnosed?
XXY Males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY not XY Undeveloped testes, large breasts, are tall. Treatment: Hormone therapy 1 in 1,000 male births, usually diagnosed after puberty
2. Personal Fable 3
a. A sense of uniqueness EX: 13 year old thinks "no one understand me" so they might craft a story about the self that is filled with fantasy in a world that is far-removed from reality. -Frequently found in diaries. b. Sense of Invincibility EX: "Are you kidding, I won't get pregnant" -As a result, many kids engage in risk behavior like drag racing, drug use, sex c. Invulnerability Think they are vulnerable to a premature death. U SI I
Self-esteem and self-concept come from...? neglect/abuse = ? secure attachment = ? Higher self-esteem in better? EXAMPLES OF THOSE? 3 high/low self-esteem may be...
come from quality of parent-child interaction in infancy and early childhood Neglect or Abuse = low self-esteem SEcure attachment = Higher self-esteem **Higher self-esteem in better quality of home environment 1. Parenting quality 2. Cognitive stimulation 3. Physical home environment -High/low self-esteem may be based on reality (maybe the are attractive and intelligent) OR they may just be arrogant/feel superior to others or are insecure.
Gonorrhea nickname? caused by what? how is it spread? symptoms? other symptom? number of cases every year? Treatment?
commonly called the "drip" or "clap" Caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrheoeae. Spread by contact between infected moist membranes (genital, oral-gen, anal-gen) Symptoms: 1. Discharge from penis or vagina 2. Painful urination Can lead to infertility 500,000 cases every year in US. Penicillin and other antibiotics
early secure attachment is linked to what? 4 Infant insecurity (especially insecure resistant attachment) and early childhood behavioral inhibition predicted 1?
early secure attachment (12-18 M) is linked with 1. positive emotional health 2. high self-esteem 3. self-confidence 4. socially competent interactions with peers, teachers, romantic partners, in adolescence Infant insecurity (especially insecure resistant attachment) and early childhood behavioral inhibition predicted adolescent social anxiety symptoms PEH HSE SC SCI SAS
Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer FOUND OUT WHAT? -Group that made more decisions about what they ate, when people visited them, what they watched, ect were more ____ compared to the other group that didn't get to do that 5 what is literally life and death?
found that patents' feelings of control and self-determination are important factors related to health, and even survival, in a nursing home 1. Healthier 2. Happier 3. More alert 4. Active 5. Half as many of them died after 18 months → Perceived control over one's environment can literally be a matter of life and death H H A A HD
Disenfranchised Grief: DEFINITION may do what to grief? why?
grief over a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss that can't be openly talked about, like an ex-spouse, hidden loss of an abortion, death that is stigmatized like AIDS -May intensify grief because they can't talk about it, may be not talked about for years and then reawaken
Costa&McCrae THOUGHT what about OCEAN? compared to new information? Ex? Ex? Most studies find that the greatest changes in personality occur when?
said these were stable across adult years, but new studies suggest they change a lot in adulthood EX: Emotional stability, extraversion, openness, and agreeableness were lower in adulthood, peaked between 40 and 60, and decreased in late adulthood EX: Conscientiousness continuously increased from early adulthood to late adulthood. **Most studies find the greatest changes in personality occur in early adulthood.
Charles Nelson thinks what about brain development and emtions in teens
thinks that adolescents have strong emotions but they can't control them because their prefrontal cortex isn't developed enough yet. They don't have breaks to slow their car down yet.
-Robert J. Sternberg 3 What is love in its fullest form?
thought that love can be thought of as a triangle with three main dimensions 1. Passion → Physical and sexual attraction to another 2. Intimacy → Emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship 3. Commitment → Cognitive appraisal of the relationship & the intent to maintain it even with problems -He thought the strongest, fullest form of love is Consummate Love, which involves all three dimensions P I C
EXPERIMENT of Carol Dweck what she do? what happened? program she made? how did this help with math?
two groups of kids, told one group you can grow your brain → Group that was told their brain is like a muscle and we can grow it improved math skills "Brainology": computer based workshop to teach students that their intelligence can change → Kids tried harder knowing if they put in the effort, they'll see a change → Believing math can be learned protected females from neg. gender stereotyping about math
??? of children between 6-10 are bullied or bully. what is bullying? who is more likely to get bullied? how old are they? victims are ______ and _______. bullies are more likely to ______ and _______.
⅓ of children between 6-10 experienced occasional-frequent involvement as a victim or perpetrator of bullying Bullying: Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful -Boys are more likely to bully -Boys in middle school were most likely to be bullied Victim → Bullied kids are lonelier and have a hard time making friends Bully → Bullies are more likely to have low grades and to drink and smoke
3. General slowing of brain and spinal cord starts in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood 3 THINGS ABOUT IT
→ physical coordination and intellectual performance are affected -After 70 no knee-jerk reflex, 90 most reflexes are slower -Worse on timed intelligence tests when older
