Final Exam

Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition

1865 was held at the current Piedmont Park in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. ... The exposition was designed to promote the American South to the world and showcase products and new technologies, as well as to encourage trade with Latin America.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United states

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Affirmed that separated facilities were constitutional, as long as they were equal. This established the legal basis for discriminatory segregation laws.

What was "Jim Crow"?

Discriminatory unequal treatment.

What are primary sources? Give a definition and some examples

Primary sources are sources that are created during the time under study. Example would be the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Public accommodations such as restaurants and hotels. Prohibiting discrimination in public settings.

Marcus Garvey

Pushed his own program for racial uplift and civil rights

Black codes

Restrictive laws designed to limit freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished during the civil war

What is the Ten Point Program for the Black Panther Party? What was the significance of it?

Their Ten-Point program which was located on their black panther newspaper in the front which explained who the black panthers were and what their goals were. The Ten point-program was sort of a fundamental tool or orientation tool. There goals were wanting full employment and end to robbery by the white man of black people.

The New Negro

Urban vs. rural, Self-reliant v. dependent, Educated, Race pride v. disillusionment, Harlem as cultural capital, and Pan-Africanism

A. Philip Randolph

brought the gospel of trade unionism to millions of African American households. Randolph led a 10-year drive to organize the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) and served as the organization's first president.

Selma Movement

were a series of three marches that took place in 1965 between Selma and Montgomery, Alabama. These marches were organized to protest the blocking of Black Americans' right to vote by the systematic racist structure of the Jim Crow South and the assault on civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama helped lead to the Voting Rights Act. ... The passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 months earlier had done little in some parts of the state to ensure African Americans of the basic right to vote.

March on Washington Movement

1963 Fulfilment of 1941 March on Washington Movement founded by A. Philip Randolph & the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Compromise and consensus ruled the day-organized labor, multiracial, multi-organizations, dissent muted, Gendered experience—mostly men on dais and no women spoke and Illustrated the broad-based support that the civil rights mvt had from organizations nationally

What was the purpose of the Lost Cause in creating a version of history and memory in the South during and after Reconstruction?

A principal goal of the Lost Cause was to reintegrate Confederate soldiers into the honorable traditions of the very American military they had once fought against. Members of the Lost Cause movement had lobbied to have newly built military bases named after Confederate generals several times without success. Was a handy tool in reinforcing the right of whites to rule and thwarting Black advancement.

Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960)

A state violates the Fifteenth Amendment when it constructs boundary lines between electoral districts for the purpose of denying equal representation to African Americans. The unanimous Court held that the Alabama legislature violated the Fifteenth Amendment.

Lowndes County Freedom Organization

After years of organizing to gain voting rights in Mississippi, Southwest Georgia, and other parts of the southern Black Belt, SNCC was well aware of white supremacist control of political parties in the Deep South.

What were other kinds of resistance that African Americans employed during the Civil War?

Among the less obvious methods of resistance were actions such as feigning illness, working slowly, producing shoddy work, and misplacing or damaging tools and equipment.

Freedmen's Bureau

An agency set up in 1865 to assist formerly enslaved people, freed from slavery by emancipation, in obtaining relief, land, jobs, fair treatment, and education

Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights

Approximately 1,000 people attended and created the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Its mission was to fight for freedom, democracy and first class citizenship for Birmingham blacks.

What were African American women's efforts towards self-emancipation during the Civil War?

Black women figured prominently in this "long emancipation" as they developed resistance strategies to challenge enslavement. During the Civil War, enslaved women malingered, feigned illness, destroyed property, and escaped slavery to undermine the system.

James Weldon Johnson

Brother who penned and put this poem to music as part of a celebration of Lincoln's birthday at the all-Black Stanton School in Jacksonville, Florida in 1900 and 1905 respectively

What was the March on Washington Movement?

Civil rights leaders to protest racial discrimination and to show support for major civil rights legislation that was pending in Congress. The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans.

How effective was the Emancipation Proclamation in ending slavery?

Did not end slavery in the nation, it captured the hearts and imagination of millions of Americans and fundamentally transformed the character of the war. The Emancipation Proclamation led to the proposal and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which formally abolished slavery throughout the land.

14th Amendment

Due process, equal protection under the law + before the law, if the states interfere with voting based on race-representation in house reduced

Booker T. Washington

Established as the new hand chosen leader for African Americans, made a speech at the Cotton state and international Exposition, his speech was an emphasis on building wealth and economic strength and to minimize the push for civil rights, and for many African American leaders Washington's speech was a step in the wrong direction and accommodated the curtailing of their rights.

Bayard Rustin

Even as a young man, Rustin fought for many causes, including racial equality and workers' rights. Later in his life he also advocated for gay rights. One of Rustin's most notable contributions to the African American Civil Rights Movement was his planning of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Ku Klux Klan

Founded in 1865 extended into almost every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for Black Americans. Its members waged an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and Black Republican leaders.

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Founded in 1925 by labour organizer and civil rights activist A. Philip Randolph, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) aimed to improve the working conditions and treatment of African American railroad porters and maids employed by the Pullman Company, a manufacturer and operator of railroad cars.

What were three benefits of the Civil War for African Americans?

Getting the 13th, 14th,15th amendment, enjoyed a period when they were allowed to vote, actively participate in the political process, acquire the land of former owners, seek their own employment, and use public accommodations

Red Summer

Happened in 1919 Featured record number of anti-Black race riots and racial violence across the country, Response to Black soldiers returning from World War I, Response to Great Migration from the South to Northern and Midwestern cities, Response to labor competition between Black and white workers, Response to mostly false accusations of rape against Black men, and record number of lynching (extra-legal murder of Black men, women and children)

What were some of the problems that African Americans faced in Northern cities?

Housing was difficult to come by, and in many cities the non-African American residents demanded strict segregation, relegating the new arrivals to self-contained neighborhoods in undesirable parts of town. In addition, most of the available work in the cities was industrial, and many migrating African Americans faced the prospect of learning new trades, generally at lower rates of pay than European Americans received. Tensions between longtime residents and new migrants frequently flared, and during the first decades of the century race riots struck many of the nation's cities and towns

targeted by the FBI?

J Edgar Hoover saw any form of black organizing as a threat to the status quo and change that would have involved equality and put power in black people's hands. Used this program against what he called black nationalist hate groups. Cointelpro was an abbreviation of Counter intelligence program which purpose was to use the counterintelligence to expose, disrupt, misdirect, or otherwise neutralize the activities of the black nationalists. Neutralize either meaning putting somebody in jail or having someone killed. One of the mandates of this program was to not make it public. FBI stated the objective of counterintelligence programs which one is to prevent the rise of what they call the black messiah- a single charismatic leader that could unify the movement. They want to prevent the appeal of radical political movement to black youth and they wanted to isolate these groups to prevent them from gaining respectability in the black community. Most black panthers were often visited and harassed by the FBI themselves. The FBI would recruit even members of the black panther party if they were to get arrest or in trouble they would threatened them but say if you don't want us to execute you then come work uncover for the FBI. The FBI wanted to destroy the panthers and their organization and saw them as a vanguard of a very threatening and violent revolutionary movement. The FBI manipulated the police and were even involved in the killing of Fred Hampton the black messiah.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Pledged to ""to promote equality of rights and eradicate caste or race prejudice among citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for their children, employment according to their ability, and complete equality before the law."

W.E.B. DuBois

Pushed his own program for racial uplift and civil rights, among a group of 29 black men who met in 1905 in Niagara Falls, Canada, founded the Niagara movement with the purpose of demanding full political equality and civil rights, and an end to discriminatory Jim crow laws and policies.

William Monroe Trotter

Pushed own program for racial uplift and civil rights, among a group of 29 black men who met in 1905 in Niagara Falls, Canada, founded the Niagara movement with the purpose of demanding full political equality and civil rights, and an end to discriminatory Jim crow laws and policies.

What role did African American college students play in the direct action phase of the civil rights movement in the 20th century?

Take the civil rights movement of the 1960s, in which college students protested segregation and marched for civil rights. Student activists pushed colleges and universities to increase campus diversity and protect members of the school community from discrimination. In many cases college students were the ones leading marches, voter-registration drives, and social-justice actions.

What were the issues that led African Americans to leave the South between 1910s and the 1940s?

The "push" factors for the exodus were poor economic conditions in the South—exacerbated by the limitations of sharecropping, farm failures, and crop damage from the boll weevil—as well as ongoing racial oppression in the form of Jim Crow laws.

How did Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS affect Southern schools? Northern schools?

The Brown verdict inspired Southern Blacks to defy restrictive and punitive Jim Crow laws, however, the ruling also galvanized Southern whites in defense of segregation—including the infamous standoff at a high school in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957. Ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.

How did the Double V campaign and the discovery of the Holocaust affect Black soldiers returning from World War II?

The Double V campaign helped tremendously the plight of black Americans. Blacks everywhere were discriminated against based on their color, and the armed forces at this time was no exception. If blacks were allowed entrance into the army, they were only given menial jobs such as cooks or stewards.

How did the Great Migration lead to a shift the political landscape for Black people in America?

The Great Migration also began a new era of increasing political activism among African Americans, who after being disenfranchised in the South found a new place for themselves in public life in the cities of the North and West. The civil rights movement directly benefited from this activism.

Lift Every Voice and Sing

The Johnson brothers penned and put this poem to music as part of a celebration of Lincoln's birthday at the all-Black Stanton School in Jacksonville, Florida in 1900 and 1905 respectively. The song was performed regularly at all-Black functions nationwide through the 1970s and '80s.

Wilmington Race Massacre and historical silences (think about the Wilmington Massacre and the Trouillot article we read when Dr. Kerth lectured).

The Wilmington Riot of 1898 was not an act of spontaneous violence. The events of November 10, 1898, were the result of a long-range campaign strategy by Democratic Party leaders to regain political control of Wilmington—at that time state's most populous city—and North Carolina in the name of white supremacy. talk about how it used to be a successful black town just like black wall street talk about remained hidden in state's history Trouillot's (1995) notion of historical silences is about more than the common expression: "History is written by the victors." In other words, historical silences are not just a product of Western academics or politicians creating narratives that reinforce the power of dominant groups. More broadly, Trouillot argued that power influences the production of the stories we tell of the past at multiple times and places, stating: "It precedes the narrative proper, contributes to its creation and to its interpretation" (p. 29). Power also protects and reinforces the epistemic validity of Western historiography, and Western ways of knowing and using the past.

What was the purpose of the Double V campaign?

The campaign was an effort of the paper to bring about changes in the United States in regard to race relations. The campaign demanded that African Americans, who were risking their lives in the war, be given full citizenship rights at home.

What were some of the main ideologies for direct action for the major civil rights groups?

The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. The Civil Rights Movement was an era dedicated to activism for equal rights and treatment of African Americans in the United States. During this period, people rallied for social, legal, political and cultural changes to prohibit discrimination and end segregation.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

The organization operated primarily in the South and some border states, conducting leadership-training programs, citizen-education projects, and voter-registration drives. The SCLC played a major part in the civil rights march on Washington, D.C., in 1963 and in notable antidiscrimination and voter-registration efforts in Albany, Georgia, and Birmingham and Selma, Alabama, in the early 1960s—campaigns that spurred passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Why was the slogan "Black Lives Matter" developed? What were they responding to?

The protest, led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the shooting of Michael Brown. Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer.

What was their position on guns and gun rights? How did the state and federal government respond to their insistence on gun rights?

There goals were at first to just carry guns (it was legal at the time) and if they stop someone they would also stop and maintain a legal distance and observed the officers in performance of their duties. The black panthers were just there to make sure no brutality would happen and started to refer to themselves as the vanguard. They wanted to set an example to the black community to follow being able to carry firearms and to protect black people against police brutality and other issues the community face.

National Association of Colored Women (NACW)

Was founded in 1896 through a merger of Afro-American Women and the Colored Women's League of Washington, DC. Goals of the organization were to promote a positive image of black women and to advocate for reforms that improved the lives of black families.

Booker T. Washington political cartoon

notice the south stepping on a women named the rae prostate. He is also has keys (large) with disfranchisement out lawry, in crimination control. Booker T has a nice suit on holding two sets of keys with public confidence and special holding a hat called The Tuskegee Institute. Spiling out the house are coins and little men named New York Age holding out a small hat and others. meanwhile there is a big hand called the nation and his thumbs loos like he's holding a key

Jim Crow

racial segregation and discrimination enforced by laws, customs, and practices in especially the southern states of the U.S. from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 until the mid-20th century

What was the Great Migration?

refers to the movement in large numbers of African Americans during and after World War I from the rural South to industrial cities of the Northeast and Midwest. One million people left the fields and small towns of the South for the urban North during this period. Basically, African Americans moved from rural-small towns-large cities-Chicago (very large cities major)

Great Migration

refers to the relocation of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural areas of the South to urban areas in the North during the years between 1915 and 1930. ... It was the largest movement northward and into cities that had occurred among African Americans to that point in history.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

sought to coordinate youth-led nonviolent, direct-action campaigns against segregation and other forms of racism. SNCC members played an integral role in sit-ins, Freedom Rides, the 1963 March on Washington, and such voter education projects as the Mississippi Freedom Summer.

Disfranchisement

the state of being deprived of a right or privilege, especially the right to vote.

Atlanta Exposition

to showcase the economic progress of the South since the Civil War, to encourage international trade, and to attract investors to the region.

Freedom Summer

was a 1964 voter registration drive aimed at increasing the number of registered Black voters in Mississippi. ... The increased awareness it brought to voter discrimination helped lead to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954)

was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Mary Church Terrell

was a renowned educator and speaker who campaigned fearlessly for women's suffrage and the social equality of African Americans and was instrumental in the founding of the National Association of Colored Women; She was a tireless crusader against discrimination and segregation practices, as well as a fighter for women's rights.

Margaret Murray Washington

was an American educator who was the principal of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, which later became Tuskegee University and anti lynching activism

Civil Rights Act of 1866

was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. The Act was passed by Congress in 1866 and vetoed by United States President Andrew Johnson.

Boynton v. Virginia (1960)

(1960)- Bruce Boynton- segregation in bus station waiting room unconstitutional

The nadir

African American historian Rayford Logan termed the years immediately after the end of Reconstruction, from 1877-1901, the nadir of American race relations.

What were some of the problems that Black communities had after the Vietnam War?

African American troops were punished more harshly and more frequently than White troops.

A'Lelia Walker

American businesswoman associated with the Harlem Renaissance as a patron of the arts who provided an intellectual forum for the Black literati of New York City

Alaine Locke

Author of the essay new negro.

Langston Hughes

Famous writer during the Harlem Renaissance

Women's Political Council

Founded by Mary Fair Burks, ASC professor, led by Joanne Gibson Robinson, ASC professor, and Made up of organizational Black women (NACW, etc.)

Greensboro Student Sit-ins

Four North Carolina A&T students sit in at all-white lunch counter at Woolworth in Greensboro, Inspired student sit-ins across the South, including, and Students encouraged by Ella Baker- met at Shaw in April 1960 Nashville

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)

Not the first boycott of public Transportation, Baton Rouge, Tallahassee, Not the first boycott of public transportation in Montgomery! 1901 street car boycott, First major direct action movement in modern history, Establishes MLKing as CR Leader

Why did Randolph threaten President Franklin Roosevelt with a potential march? What was the result?

Philip Randolph threatened to organize a march on Washington, D.C. to demand equal opportunities for black workers in defense plants. In 1941 Philip Randolph and Baynard Rustin began to organize a march to Washington to protest against discrimination in the defense industries. Civil rights leader and labor activist A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979) relates an Oval Office encounter in 1941 with President Franklin D. Roosevelt that resulted in Roosevelt issuing Executive Order 8802, which banned discrimination in government and defense industry employment.

Mary Burnett Talbert

Pushed for racial uplift and civil rights

Alain Locke

Scholar and philosopher proposed the idea of the New Negro

How are sources central to the way that historians study and write history?

Sources are central to the way that historians study and write history because use evidence from primary and secondary sources to answer their questions. Also, they choose what information is the most important and resourceful as evidence.

How did education look after the Civil War for African American?

Southern states created a duel educational system based on race. School were anything but equal since black communities were poos and dug into their own resources to build and maintain schools that met their needs and reflected their values.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

interracial American organization established by James Farmer in 1942 to improve race relations and end discriminatory policies through direct-action projects.

What was redlining?

is a discriminatory practice that puts services (financial and otherwise) out of reach for residents of certain areas based on race or ethnicity.

Williams v. Mississippi (1900)

the US Supreme Court upheld the poll tax, disenfranchisement clauses, literacy tests, and the grandfather clause, all of which were features of the 1890 Mississippi Constitution and statutes.

Segregation

the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.

Double V campaign

was a slogan championed by The Pittsburgh Courier, then the largest black newspaper in the United States, that promoted efforts toward democracy for civilian defense workers and for African Americans in the military.

Lynching

(of a mob) kill (someone), especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial.

Browder v. Gayle (1956)

Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Ware

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem in New York City becomes the center of Black literary, cultural, artistic, social and political world.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Open to all without regard to race, it was a parallel political party designed to simultaneously encourage Black political participation while challenging the validity of Mississippi's lily-white Democratic Party.

Why did activists in Selma decide to do the initial march from Selma to Montgomery in March 1965? What happened?

SCLC had chosen to focus its efforts in Selma because they anticipated that the notorious brutality of local law enforcement under Sheriff Jim Clark would attract national attention and pressure President Lyndon B. ... While King was in Atlanta, his SCLC colleague Hosea Williams and SNCC leader John Lewis led the march. The Selma Marches were a series of three marches that took place in 1965 between Selma and Montgomery, Alabama. These marches were organized to protest the blocking of Black Americans' right to vote by the systematic racist structure of the Jim Crow South.

What are secondary sources? Give a definition and some examples

Secondary sources are interpretations of primary sources. Some examples books, articles, movies, and documentaries.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. Wells.

Wilmington Race Massacre of 1898

The events of November 10, 1898, in Wilmington were a turning point in North Carolina history. By force, a white mob seized the reins of government in the port city and, in so doing, destroyed the local black-owned newspaper office and terrorized the African American community. In the months thereafter, political upheaval resulted across the state and legal restrictions were placed on the right of blacks to vote. The era of "Jim Crow," one of legal segregation not to end until the 1960s, had begun.

What was the Lost Cause?

The longer reconstruction continued with the new age of citizenship for African Americans the former confederates felt as if they lost their way of life.

What is the relationship between primary and secondary sources?

The relationship between primary and secondary sources since secondary sources are closely related to primary sources and often interpret them. These sources are documents that relate to information that was originated from somewhere else.

15th Amendment

The right of citizens to vote in the United States. Granted African American men the right to vote.

How did bussing change the conversation on school desegregation?

Was the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools within or outside their local school districts in an effort to diversify the racial make-up of schools. Research shows that school desegregation — often including "busing" — helped black students in the long run. ... The children of those who attended integrated schools had higher test scores and were more likely to attend college, too

Ida B. Wells Barnett

the fiery journalist, lecturer and civil rights militant, is best known for her tireless crusade against lynching and her fearless efforts to expose violence against blacks and exposed lynching as a barbaric practice of whites in the South used to intimidate and oppress African Americans who created economic and political competition—and a subsequent threat of loss of power—for whites.

Freedom Rides

were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals.