Final Exam

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Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.

True

bottom-up processing

bits and pieces of information and try to assemble them in a pattern

Wernicke's aphasia causes

impairment of one's ability to comprehend speech and to think of the proper words to express his or her own thoughts.

In short-term memory, the image tends to fade significantly after ______ seconds if it is not repeated or rehearsed.

10 to 12

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

A refractory period.

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner used conditioning to teach a boy who is known as "Little ____________" to fear rats.

Albert

Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Both are ages of feeling in-between.

How do pigments gain their colors?

By absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest.

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists? a) Counseling psychologists deal exclusively with clients who suffer from serious psychological disorders. b) Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior. c) School psychologists focus on planning instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children. d) Health psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system.

Counseling psychologists deal exclusively with clients who suffer from serious psychological disorders.

__________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

Epinephrine

A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.

False

A sample consists of multiple populations.

False

According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.

False

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

False

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

False

At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.

False

Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

False

Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.

False

Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.

False

In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group.

False

In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.

False

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.

False

It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.

False

John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.

False

PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.

False

Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.

False

Psychophysicist Ernst Weber discovered through laboratory research that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light. His research became known as the difference threshold.

False

Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

False

The human ability to store information is limited.

False

The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.

False

The thyroid gland secretes melatonin.

False

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

False

You would not show any instinctive behaviors if you were born and raised separately from others in your family and/or species.

False

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

Forensic psychologists

_____________ psychologists saw our perceptions as wholes that give meaning to parts.

Gestalt

__________ form a fatty substance called myelin.

Glial cells

__________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

Humanism

Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?

It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?

It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.

Which of the following is true of functionalism?

It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?

It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.

_______ is the founder of Behaviorism.

John B. Watson

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was

Mary Whiton Calkins.

___________ reinforcers increase the probability that operants will occur when they are removed.

Negative

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

Nembutal

Which is most likely to be prescribed for use with hyperactive children?

Ritalin

Which of the following statements is true of a neural impulse?

The process by which a neural impulse travels is electrochemical.

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?

They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

law of effect

Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out

A composite of studies of the relationship between IQ scores and heredity suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ scores.

True

According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.

True

Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.

True

Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.

True

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

True

Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.

True

By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.

True

If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.

True

In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.

True

In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.

True

It's normal for adolescents to see themselves as the center of attention and assume that other people are also preoccupied with their appearance and behavior. This is termed an imaginary audience.

True

Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

True

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

True

People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood.

True

Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.

True

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

True

The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14..

True

The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.

True

The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.

True

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

True

_____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived.

Weber's constant

_____________ founded the school of structuralism.

Wilhelm Wundt

case study

a carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests

independent variable

a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed

In his classic study of transcendental meditation, Benson found that meditation leads to

a relaxation response

naturalistic observation

a scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments

The _____ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.

absolute threshold

Because one odor can mask another, people use ____________.

air fresheners, perfumes, incense burners

The most popular drug on college campuses is

alcohol.

Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of __________ and accommodation.

assimilation

While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands, Ivan Pavlov inadvertently found that responses can be learned through

association

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, __________ only occurs during a critical period of development.

attachment

Allegra is said to have hypnotic suggestibility. She is likely to

be prone to fantasy

Which of the following are children most likely to "outgrow"?

bedwetting

Roberto kept seeing signs on the highway advertising Pizza Hut. He started to salivate at the possibility of having a pizza. The signs were

conditioned stimuli

According to ____________ theory, learning occurs because a CS indicates that the UCS is likely to follow

contingency

Ideal experiments use experimental groups and _____________ groups.

control

A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.

correlation coefficient

Dizygotic twins

develop when two ova are fertilized.

In a ____________-____________ schedule, a specific amount of time must elapse since a previous correct response before reinforcement again becomes available.

fixed-interval

In the behavior-therapy method of ____________, a client is continuously exposed to a fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished.

flooding

___________ are the most basic building blocks of heredity.

genes

The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

humanistic-existential

A(n) _____________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.

hypothesis

Negative reinforcers

increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed

Wilhelm Wundt used __________ to try to discover the basic elements of experience.

introspection

According to behaviorists, _________ is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that occurs because of experience.

learning

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that __________ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.

monozygotic twins

When Darren first started working in the poultry plant, he found the smell from the chickens to be overwhelming. However, he gradually became accustomed to the smell, and now it no longer bothers him. This scenario illustrates an instance of _____.

negative adaptation

Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:

neural events may be involved in memory.

The __________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."

pituitary gland

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called _______.

placebos

Some researchers consider the __________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

prefrontal cortex

During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ________.

sex organs start to differentiate

People with __________ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.

sleep apnea

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

sleep terrors

A hypothesis is a:

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a __________.

stratified sample

When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the __________.

synaptic cleft

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

thalamus

B. F. Skinner proposed

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ______________ system.

vestibular

High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____.

wakefulness

Newborns use the __________ to avoid painful stimuli.

withdrawal reflex

top-down processing

you are using the completed image to search for the proper pieces.

dependent variables

a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable

survey

a method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior

theory

a set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events

The _______ threshold for a stimulus, such as light, is the lowest intensity at which it can be detected.

absolute

scientific method

an organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge

When Charlotte hears something embarrassing, she blushes. Being a student of psychology, she knows that this condition is controlled by the

autonomic nervous system

Psychology is defined as the study of _____________ and mental processes

behavior

extinction

is the process by which the CS loses the ability to elicit the CR because the CS is no longer associated with UCS.

Which of the following accommodates to an image by changing thickness and focusing light onto the retina?

lens

People who have to be unusually close to an object to dis-criminate its details are

nearsighted

"Messages" travel within neurons by means of ____________ and from neuron to neuron by means of ____________.

neurotransmitters, electricity

Odors are detected by the ____________ membrane in each nostril.

olfactory

Which of the following is not involved in explaining the perception of pitch?

opponent-process theory

The axons of ganglion cells make up the ____________ nerve, which conducts visual information to the brain.

optic

_______ is the organization of sensations into an inner representation of the world; it reflects learning and expectations as well as sensations.

perception

Samples must accurately represent the target _____________.

population

Kinesthesis is the sensing of bodily ____________ and movement.

position

The Gestalt rule describing the perceptual tendency to see objects that are near each other as belonging to a set is termed ____________; while the tendency to see like objects as belonging together is termed ____________.

proximity; similarity

The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is

psychoanalysis.

In a _____________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.

random sample

We perceive movement by sensing motion across the ____________ of the eye and change of position in relation to other objects.

retina

The retina is made up of photoreceptors called ____________ and ____________.

rods; cones

The vestibular sense is housed mainly in the ____________ canals of the ears.

semicircular

_________ is to mechanical stimulation as perception is to mental representation.

sensation

The process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation is referred to as

sensitization, or positive adaptation

When we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as

sensory awareness

An axon's length can range from a few millimeters to

several feet.

Extinguished responses often show ____________ recovery as a function of the passage of time.

spontaneous

In the _____________ method, a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior.

survey

An editor gets so upset that she is late in working on a manuscript that she throws up her lunch. This probably occurred because of activity of the

sympathetic division of her autonomic nervous system.

The receptor neurons for taste are called ____________ cells, which are located in taste buds on the tongue.

taste

The sensory receptors for kinesthesis are located in the

tendons, muscles, and joints

You design a test of intelligence. On the theory that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use _____________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.

the correlational method

The intensity of the signal

the degree to which the signal can be distinguished from background noise.

structuralism

the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements—sensations, feelings, and images—that combine to form experience

behaviorism

the school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses

functionalism

the school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience

psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Most psychologists do not believe in ESP because

there is no evidence to support the existence of ESP

Ellen loses weight and becomes somewhat agitated. Her doctor is most likely to theorize that she is suffering from a deficiency of

thyroxin

A response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n) ____________ response.

unconditioned

The normal human ear can hear sounds varying in frequency from ____________ to ____________ cycles per second (Hz).

20 to 20,000

A neuron can fire up to a limit of about _________ times per second.

400

If someone steps on your toes, resulting in pain and the movement of your foot, which of the following describes this process?

Afferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain followed by efferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.

Kenneth and Mamie Phipps _____________ conducted research that influenced a Supreme Court decision on segregated schools.

Clark

_____________ psychologists note that only the fittest organisms reach maturity and reproduce, thereby transmitting their genes to future generations and causing species to evolve in adaptive directions.

Evolutionary

Which of the following statements is correct concerning brain waves and the sleep cycle?

High-frequency brains waves are associated with being awake.

_____________ psychologists evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psycho-logical tests.

clinical

A response to a conditioned stimulus is termed a(n) ____________ response.

conditioned

The process of becoming less sensitive to stimulation is referred to as

desensitization, or negative adaptation

School psychologists are employed by school districts to

develop achievement and aptitude tests.

What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt's contribution from other contributions to psychology?

established psychology as a laboratory science.

Psychologists adhere to _____________ standards that help promote the dignity of the individual, maintain scientific integrity, and protect research participants and clinical clients from harm.

ethical

The notion that animals that are most at risk from predators sleep less is taken from which of the following perspectives?

evolutionary

Repeated presentation of a CS (such as a tone) without the UCS (such as meat) will ____________ the CR (salivation).

extinguish

People who see distant objects unusually clearly but have difficulty focusing on nearby objects are

farsighted

One reason for skepticism about ESP is the ____________ - ____________ problem; that is, researchers are less likely to report research results that show failure.

file-drawer

A disadvantage of survey research is _____________. For example, people tend to overrate behaviors like church attendance and proper hygiene

inaccurate self-report

Positive reinforcers

increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied


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