Final Exam
Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.
True
bottom-up processing
bits and pieces of information and try to assemble them in a pattern
Wernicke's aphasia causes
impairment of one's ability to comprehend speech and to think of the proper words to express his or her own thoughts.
In short-term memory, the image tends to fade significantly after ______ seconds if it is not repeated or rehearsed.
10 to 12
Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?
A refractory period.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner used conditioning to teach a boy who is known as "Little ____________" to fear rats.
Albert
Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?
Both are ages of feeling in-between.
How do pigments gain their colors?
By absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest.
Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists? a) Counseling psychologists deal exclusively with clients who suffer from serious psychological disorders. b) Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior. c) School psychologists focus on planning instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children. d) Health psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system.
Counseling psychologists deal exclusively with clients who suffer from serious psychological disorders.
__________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.
Epinephrine
A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.
False
A sample consists of multiple populations.
False
According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.
False
According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.
False
According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.
False
At the postconventional level of adolescence, moral judgements are derived from authority figures.
False
Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.
False
Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.
False
Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.
False
In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered an experimental group.
False
In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.
False
Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.
False
It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.
False
John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.
False
PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.
False
Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.
False
Psychophysicist Ernst Weber discovered through laboratory research that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light. His research became known as the difference threshold.
False
Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"
False
The human ability to store information is limited.
False
The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.
False
The thyroid gland secretes melatonin.
False
Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.
False
You would not show any instinctive behaviors if you were born and raised separately from others in your family and/or species.
False
Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?
Forensic psychologists
_____________ psychologists saw our perceptions as wholes that give meaning to parts.
Gestalt
__________ form a fatty substance called myelin.
Glial cells
__________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.
Humanism
Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?
It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.
Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?
It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
Which of the following is true of functionalism?
It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.
Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?
It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.
Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females?
It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.
_______ is the founder of Behaviorism.
John B. Watson
The first female president of the American Psychological Association was
Mary Whiton Calkins.
___________ reinforcers increase the probability that operants will occur when they are removed.
Negative
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
Nembutal
Which is most likely to be prescribed for use with hyperactive children?
Ritalin
Which of the following statements is true of a neural impulse?
The process by which a neural impulse travels is electrochemical.
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?
They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.
law of effect
Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out
A composite of studies of the relationship between IQ scores and heredity suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ scores.
True
According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.
True
Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.
True
Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.
True
As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.
True
Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.
True
By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.
True
If you are reading this academic text, you are most likely in the emerging adulthood period of development. Emerging adulthood means roughly spanning the ages of 18 to 25, during which many young people attend college and graduate school, sort out identity issues, and create life plans.
True
In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.
True
In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.
True
It's normal for adolescents to see themselves as the center of attention and assume that other people are also preoccupied with their appearance and behavior. This is termed an imaginary audience.
True
Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.
True
Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
True
People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood.
True
Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.
True
Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.
True
The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14..
True
The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.
True
The left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in tasks that require logic and problem solving than the right hemisphere.
True
With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.
True
_____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived.
Weber's constant
_____________ founded the school of structuralism.
Wilhelm Wundt
case study
a carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests
independent variable
a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed
In his classic study of transcendental meditation, Benson found that meditation leads to
a relaxation response
naturalistic observation
a scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments
The _____ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.
absolute threshold
Because one odor can mask another, people use ____________.
air fresheners, perfumes, incense burners
The most popular drug on college campuses is
alcohol.
Piaget described human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of __________ and accommodation.
assimilation
While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands, Ivan Pavlov inadvertently found that responses can be learned through
association
According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, __________ only occurs during a critical period of development.
attachment
Allegra is said to have hypnotic suggestibility. She is likely to
be prone to fantasy
Which of the following are children most likely to "outgrow"?
bedwetting
Roberto kept seeing signs on the highway advertising Pizza Hut. He started to salivate at the possibility of having a pizza. The signs were
conditioned stimuli
According to ____________ theory, learning occurs because a CS indicates that the UCS is likely to follow
contingency
Ideal experiments use experimental groups and _____________ groups.
control
A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.
correlation coefficient
Dizygotic twins
develop when two ova are fertilized.
In a ____________-____________ schedule, a specific amount of time must elapse since a previous correct response before reinforcement again becomes available.
fixed-interval
In the behavior-therapy method of ____________, a client is continuously exposed to a fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished.
flooding
___________ are the most basic building blocks of heredity.
genes
The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
humanistic-existential
A(n) _____________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.
hypothesis
Negative reinforcers
increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed
Wilhelm Wundt used __________ to try to discover the basic elements of experience.
introspection
According to behaviorists, _________ is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that occurs because of experience.
learning
The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that __________ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.
monozygotic twins
When Darren first started working in the poultry plant, he found the smell from the chickens to be overwhelming. However, he gradually became accustomed to the smell, and now it no longer bothers him. This scenario illustrates an instance of _____.
negative adaptation
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:
neural events may be involved in memory.
The __________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."
pituitary gland
When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called _______.
placebos
Some researchers consider the __________ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.
prefrontal cortex
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ________.
sex organs start to differentiate
People with __________ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.
sleep apnea
Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
sleep terrors
A hypothesis is a:
statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.
Since 15 percent of a university is comprised of Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a __________.
stratified sample
When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the __________.
synaptic cleft
If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.
thalamus
B. F. Skinner proposed
that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.
If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ______________ system.
vestibular
High-frequency brain waves are associated with _____.
wakefulness
Newborns use the __________ to avoid painful stimuli.
withdrawal reflex
top-down processing
you are using the completed image to search for the proper pieces.
dependent variables
a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable
survey
a method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior
theory
a set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events
The _______ threshold for a stimulus, such as light, is the lowest intensity at which it can be detected.
absolute
scientific method
an organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge
When Charlotte hears something embarrassing, she blushes. Being a student of psychology, she knows that this condition is controlled by the
autonomic nervous system
Psychology is defined as the study of _____________ and mental processes
behavior
extinction
is the process by which the CS loses the ability to elicit the CR because the CS is no longer associated with UCS.
Which of the following accommodates to an image by changing thickness and focusing light onto the retina?
lens
People who have to be unusually close to an object to dis-criminate its details are
nearsighted
"Messages" travel within neurons by means of ____________ and from neuron to neuron by means of ____________.
neurotransmitters, electricity
Odors are detected by the ____________ membrane in each nostril.
olfactory
Which of the following is not involved in explaining the perception of pitch?
opponent-process theory
The axons of ganglion cells make up the ____________ nerve, which conducts visual information to the brain.
optic
_______ is the organization of sensations into an inner representation of the world; it reflects learning and expectations as well as sensations.
perception
Samples must accurately represent the target _____________.
population
Kinesthesis is the sensing of bodily ____________ and movement.
position
The Gestalt rule describing the perceptual tendency to see objects that are near each other as belonging to a set is termed ____________; while the tendency to see like objects as belonging together is termed ____________.
proximity; similarity
The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is
psychoanalysis.
In a _____________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
random sample
We perceive movement by sensing motion across the ____________ of the eye and change of position in relation to other objects.
retina
The retina is made up of photoreceptors called ____________ and ____________.
rods; cones
The vestibular sense is housed mainly in the ____________ canals of the ears.
semicircular
_________ is to mechanical stimulation as perception is to mental representation.
sensation
The process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation is referred to as
sensitization, or positive adaptation
When we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as
sensory awareness
An axon's length can range from a few millimeters to
several feet.
Extinguished responses often show ____________ recovery as a function of the passage of time.
spontaneous
In the _____________ method, a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior.
survey
An editor gets so upset that she is late in working on a manuscript that she throws up her lunch. This probably occurred because of activity of the
sympathetic division of her autonomic nervous system.
The receptor neurons for taste are called ____________ cells, which are located in taste buds on the tongue.
taste
The sensory receptors for kinesthesis are located in the
tendons, muscles, and joints
You design a test of intelligence. On the theory that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use _____________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.
the correlational method
The intensity of the signal
the degree to which the signal can be distinguished from background noise.
structuralism
the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements—sensations, feelings, and images—that combine to form experience
behaviorism
the school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses
functionalism
the school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Most psychologists do not believe in ESP because
there is no evidence to support the existence of ESP
Ellen loses weight and becomes somewhat agitated. Her doctor is most likely to theorize that she is suffering from a deficiency of
thyroxin
A response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n) ____________ response.
unconditioned
The normal human ear can hear sounds varying in frequency from ____________ to ____________ cycles per second (Hz).
20 to 20,000
A neuron can fire up to a limit of about _________ times per second.
400
If someone steps on your toes, resulting in pain and the movement of your foot, which of the following describes this process?
Afferent neurons transmit the sensation of pain to the spinal cord and to the brain followed by efferent neurons sending the message to your foot to move.
Kenneth and Mamie Phipps _____________ conducted research that influenced a Supreme Court decision on segregated schools.
Clark
_____________ psychologists note that only the fittest organisms reach maturity and reproduce, thereby transmitting their genes to future generations and causing species to evolve in adaptive directions.
Evolutionary
Which of the following statements is correct concerning brain waves and the sleep cycle?
High-frequency brains waves are associated with being awake.
_____________ psychologists evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psycho-logical tests.
clinical
A response to a conditioned stimulus is termed a(n) ____________ response.
conditioned
The process of becoming less sensitive to stimulation is referred to as
desensitization, or negative adaptation
School psychologists are employed by school districts to
develop achievement and aptitude tests.
What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt's contribution from other contributions to psychology?
established psychology as a laboratory science.
Psychologists adhere to _____________ standards that help promote the dignity of the individual, maintain scientific integrity, and protect research participants and clinical clients from harm.
ethical
The notion that animals that are most at risk from predators sleep less is taken from which of the following perspectives?
evolutionary
Repeated presentation of a CS (such as a tone) without the UCS (such as meat) will ____________ the CR (salivation).
extinguish
People who see distant objects unusually clearly but have difficulty focusing on nearby objects are
farsighted
One reason for skepticism about ESP is the ____________ - ____________ problem; that is, researchers are less likely to report research results that show failure.
file-drawer
A disadvantage of survey research is _____________. For example, people tend to overrate behaviors like church attendance and proper hygiene
inaccurate self-report
Positive reinforcers
increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied