Final Exam

According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2014, as cited in Sue & Sue, 2016), there are approximately __________ Latina/o Americans in the United States?

55 million

Cultural humility is described as which of the following?

A way of being

According to the Hardiman (1982, as cited in Sue & Sue, 2016) White Racial Identity Development model, which stage is characterized by a conscious belief in the democratic ideal that everyone has an opportunity to succeed?

Acceptance

The process of internalizing the values, beliefs and traditions of the larger society is called?

Acculturation

_______________________ is likely to guide selection of therapeutic interventions.

Acculturation level

_________________ often functions as a religious, social, and political hub, facilitating social events that serve to foster a sense of "peoplehood" among African Americans?

African-American church

The negative attitudes and behaviors toward the process of aging or toward older individuals is called?

Ageism

Identify the competency that is not part of competent multicultural counseling?

Being "color blind" and diminishing the effect of culture.

One of the most popular sexual identity development models was developed by?

Cass

Your client, a 5-year-old White male, does not have access to a reputable public school in his predominantly White neighborhood. Your client is likely experiencing which of the following?

Classism

Which are the following strategies useful in working with Asian American clients?

Cognitive-behavioral and solution focused

In the Ruiz model of Latino identity development, the _____________ stage is characterized by feelings of shame and embarrassment about ethnic markers such as skin color, accent, customs, and so on.

Consequence stage

When counseling Asian Americans, What are some things counselors should consider during assessment and problem definition?

Consider the family and community context.

In addition to working collaboratively with your client to construct an accurate definition of the problem, you also include the ________________, which acknowledges that both the client and therapist are embedded in systems such as family, work and culture?

Contextual viewpoint

The trend of practices such as restricting the sharing of food and making it illegal to sit or sleep in public spaces or drive homeless people away from public areas has been called the " ____________________" by Ehrenreich ?

Criminalization of poverty

Which identity development model includes Encounter, Immersion-Emersion, and internalization as some of its statuses?

Cross's Nigrescence model

The term _________________is the ability to engage in actions or create conditions that maximize the optimal development of client and client systems.

Cultural competence

Labeling clients as resistant because they do not make eye contact during a counseling session might be an example of?

Cultural encapsulation

What are the factors that often lead African Americans to have a stronger preference for a Black counselor?

Cultural mistrust and Afrocentric attitude

When counselors unwittingly impose monocultural standards without regard for differences in race, culture, gender and sexual orientation, they may be engaging in?

Cultural oppression

One of the most important counselor characteristic for African Americans is the _______ _______ of the counselor?

Cultural sensitivity

Cultural differences between specific groups of people can affect individuals in a unique way. Which one of the following differences can affect individuals?

Degree of assimilation Socioeconomic background Family experiences Educational level

Multicultural awareness can lead to ___________ __________ if clinical attention to race or other diversity issues results in neglect of other important aspects of the client.

Diagnostic overshadowing

In American Indian culture, children having direct eye contact with an elder would probably be seen as a sign of?

Disrespect

In which stage does the person of color realize racism exists?

Dissonance Stage

_____________, such as "Are we ready for our bath?" and "You want to take your medicine now, don't you?" is often used with exaggerated intonation and elevated pitch when speaking to older adults?

Elderspeak

Marginalized group members often sense _______________ from the dominant culture?

Emotional invalidation

During the first session, it may be beneficial to __________ when working with an African American client?

Establish an egalitarian relationship with the client.

A culturally universal perspective, meaning that concepts can be considered universal and equally applicable across cultures is called?

Etic

Inquiries such as "Who are your parents?", "Which one is Black?", and "Why did they marry?" are good for multiracial children to hear as they can help them clarify issues?

False

Traditional Asian American families tend to be egalitarian and matriarchal in structure.

False

You are a counselor in private practice and are working with a 42-year-old, Native American woman going through a life transition. In your initial intake, she reports living with her White, American husband and 8-year-old daughter in your city. As such, you do not assess the importance of tribal affiliation. This is the correct action to take because she does not live on a reservation.

False

Your African American client's family is headed by one parent. According to research, that parent is more likely to be the father?

False

Which term refers to family cohesiveness, interdependence, loyalty and placing the needs of close friends and family members before personal needs?

Familismo

Which term describes Latinas/os beliefs that life's misfortunes are inevitable and feel resigned to their fate?

Fatalismo

Accurate assessment, diagnosis and case conceptualization is dependent on the characteristics, values and worldviews of the therapist?

Flase

Counselors need to understand the negative stereotypes of multiracial individuals (i.e., confused, unhealthy) and the research that reveals that multiracial individuals?

Have improved abilities to relate to diverse groups. Greater tolerance for people. Increased ability to build alliances.

Which of the following racial identity development model categorizes white people's racial development in ego statuses?

Helms' Model

Counselors working with economically disadvantaged African American families may need to assume the following roles, except?

Help do chores

The one drop rule is also known as?

Hypodescent

An Asian American who is going through the acculturation conflict of separation may respond in which way?

Identifies exclusively with Asian culture.

Models of multiracial identity development are distinct from monoracial identity development models in that?

Identities are fluid and shift in different environments.

One way to reduce the prevalence of elder abuse and neglect in families is to?

Increase awareness through public education.

A holistic approach to personal identity demands that we recognize levels of identity to include?

Individual, Group and Universal

What might be some characteristics of cultural incompetence?

Insensitivity to needs of culturally diverse clients. Demonstrate arrogant or contemptuous attitudes. Have little understanding of their own cultural biases and prejudices. Do not accept or respect cultural differences. Discriminatory practices.

The response of retaining many Asian values while simultaneously learning the necessary skills and values for adaptation to the dominant culture is called?

Integration/biculturalism

In the Cross model, the last stage, ________________ speaks to the commitment that individuals have toward social change, social justice, and civil rights

Internalization-Commitment stage

The development and maintenance of _________ _________ are central to the Latino/a culture?

Interpersonal relationships

The basic building blocks of cultural competence in clinical practice are ______________, _______________ and _______________?

Knowledge, Skills and Awareness

Which of the following is an acculturation value where the individual may speak both languages but has lost touch with his or her cultural heritage and is not fully accepted in mainstream society?

Marginal

The term that describes the "mixing" of two or more different races?

Miscegenation

What is the better treatment model for substance abuse for older adults?

More structured programs. More flexible rules concerning discharge. More comprehensive assessment. More outpatient mental health aftercare.

_________________ is defined as discrimination based on more than one aspect of diversity?

Multiple discrimination

Some researchers have argued that minority-group individuals underutilize and prematurely terminate counseling/therapy because?

Of the biased nature of the services themselves.

What has been found regarding African American adolescents/young adults (ages 16-24)?

Over 90% of African Americans in this age group had completed high school or were still enrolled in school.

Which of the following are family circumstances associated with abuse and neglect of the elderly?

Overcrowded quarters Financial burdens Previous patterns of violence

Which are some possible psychological reactions that might result from living in poverty?

PTSD Depression Substance abuse Academic difficulties Aggression

Which is NOT an acculturation orientation?

Pantraditional

African Americans who are at the ___________ level are less likely to report racial discrimination?

Pre-encounter stage

A person who believes that racial blending is inevitable is most likely to operate from which ego status?

Pseudo-independence

The concept that is defined as the degree to which race is an important and integral part of a person's approach to life is called?

Race salience

African American preferences for counselor ethnicity are often related to their which identity?

Racial

'Integrative Awareness' is part of which identity development model?

Racial/Cultural Identity Development (R/CID) model

___________ occurs when people are not easily able to distinguish the monoracial category of the multiracial individual from phenotypic characteristics.

Racial/ethnic ambiguity

__________ is NOT a component of the tripartite model of multicultural counseling competence?

Relationship

When working with older adults, therapists should NOT?

Repeat each question slowly and with a louder than normal voice.

Feelings of being brainwashed by the forces of White society would most likely be found in what stage of the racial/cultural identity developmental model?

Resistance and Immersion Stage

Counseling techniques that focus directly on emotions may be uncomfortable and produce _________ for traditional Asian Americans?

Shame

In general, how is the honor and respect gained among American Indians?

Sharing

_________ refers to the relational style displayed by many Latino/as—a style emphasizing social harmony and a gracious, hospitable, personable atmosphere.

Simpatico

According to the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC), multiculturalism leads to ________________ initiatives and actions?

Social justice

An active philosophy and approach aimed at reducing or eliminating disparities in education, health care, employment and other areas that lower the quality of life for affected populations is called?

Social justice

The hierarchical system that not only positions poverty and economic characteristics of groups in our society but involves sociopolitical relationships as well is known as?

Social stratification theory

The reason so many American Indian/Alaska Native populations endured extermination and assimilation efforts was?

Spirituality and respect for the land. Respect for traditional values and extended family networks. Allegiance to the family, community and tribe and respect for elders. All of the choices are correct.

While working with African American families, it is helpful to move away from a deficit model to ______________ perspective while evaluating families?

Strength based

_______________ is one of the greatest problems faced by American Indian/Alaska Native populations?

Substance use

Which of the following is true regarding the health of African Americans?

The average life span of African Americans is up to five to six years shorter than that of White Americans.

The degree of deviation from traditional gender roles should ultimately be determined by?

The client in the context of cultural variables

Microaggressions are best described as?

The everyday slights, put-downs, invalidations and insults directed toward a group.

Being a multiracial person often means coping with marginality and isolation resulting from external factors related to prejudice. Which of the following is a possible healthy resolution of marginality?

The multiracial individual accepts the identity assigned by society. The person may choose to resolve marginality through identification with both groups. The person may decide to choose a single racial identity in an active manner. Identification with a mixed-race heritage or multiracial identity is another option.

In terms of time orientation, American Indians and Alaskan Natives are much more oriented toward which of the following?

The present

Assessments should be conducted in which of the following language?

The primary language of the client

According to social-class stratification theory, poverty is understood as which of the following?

To be at the bottom-most rung in a hierarchical system of sociocultural power relations that goes beyond differences of income

According to current research, enculturation or identification with racial/ethnic background can result in pride and serve as a buffer against prejudice and discrimination.

True

Acculturation can increase gender role conflict?

True

Although African Americans represent only 13% of the U.S. population, 40% of those incarcerated are Black?

True

Assessing the spiritual strengths and beliefs is recommended when working with African American clients?

True

During the resistance and immersion stage, the three most active types of affective feelings are guilt, shame, and anger.

True

Statistics indicate that American Indian women suffer a higher rate of domestic violence as compared to other ethnicities?

True

The Latin expression "ataque de nervios," or attack of the nerves, is basically the same as the American expression of a panic attack and should be treated similarly?

True

The United States continues to have one of the world's most unequal income distributions?

True