Final Exam
Match the following items.
1.perspective- a specific way of thinking or view 2. disciple- a branch of knowledge 3. introspection- to look within yourself 4. zone of proximal development- the gap between a person's current level of development and the potential development that can be achieved 5. clinical- concerned with the treatment of disease
What is the mean of 4, 6, 8, 20, 12?
10
What is the median of 6, 7, 10, 12, 15?
10
What is the benefit of being diagnosed correctly?
A person can get the right type of treatment or medication he/she needs.
How do expectations relate to future schooling?
Choose classes that are at your skill level.
What is true about the sleep cycle? Select all that apply.
Dreams occur during the REM stage. A person can go through the sleep cycle multiple times in one night. The sleep cycle does not repeat itself in order of 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM.
The concept of free will believes that people _____. Select all that apply.
willingly can change their attitudes have complete control over themselves can develop into the person they choose to be.
What is the mode of 4, 9, 9, 9, 4, 6, 6, 6, 9?
9
Which is NOT a true statement about goals? Select all that apply.
Accomplishing goals means you are mature; goals are mostly for the purpose of learning.
How does the view of twentieth-century scientists differ from ancient cultures when it comes to the meaning of dreams?
Ancient cultures believed that dreams had spiritual meaning.
Katie is starting to learn good work ethics. This means she is learning _____.
a sense of industry
Which is a major area of study in psychology?
behaviorism
Chemical senses require _____ for transduction to occur.
both chemical receptors and neurons
Identify a physiological reactions to stress.
noticing your heart racing
What is the main purpose of the endocrine system?
regulate hormones
Which is a Big Five Trait?
consciousness
What is true of alcohol and pregnancy?
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can do severe damage to a developing embryo. Pregnant women are advised to not drink alcohol at all during their pregnancy. An embryo exposed to alcohol is very likely to be born with physical disabilities. ALL ARE TRUE
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
God prefers us to be intrinsically motivated when we give.
When a message is transmitted from your brain, it's turned into a/an _____ and a/an _____ message which travels through an axon.
electrical, chemical
A schema is a view of the world that someone else tells you.
false
The happiness an elderly adult feels is largely based on how successful events in his/her later life are.
false
A ballet student who learns with the help of his instructor is demonstrating _____ learning.
formal
What are examples of objective psychology tests? Select all that apply.
MMPI-2 16PF
Cora knows she is often inconsiderate of people and interrupts conversations a lot. She decides she wants to be a better listener and knows that she can work toward changing this aspect of herself. Which theory does Cora's belief describe?
free will
How do emotions affect your memory?
Memories with strong emotional attachments are easier to recall.
Determine which of the statements demonstrates an ulterior motive.
Mozelle wanted a raise, so she made sure to bring her boss gifts on every holiday.
What does the myelin sheath do?
help electrical impulses travel through neurons and cover the neurons with a fatty coating
What physiological reactions happen due to stress? Select all that apply.
immunity temporarily boosts, breathing increases, levels of cortisol increase.
when do you need informed consent?
in any experiment, so people know they can quit at any time
Critical periods after birth exist for _____.
learning languages
AnnMarie feels irritable and lonely. She doesn't know why, but she is just blue. Which Big Five trait describes this?
neuroticism
What did the first portion of Sperling's test show?
Sensory memory is very sensitive and is quick to forget.
Peter has been selected by the principal to lead the school in a flag salute. The students participate and follow Peter's directions. Why?
Peter has stewardship granted to him by the principal.
What is an altruistic view of compliments?
accepting a compliment at face value
What happens to infants who are not cared for, loved, or stimulated?
failure to thrive
A negative correlation _____.
means that as one variable goes up and the other goes down
Which is NOT an abnormal behavior related to mental illness?
wearing all black and dying your hair extreme colors
The purpose of Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment is to demonstrate that children _____.
will most likely model an adult's aggressive actions
What is the purpose of the retina?
to convert light rays into neural impulses
The critical period is a special time of development in humans.
true
How are morphemes and sentences similiar?
Both are created by more basic parts of language in a hierarchy.
What are the similarities between symbolic and analogical representations? Select all that apply.
Both are mental images. Both are a basic element of thought. Both require thinking.
What realization did Piaget have while testing children's IQs?
Children construct schemas around their wrong answers.
How can you prevent insomnia?
Don't drink energy drinks or drinks with caffeine before bed.
Keylah told a lie and felt horrible, so she tried to make up for breaking her mother's confidence. Keylah did all the house chores for a week. Are her actions altruistic?
No, because she is trying to gain her mom's trust again.
Rachel wants to dance professionally and become good at the Samba. She watches her dance instructor and tries to repeat his leg movements. No matter how hard she tries, Rachel moves her legs but they are not the movements the dance instructor demonstrated. Did Rachel successfully model the dance instructor?
No, because she was not able to repeat the leg movements exactly.
What can be learned from the Barnum Effect?
People can be cautious about accepting personality interpretations as total truth.
Select the statements that are true.
Psychology is a part of your daily life. Psychology helps me relate to people. Psychology can contribute to better health.
What makes the restorative and adaptive theories different?
Restorative theories believe that wounds will heal better while you rest.
What is the most believable reason why it may be difficult to trust a person's actions?
Sometimes actions have ulterior motives and it can be difficult to discern a person's sincerity.
Several of your friends play basketball at the park on the weekends. Your buddy, Tai-Yii, is a good player, but he happens to let the ball slip by accident when he attempts to dribble. After the dribbling mess-up, Tai-Yii goes back to the sideline and continues to practice his dribbling over and over again. How would a cognitive psychologist interpret Tai-Yii's repeated dribbling attempts?
Tai-Yii is motivated to dribble perfectly and knows that practice makes perfect.
How is talking to a friend helpful during stressful times?
Talking can help you see past the emotions of a stressful situation.
What would a developmental psychologist say about a young adult woman who throws a temper tantrum?
Tantrums are not developmentally normal for young adults.
What is the purpose of using the Scientific Method? Select all that apply.
This method allows people to conduct orderly research. This method allows people to make new discoveries. This method allows people to separate fact from fiction.
What is true about the debate of free will vs. determinism?
Today's psychologists believe in a combination of both theories.
Humanists felt strongly against comparing people to animals.
True
Teen boys who experience massive growth spurts can thank their endocrine system for signaling the body to grow.
True
What is a benefit of observational learning?
Watching others can motivate you to try the same actions.
Do Piaget and Erikson have similarities between their theories of development?
Yes, they both have stage theories.
Which statement best describes learning?
You must first learn before you can act. The simplest of actions require learning before they can be carried out. Learning is powerful and can change your life.
What are reasons you would need to be debriefed after an experiment? Select all that apply.
You were deceived during the experiment to give a reaction. Your mood and feelings were manipulated. You simply participated in an experiment. You took a placebo pill or any type of medication.
How does the sociocultural perspective relate to your development as a person?
Your friends and family influence you, but ultimately you control your thoughts and actions.
Ferguson thought the math assignment was a waste of time. After all, it was a basic review. He didn't bother to do the homework because he saw no point in it. What is Ferguson expressing?
a negative value reaction
During times of stress, Yanira notices that her heart pounds a little faster than normal. What part of the brain is responsible for her increased heart rate?
brain stem
How does transduction allow your body to experience its senses?
by converting the sensory messages into neural impulses
How do bees communicate with each other?
by dancing
How does your brain communicate with the rest of your body?
by sending signals through cells called neurons
Catherine visits Long Beach, California, one weekend. As she sits on the sand, she feels the sun's heat. Then she stands up to enjoy the feeling of the sun's summer rays on her skin. Catherine doesn't mind the heat. She welcomes it! According to Hall's cognitive dream theory, Catherine's positive view of the bright sun represents her _____ of the sun.
conception
Marie notices that most of her friends have MP3 players that are all made by a certain brand. She wants one, too, but not just any MP3 player. Marie wants to buy the exact same brand that her friends have. She thinks this is the way to fit in. Which term describes why Marie only wants a certain brand of MP3 player?
conformity
During REM sleep, our muscles are paralyzed. The Activation Synthesis Theory of dreams says that this temporary paralysis _____ the brain.
confuses
What does motivated behavior require? Select all that apply.
effort, intensity, goal, persistance
Chester talks to his grandma on the phone and she asks what birthday presents he received. Chester picks up a stuffed dog and says, "I got this!" fully expecting his grandma on the other end of the phone to see the dog, too. What aspect of development is Chester showing?
egocentrism
Karem draws energy from thinking and being by himself. He enjoys his personal time and being alone to wonder about the world. His introversion is the opposite of which Big Five trait?
extraversion
Match the vocabulary terms to the correct definitions.
idiosyncrasies- specific behaviors or mannerisms that are peculiar to just one person disorder- mental health disturbance cynical- distrusting or pessimistic conformity- people change their behavior because of social influence confederate- an accomplice
Manche has difficulty making friends. He doesn't always get along well with others. Lately, he finds that he is experiencing some new, disappointing feelings about how he relates to his friends. According to Erikson's stages of development, Manche is feeling _____.
inferior
Raina is running for student body president and doesn't want to forget her campaign speech. She practices her speech over and over so she can deliver it flawlessly. What type of learning is taking place?
intentional
What abilities can you develop by studying psychology? Select all that apply.
more tolerance for peoples views, consideration of someone else's perspective in conversation, greater patience and empathy
A researcher wants to study monkeys in their natural habitat, out in the wild. What type of qualitative research method is best to use?
observational
Knowing how sensory processes work can allow you to _____.
persuade people influence a person's perception calm an agitated baby with soothing music
What is the correct order in which these theories emerged, from earliest to latest?
psychodynamic, behaviorism, humanistic, cognitivism
What are characteristics of objective personality tests?
self-report paper-and-pencil questions about behavior all of the above
Match the parts of the experiment to their appropriate terms.
the AP English examination- independent variable anxiety- dependent variable seniors- sample American high schools- population
Kitty Genovese was stabbed to death while neighbors looked on. Nobody went out to help and only later did someone call the police for help. This event led psychologists to create a new term called _____.
the bystander affect
What does classical conditioning require?
the pairing of two stimuli
Enna always says thank you when people give her gifts. She even writes thank-you cards. On holidays, Enna remembers to call her family members and ask how they are doing. Is Enna's thoughtfulness a trait or state?
trait
Match the vocabulary word with its meaning.
trait- an aspect of ourselves that is stable and enduring continuum- spectrum, range, or series determinism- you are born a certain way and don't have choice toxins- poisonous substances critical period-an important window of time for development object permanence- the ability to know that something still exists, even if you can't see it
Kathryn ate a bag of salty chips. What allowed her brain to register the flavor of the chips?
transduction occurring from the taste buds
Learning is most often considered a change of behavior that results from experience.
true
Personality tests are great for giving you insights about yourself.
true
How are concepts and categories alike?
Concepts and categories involve thoughts.
Lori started cello lessons a month ago but has trouble remembering the names of the notes on her sheet music. What can Lori do to learn the note names?
She can create an acronym to remember the lines of the bass clef.
Rocky is a good salesperson and made record sales at the car lot. The manager came out to congratulate him and asked how he developed such a good sales personality. Rocky replied, ""Hey, I was born with a gift." Which theory does Rocky's belief describe?
determinism
During what stage do you learn abstract thinking skills?
formal operations
A nine-month-old infant sees his mom leave a room and begins crying. Why is he crying?
he thinks his mom is gone for good
What can a person learn from the Bay of Pigs incident
If you don't speak your opinion against bad ideas, sometimes awful results can happen. Don't be afraid to voice an opinion that may be different from the leader. It's normal for people to feel uncomfortable about disagreeing with a leader.
What lesson can we learn from Zimbardo's prison experiment?
It's possible for people to act horribly in evil situations.
Determine the differences between Piaget and Erikson's development theories. Select all that apply.
One has eight stages and the other has four stages in the theories. Each has different ideas on how people progress through stages. One studies cognition and the other studies an aspect of social development.
If a high school sophomore randomly declares himself a leader to his classmates, he will have difficulty finding people who will listen to him. Why?
People are less likely to obey people that are just like themselves or someone who represents authority.
What is a practical use of classical conditioning?
People can train their dogs with good behavior. Dieters can learn their hunger cues and associations with eating. People can housetrain an animal.
What do the experiences of Genie and Victor demonstrate about language acquisition?
People have a critical period of time when they best learn language.
Why do people make jokes about the mentally ill?
Sometimes people don't understand mental illness and how to be sensitive.
During what major stage/age does a person feel either industry or inferiority?
Stage 4: preadolescence
Why is a survey better than a case study to find out people's preferences for choosing one video game system over another?
Surveys allow many people to report their personal opinions.
A hypothesis allows you to predict the potential outcome of your research experiment.
True
The concept of determinism believes that _____.
individuals develop according to the genetics they have
Tori was about to take a test for her food handler license. She wanted to do well, and knew that what she learned would help out with any future job in the food industry. She spent a lot of time studying because she wanted to learn everything she could. What type of goal orientation does Tori display toward studying for her license?
learning goal
Psychophysics is the study of _____.
people's reactions and perceptions to stimuli
An egocentric child is in what stage of development?
preoperational
The instant a sensory message reaches your body, _____ convert the message into neural impulses.
receptors
Which traits do leaders have that make them more desirable to obey? Select all that apply.
responsibility competency aptitude
According to Freud, what do dreams do?
reveal urges and desires
Terell lives in Washington, D.C., where he can see the Potomac River from his bedroom window. When he sees this river, Terell thinks of swimming, boating, fun, and friends. What type of mental image is this?
symbolic
Everyone has a personality, _____.
that is unique even if it's not always on display
The Big Five was developed _____.
to simplify the eighteen thousand words that existed to describe personality traits
Abnormal behavior can be odd behavior due to idosyncracies or mental illness.
true
Successful goals come from positive values and a belief in success.
true
You can practice being wise in situations until wisdom becomes a personality trait.
true
Compare and find a similarity between the Core-Optional and adaptive sleep theories.
Both believe that a person sleeps for survival.
What is NOT a common feature of both the MMPI-2 and CPI?
Both check for serious personality disorders.
What is a similarity between sleep apnea and narcolepsy?
Both conditions can result in a person feeling tired during the day.
How are negative values and fear of failure similar?
Both involve negative emotions and outlooks.
How are symbolic and analogical representations similar?
Both require thinking. Both are mental images. Both are a basic element of thought.
Baby Caitlen is about to turn one year old. She loves to play peek-a-boo and acts so surprised each time a hidden face appears behind her dad's hands. Why is she surprised?
Caitlen doesn't realize her dad still exists each time he hides.
Carley loves to swim because she feels so fantastic afterward. In fact, she has learned that whenever she wants a rush of natural adrenaline, she needs to swim forty laps in the pool. Carley keeps this habit up for years because she likes the outcome she gets each time. What does this demonstrate?
Carley has become operantly conditioned.
How was therapy different in the early 1900s?
Categories for diagnosing disorders were less clear and only the rich could afford to pay for therapy.
What is common in all cultures about children learning to speak?
Children's first sounds are similar in all cultures.
Long-term memory has a _____ capacity to hold information.
great
What does it mean to say that memories are "context-dependent"?
People often attach their surroundings to their memories.
_____ involves the likelihood of increasing behavior.
Positive reinforcement
A researcher wants to find out if teens have higher rates of depression if they experiment with drugs. What is the dependent variable?
depression
Match the vocabulary terms to the correct definitions.
ear drum= location where sound waves strike cochlea= contains receptors for hearing retina= changes light rays into neural impulses lens= changes shapes to help you focus odor molecules= stimulates the neurons in your olfactory epithelium
What feeling would you likely experience if you negatively valued a goal?
resistance, anger, dread
Which is an autonomic body function?
salivating at the thought of a hamburger
Knowing too much information can cause you to forget what you want to remember.
true
Emmet didn't want to weed the garden. He put off the task toward the end of the day. He even tried to get his sister to do the job. What type of goal orientation did Emmet display toward weeding the garden?
work-avoidant goal
Changing views on epilepsy and abnormal behavior show us that _____.
Epileptics are more accepted today than they were in the past. Epileptics have problems related to neurology and not their minds. People view epileptics as normal and not demonically possessed.
What is the importance of the prefrontal cortex?
It helps with executive functions, such as behaving in socially appropriate ways.
Sheila shared private documents with another worker named Janice. Janice ignored the privacy and told the boss the secret information she knew, hoping to get a better position in the company. Eventually, the boss did give Janice the new position at work. Were Janice's actions altruistic?
No, because she was hoping to get a new position by sharing information with the boss.
Which of the following is NOT true about the critical period of development?
The critical period of development stops when the child is born.
Why is sleep deprivation bad for your health?
You can end up with headaches, dizziness, or depression.
What results when you combine several phonemes together?
a morpheme
What is NOT a requirement of learning?
cautiousness
Match the terms to their correct definitions.
cell body= contains the nucleus of the cell dendrites= branching part of the neuron that receives transmissions from other neurons axon= one long fiber with branches at the end myelin sheath= insulation that speeds up transmissions from other neurons
What are some feelings that you'll likely experience if you expect to succeed? Select all that apply.
excitement; happiness
Which is the correct list of Big Five traits?
extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience
Tito loves to tell jokes and feels great after hanging out with friends or going to parties. Which Big Five trait describes this?
extroversion
Which organization requires colleges to submit plans for any experiment that is about to be conducted?
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Why are nightmares so memorable?
Nightmares have a more intense emotional impact.
What can leaders count on that guarantees obedience always happen?
Nothing is specified that ensures that obedience will always happen.
How do informal and formal learning differ?
One is more structured than the other.
According to Gestalt psychology, why do our minds fill in the gaps for information we don't know?
Our minds naturally seek order and patterns to find answers.
.What is the major difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?
.psychologists cannot prescribe medication and psychiatrists can
What happens during free association?
A person talks about a dream, making connections by openly talking.
Which statement is true of Accutane? Select all that apply.
A woman is required to take two forms of birth control while on this drug. After birth, the baby will have vision and brain damage, heart problems, and retardation. An unborn child exposed to this drug will have birth defects.
Compare behaviorism and cognitive psychology and choose the statements that are accurate for both subfields in psychology.
Cognitive psychology involves memory and other methods to recall information. Behaviorism focuses on observable actions only. Cognitive psychology focuses on people's thoughts, desires, and motives.
How can concepts and categories help you write an essay?
Concepts and categories help you organize your ideas into paragraphs and sentences.
Wundt's pendulum experiment concluded that people need time to shift between one stimulus and another. How does Wundt's experiment apply to you and me?
Contestants on a game show may not push the buzzer at the exact instant they happen to hear the correct answer. Kids who play freeze tag may not be able to freeze at the exact moment they hear the word "freeze." It takes a few seconds to step on the car brakes after seeing the brake lights on the car in front of you. - ALL ARE EXAMPLES
What does the the story of H.M. demonstrate?
Damage to the hippocampus results in amnesia, long-term memory is severely affected, and short-term memory doesn't work well either.
The _____ says that human behavior is purposeful.
Goal theory
Which is an example of observational learning?
Tamra decides she won't repeat the mistakes she watched her older sister make.
Almost fifty percent of psychologists practice therapy.
True
What is the benefit of deep processing over surface processing?
You'll have a better ability to remember information in the future.
What are similarities between the Rorschach inkblots and the TAT test?
Your interpretations give insights into your personality.
Visualizing a great basketball play and how you'd make a three-point basket is _____.
a way to cope with stress
match the following items
observational learning= learning by watching other people vicarious= learning through the experience of others without actually doing the action bobo doll experiment= an example of modeling aggression motivation to do behavior= requirement for observational learning