Final exam A&P

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

What is the purpose of the nucleus pulposus region of intervertebral discs?

To help absorb vertical shock to the spinal column

Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is NOT correct?

Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

Which of the following often occurs in dancers due to losing balance while standing on their toes?

Fractures of the metatarsals

This type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children

Greenstick

The following is a bone marking on the clavicle that serves as an attachment site.

Impression for the costoclavicular ligament

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of synovial joints?

Include elastic cartilage

What is the function of the interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius?

Joins the shafts of two bones

Which of the following types of bone is the femur

Long bone

Which condition is characterized by an increase or exaggeration of the lumbar curve of the vertebral column

Lordosis

Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?

Nissl body

Which of the following conditions results when the articulate cartilages in a joint degenerate to the point where the bony ends of articulating bones touch?

Osteoarthritis

Which of following is NOT a function of the spinal reflexes that use muscle spindles and tendon organs as sensors?

Protection of spinal nerves

Infants spend approximately 50% of their sleeping time in

REM sleep

Individuals who have Parkinson's disease (PD) ___.

Release deficient amounts of dopamine.

The epiphyseal plate in a long bone is an example of this type of joint.

Synchondrosis

The hip joint is the joint found between

The pelvis and femur

The type of tendon formed when the connective tissue elements of a skeletal muscle extend as a broad flat layer.

aponeurosis

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.

articular cartilage

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol

at the beginning of a contraction

The primary function of the transverse and spinal processes of vertebrae is

attachment site for muscles

Where do all the symphysis joints in the human body occur?

axial skeleton

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?

biceps femoral

Contraction of this muscle presses the cheeks against the teeth and lips as would be observed in whistling, blowing or sucking.

buccinator

An increase in bone growth is promoted by which hormones?

calcitonin and calcitriol

These are extensions of the lacunae and are filled with extracellular fluid.

canaliculi

This is the anterior bone that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.

clavicle

Like other _____, bone tissue contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells.

connective tissues

The brain and spinal cord develop from the ______ neural tube.

ectodermal

A lever is acted on at two different points by two different forces which are called the

effort and load

Motion will occur in a muscle when the ______ supplied exceeds the _______.

effort and load

During adulthood, which of the following does NOT significantly contribute to bone remodeling and growth

epinephrine

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length

epiphyseal plate

Which of the following regions of the brain contain the pineal gland?

epithalamus

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting range of motion of a joint?

eversion

This extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

falx cerebri

An EMG can be used to determine each of the following except

find the precise location of a muscle tumor

Which term or condition in characterized by a loss of muscle tone?

flaccid paralysis

This is a type of movement where there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

flexion

Which of the following muscles is used to flex and abduct the hand at the wrist joint?

flexor carpi radialis

An opening or hole in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass is called a

foramen

Protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it is referred to as a

hernia

In the United States, the two joints that are most commonly replaced by arthroplasty are

hip and knee

This autonomic plexus is located anterior to the fifth lumbar vertebra and serves the pelvic viscera.

hypogastric plexus

Which of the following best describes the condition known as muscular hypertrophy?

increase in diameter of muscle fibers

The thoracic nerves are also called the

intercostals nerves

Which of the following structures contain osteocytes

lacunae

In comparison to the male pelvis, the female pelvis is NOT

larger in the acetabulum

During this period of a twitch contraction, the muscle action potential moves along the sarcolemma of the muscle cell and triggers calcium release into the sarcoplasm.

latent period

Which of the structures listed below is NOT part of the knee joint?

lateral malleolus of fibula

In an isometric contraction the muscle develops tension but does not

lengthen

Which condition is characterized by an increase or exaggeration of the lumbar curve of the vertebral column?

lordosis

An ipsilateral, intersegmental, spinal somatic reflex will most likely control

many flexor and extensor muscles on the same side of the body as the sensor.

The facial bone articulates with teeth

maxillae

What category of receptor cell is used to sense touch, vibration and pressure?

mechanoreceptor

The shaft of the femur angles

medially

Increasing the number of active motor units within a skeletal muscle is called

motor unit recruitment

Which disorder is characterized by involuntary periods of sleep that occur throughout the day?

narcolepsy

Which of the following types of electrical signals allow rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?

nerve action potential

The general process by which bones form is called

ossification

These are considered bone- building cells

osteoblast

The cerebellar cortex consists of folia, which are

parallel folds of gray matter.

Which of the following is NOT a facial bone

parietal

Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm?

phrenic nerve

In this type of synovial joint, a rounded or pointed surface on one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament.

pivot joint

This ligament prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia when the knee is flexed.

posterior cruciate ligament

Which region of the spinal cord carries nerve impulses for proprioception?

posterior white column

Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the shortest axon?

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

The coxal bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the

pubic symphysis

In a neuromuscular junction, the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) binding to receptors on the motor end plate lasts only briefly due to

rapid destruction of ACh in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase.

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of creatine supplementation?

rigor mortis

Flexion and extension usually occur along which plane

sagittal

Flexion and extension usually occur along which plane?

sagittal

The neurocranium gives rise to bones of the

skull

This is the least powerful type of skeletal muscle fiber.

slow oxidative fiber

A condition where the two eyeballs are not properly aligned is referred to as

strabismus

A condition in which a muscle or muscle and tendon is stretched or partially torn is called

strain

Which division of ANS innervates the sweat glands and the hair follicles?

sympathetic

The functional joint classification that a suture joint fits into is

synarthrosis

These cranial bones form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor.

temporal

The union of these two bones forms the zygomatic arch.

temporal and zygomatic

A severed obturator nerve will lead into paralysis of which region of the body?

thigh

Which of the following types of neurons have axons that extend from the brain to the lower motor neurons?

upper motor neurons

Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to changes in membrane potential and is located in axons of all types of neurons.

voltage-gated channels

One function of this long bone structure is the storage of energy in the form of triglycerides.

yellow bone marrow

Which of the following types of adrenergic receptors are found on cardiac muscle fibers where their activation stimulates increased force and rate of contraction of the heart?

β1-adrenergic

A Condyloid Joint

(All of these choices) is also called an ellipsoidal joint/ is considered to be biaxial/ allows both flexion-extension and abduction-addiction of the joint/ can be found in the wrist

A polarized cell

(All of these) Has a charge imbalance across its membrane, includes most cells of the body, and exhibits a membrane potential.

The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum is classified as

(all of these) A synchondrosis, synarthrosis, and cartilaginous joint

Which of the following are commonly used to produce ATP during skeletal muscle contraction?

(all of these) creatine phosphate, anaerobic cellular respiration, and aerobic cellular respiration

The different types of muscle tissue differ from each other by

(all of these) microscopic anatomy, location,and type of control

Bursae are saclike structures that are commonly found between bone and

(all of these) skin, muscles, ligaments, and tendons

This type of joint lacks a joint cavity and is held together by a fibrous connective tissue. 1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints

1 only

How many named bones are found in the adult human skeleton

206

Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability?

All of these; Muscle cells and Neurons

The deltoid tuberosity of the humerus is found

Along the middle region of the shaft

Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by 1. increasing activities in effector tissue. 2. decreasing activities in effector tissue. 3. changing the direction of impulse conduction across synapses.

Both 1 and 2

Which process on the femur serves as an attachment point for tendons of several thigh muscles

Both gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera

Chromatolysis refers to

Break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury.

Which of the following two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing

Calcium and phosphorus

Which of following bones is NOT tarsal bone

Capitate

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the skeletal system

Carcinogens is

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton

Carpals

This is the shaft of a long bone

Diaphysis

Why does a fracture of the clavicle usually occur in the mid-region of the bone?

Due to weakness at the junction of the two curves of clavicle

How many phalanges are in each hand?

14

In skeletal muscles, the combined amounts of creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough energy for the muscle to contract maximally for approximately

15 seconds

The skull begins to develop during the _____ week after fertilization.

fourth

A period of sustained skeletal muscle contraction in which individual twitches cannot be detected is called

fused tetanus

Hypersecretion of human growth hormone during childhood results in

giantism

This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells.

gray matter