Final Exam - Blood Vessels
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ______. A) decreased size of the heart muscle B) increased incidence of coronary artery disease C) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium D) increased work of the left ventricle
A
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) falling blood volume B) rising blood volume C) increasing heart rate D) increasing stroke volume E) all of these
A
Brain blood flow autoregulation ______. A) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist B) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons C) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure D) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level
A
Factors that aid venous return include all except ______. A) urinary output B) venous valves C) activity of skeletal muscles D) pressure changes in the thorax
A
In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ______. A) is the same as capillary blood pressure B) is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure C) and osmotic pressure are the same D) generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries
A
Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ______. A) the dural sinus reflex B) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers C) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide D) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction
A
Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ______. A) sinusoids B) thoroughfare channels C) anastomoses D) fenestrations
A
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ______. A) muscular arteries B) arterioles C) elastic arteries D) capillaries
A
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) changes in arterial pressure B) a decrease in carbon dioxide C) a decrease in oxygen levels D) an increase in oxygen levels
A
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? A) lungs B) heart C) kidney D) liver
A
Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion? A) blood clotting B) absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract C) gas exchange in the lungs D) delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells
A
Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? A) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium B) left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava C) superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle D) right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle
A
Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate? A) the vessel selected to palpate B) postural changes C) activity D) emotions
A
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant D) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
A
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A) emotional state B) cardiac output C) blood volume D) peripheral resistance
A
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A) blood vessel diameter B) blood viscosity C) blood vessels type D) total blood vessel length
A
Which of the following is true about veins? A) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs. B) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall. C) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time. D) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.
A
Which statement best describes arteries? A) All carry blood away from the heart. B) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. C) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. D) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
A
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ______. A) myocardium of the heart B) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm C) left upper arm D) left side of the head and neck
B
Aldosterone will ______. A) promote a decrease in blood volume B) promote an increase in blood pressure C) result in a larger output of urine D) decrease sodium reabsorption
B
Histologically, the ______ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A) tunica adventitia B) tunica intima C) tunica externa D) tunica media
B
If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow? A) no B) not necessarily C) yes
B
Peripheral resistance ______. A) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel B) increases as blood viscosity increases C) increases as blood vessel diameter increases D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
B
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ______. A) stress B) arteriosclerosis C) smoking D) obesity
B
The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ______. A) venules B) arterioles C) elastic arteries D) muscular arteries
B
The term ductus venosus refers to ______. A) a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs B) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver C) damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins D) a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity
B
The velocity of blood flow is ______. A) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter B) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest C) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter D) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
B
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic pressure only B) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure C) plasma and formed element concentration D) blood volume and viscosity
B
Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? A) atrial natriuretic peptide B) nitric acid C) ADH D) angiotensin II
B
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) renal regulation C) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes D) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes
B
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ______. A) ADH B) skin temperature C) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms D) the hypothalamic "thermostat"
C
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ______. A) 150/90 B) 130/80 C) 90/55 D) 120/80
C
Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is relatively constant through all body organs. B) It is greatest where resistance is highest. C) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output. D) It is measured in mm Hg.
C
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ______. A) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally B) always fatal C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea D) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis
C
The most common type of blood capillary is the ______. A) sinusoidal capillary B) distributing capillary C) continuous capillary D) fenestrated capillary
C
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? A) fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum B) ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres C) ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis D) ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis
C
Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A) Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle. B) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream. C) Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure. D) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them.
C
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) Blood flow to the kidneys increases. B) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. D) The skin will be cold and clammy.
C
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica intima B) tunica externa C) tunica media D) tunica adventitia
C
Blood flow to the skin ______. A) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH B) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells C) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze D) increases when environmental temperature rises
D
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ______. A) arterioles B) veins C) arteries D) capillaries
D
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. B) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure. C) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. D) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
D
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ______. A) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter B) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary C) the only factor that influences resistance D) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
D
The pulse pressure is ______. A) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure C) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) D) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
D
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers B) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors C) chemoreceptors D) altering blood volume
D
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. B) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. C) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. D) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
D
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 140/90 in a 70-year-old woman B) 110/60 in a 20-year-old woman C) 120/80 in a 30-year-old man D) 170/96 in a 50-year-old man
D
Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries? A) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. B) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food. C) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. D) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.
D
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) cold, clammy skin B) rapid, thready pulse C) increased heart rate D) rapidly falling blood pressure
D
Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? A) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. B) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. C) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. D) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.
D
Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide B) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content C) a local increase in histamine D) a local increase in pH
D
Blood islands are embryonic cells from which germ cell layer?
Mesoderm
Arterial ______ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ.
anastomoses
The ______ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure.
baroreceptors
The internal carotid arteries supply the ______ with blood.
brain
A family of peptides called ______ are released by the endothelium and are among the most potent vasoconstrictors known.
endothelins
The most common form of shock is ______.
hypovolemic
The type of circulatory shock due to abnormal expansion of blood vessels and a rapid drop in blood pressure is ______.
vascular