Final Exam Chapters 23 - 28

The counterculture of the 1960s can best be described as: a) a rejection of mainstream values. b) a quest for group identity. c) a movement that condemned drug use. d) a movement that emphasized the ideal of conformity. e) a movement that rejected consumer culture

a) a rejection of mainstream values.

The Gulf of Tonkin resolution: a) authorized the president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Vietnam. b) authorized the president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Cuba. c) was a formal declaration of war. d) called for an immediate end to the hostilities in Southeast Asia. e) had little Senate support at the time.

a) authorized the president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Vietnam

The Cuban Missile Crisis: a) brought the United States and the Soviets to the brink of nuclear war. b) brought the United States into Vietnam. c) revolved around the placement of missiles in the Soviet Union. d) revolved around the placement of missiles in the United States. e) occurred when Cuba threatened to attack the United States.

a) brought the United States and the Soviets to the brink of nuclear war.

The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision: a) created a woman's constitutional right to an abortion. b) was the least controversial piece of the rights revolution. c) provoked little opposition. d) declared school prayer was unconstitutional. e) legalized birth control.

a) created a woman's constitutional right to an abortion.

The impact of the Cold War on American culture was

a) especially evident in the movies.

The Great Society: a) included Lyndon Johnson's crusade to end poverty in America. b) was John F. Kennedy's initiative to end poverty in America. c) promised a guaranteed income for all Americans. d) was seen as impossible to achieve. e) included a national health insurance plan for all Americans.

a) included Lyndon Johnson's crusade to end poverty in America.

Between 1946 and 1960, the American gross national product: a) more than doubled, and wages increased. b) declined as wages stagnated. c) stayed about the same. d) returned to prewar levels. e) increased so dramatically that poverty was completely eliminated.

a) more than doubled, and wages increased.

The Equal Rights Amendment: a) passed Congress but failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states. b) passed Congress and was ratified by the required 38 states. c) had the support of all American women. d) had little support from American men. e) was supported by Phyllis Schlafly

a) passed Congress but failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states.

In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which: a) prohibited both racial and sexual discrimination in employment and public institutions. b) prohibited only racial discrimination in employment and public institutions. c) prohibited only sexual discrimination in employment and public institutions. d) was passed over President Johnson's veto. e) had the full support of Congress.

a) prohibited both racial and sexual discrimination in employment and public institutions.

The "Iron Curtain":

a) separated the free West from the communist East.

In Brown v. Board of Education, what was Thurgood Marshall's main argument before the Supreme Court? a) that segregation did lifelong damage to black children, undermining their self-esteem b) that Plessy v. Ferguson was an outdated ruling that needed to be updated c) that the time had come to implement the promises of Reconstruction d) that the white, southern politicians did not adequately provide for black schools, thereby violating the "but equal" part of the Plessy ruling e) that children ought to attend the school that is closest to them, and Linda Brown lived within a mile of the "white" school and should be able to attend that school

a) that segregation did lifelong damage to black children, undermining their self-esteem

During the Bay of Pigs invasion: a) the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) failed to topple Fidel Castro's regime. b) Eisenhower suspended trade with Cuba. c) the CIA restored Fulgencio Batista to power. d) a popular uprising of anti-Castro Cubans toppled Castro's regime. e) Fidel Castro nationalized American landholdings.

a) the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) failed to topple Fidel Castro's regime.

After World War II, the only nation that could rival the United States was:

a) the Soviet Union.

In his 1961 farewell address, President Eisenhower warned Americans about: a) the military-industrial complex. b) the rise of organized crime. c) the increase in juvenile delinquency. d) environmental hazards. e) the slow pace of the civil rights movement.

a) the military-industrial complex.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott: a) was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat up to a white man. b) did not succeed in desegregating the public buses. c) propelled Thurgood Marshall into the national spotlight as a leader in the civil rights movement. d) marked the end of the civil rights movement. e) lasted less than two weeks.

a) was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat up to a white man.

The Freedom Rides: a) were launched by CORE and led the Interstate Commerce Commission to order buses and terminals desegregated. b) were ignored by southern law enforcement. c) had little effect on segregation in the South. d) were successful only in the North. e) were the journeys made by blacks as part of their mass migration to the North.

a) were launched by CORE and led the Interstate Commerce Commission to order buses and terminals desegregated.

Chicano farm workers found a powerful advocate in: a) the bracero program. b) Cesar Chavez. c) Mario Savio. d) Carlos Bulosan. e) the Border Patrol.

b) Cesar Chavez.

Johnson's War on Poverty included all of the following programs EXCEPT: a) Head Start. b) a jobs program for unemployed Americans. c) VISTA, a domestic Peace Corps. d) the Office of Economic Opportunities. e) food stamps.

b) a jobs program for unemployed Americans.

Organized labor emerged as: a) a vocal critic of McCarthyism. b) a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War. c) a radical wing of the Communist Party. d) a militant group willing to fight the Red Scare. e) the best informants for the FBI and HUAC.

b) a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War.

The free speech movement: a) failed in its efforts to establish free speech on college campuses. b) began in Berkeley to protest a campus ban on political literature. c) began in Los Angeles to protest a campus ban on political literature. d) began in Port Huron to protest a campus ban on political literature. e) had little support among college-age students at the time.

b) began in Berkeley to protest a campus ban on political literature.

William Levitt, coupled with the GI Bill, gave many Americans the opportunity to a) get an education. b) buy a home. c) buy a gray flannel suit. d) buy a car. e) advance within the military.

b) buy a home.

During the Eisenhower administration, United States-Soviet relations: a) were made worse with the introduction of the policy of massive retaliation. b) improved somewhat after the end of the Korean War and the death of Stalin. c) stayed about the same as those experienced during the Truman years. d) worsened considerably after the death of Stalin. e) improved immensely after the end of the Korean War.

b) improved somewhat after the end of the Korean War and the death of Stalin.

To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant: a) first and foremost a moral condition. b) individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism. c) using government as a vehicle for social reform, ensuring an equal distribution of wealth. d) what it did in the late eighteenth century—the right to own property and to vote. e) racial equality and the end of a segregated society.

b) individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

The Dixiecrats:

b) opposed desegregation in the South.

The Housing Act of 1949: a) set a high income ceiling for eligibility. b) reinforced the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods. c) ended the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods. d) allowed growing numbers of blacks to move to the suburbs. e) paired with urban renewal programs made American cities more diverse and prosperous.

b) reinforced the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" declared that: a) the civil rights movement had become too violent and had to stop. b) the white moderate had to put aside his fear of disorder and commit to racial justice. c) the federal government was solely responsible for the violence in the South. d) the white clergy in the South had done a tremendous job at fighting Jim Crow. e) he was abandoning his policy of civil disobedience and peaceful demonstration.

b) the white moderate had to put aside his fear of disorder and commit to racial justice.

In response to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas: a) violence broke out, but President Eisenhower refused to send federal troops. b) violence broke out, and President Eisenhower sent in federal troops. c) high schools across the South became desegregated immediately. d) Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to protect the black students from angry whites. e) Governor Orval Faubus requested that federal troops be sent into Little Rock to end the violence.

b) violence broke out, and President Eisenhower sent in federal troops.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference: a) was a coalition of white southerners who resisted desegregation. b) was a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists who fought for desegregation. c) worked primarily on the local level. d) did not seek federal assistance. e) had the support of all southern congressmen.

b) was a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists who fought for desegregation.

According to the policy of containment, as laid out by George Kennan, the:

c) United States was committed to preventing the spread of communism.

In his "Long Telegram" from Moscow, George Kennan:

c) argued that the United States should prevent the spread of communism.

NSC-68:

c) called for a massive increase in U.S. military forces.

The 1965 Voting Rights Act: a) banned discrimination at national party conventions. b) empowered local officials to supervise voter registration. c) empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration. d) was vetoed by President Johnson. e) was proposed but never passed by Congress.

c) empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration.

By 1968, the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam: a) was less than in 1965. b) was decreasing as the peace process accelerated. c) exceeded half a million as the war became more brutal. d) was reduced, as President Johnson considered running for another term. e) was of little concern to most Americans.

c) exceeded half a million as the war became more brutal.

What do the authors of NSC-68 identify as the "most contagious idea in history"? a) communism b) fascism c) freedom d) consumerism e) democracy

c) freedom

The impact of the Cold War on the civil rights movement: a) was quite limited at the time. b) was beneficial because the Urban League accepted communists into its ranks. c) included government action against black leaders. d) caused the NAACP to enlist the aid of the Soviets. e) brought wider support for civil rights from southern Democrats who wanted to fight communism.

c) included government action against black leaders.

Malcolm X: a) supported integration efforts. b) worked with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. c) insisted that blacks have economic and political autonomy. d) felt that the Black Power movement went too far. e) was inspired by the efforts of Booker T. Washington earlier in the twentieth century.

c) insisted that blacks have economic and political autonomy.

The Marshall Plan:

c) offered economic assistance to noncommunist governments.

The Southern Manifesto: a) rejected massive resistance. b) argued that southern states should not fly the Confederate flag over state capitol buildings. c) repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. d) argued that the Brown v. Board of Education decision reinforced southern customs and traditions. e) argued that the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional.

c) repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled in Loving v. Virginia that: a) suspects could refuse to cooperate with police. b) local elections could be monitored by federal officials. c) state laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional. d) those in police custody had certain rights. e) school prayer was unconstitutional.

c) state laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional.

As a result of the Montgomery boycott in 1955-1956: a) blacks won the right to attend the school of their choice. b) the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was legal. c) the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal. d) African-American women became less involved in the civil rights movement. e) Rosa Parks was sent to jail for over a year.

c) the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal.

When Birmingham police chief Bull Connor used nightsticks, high-pressure hoses, and attack dogs on young civil rights protesters: a) there was little public response. b) there was a public outcry only in the North. c) there was a wave of revulsion globally. d) President Kennedy abandoned his support for the civil rights movement. e) U.S. attorney general Robert Kennedy asked Martin Luther King Jr. to stop the protests.

c) there was a wave of revulsion globally.

President Eisenhower used the CIA to overthrow which Middle Eastern government in the early 1950s, in large part because this government attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields? a) Iraq b) Egypt c) Israel d) Iran e) Saudi Arabia

d) Iran

Which statement best describes how the white South reacted to the Brown v. Board of Education decision? a) In opposition to integration, white southerners often burned down schools. b) While the general public was outraged, southern congressional politicians supported the Supreme Court's decisions. c) Southerners worked closely with the NAACP, cooperating when they could to integrate schools. d) Some states closed the public schools, rather than integrate, and offered white children the choice to opt out of integrated schools. e) Southerners took it in stride, recognizing that the time had come for change.

d) Some states closed the public schools, rather than integrate, and offered white children the choice to opt out of integrated schools.

In 1948, Eleanor Roosevelt chaired a committee to draft the

d) Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

During Freedom Summer: a) very few white college students participated. b) only black civil rights activists participated in the voter registration campaign. c) signers of the Southern Manifesto launched a campaign against integration. d) a coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi. e) there was little violence.

d) a coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi.

After the Stonewall riot: a) gay men and lesbians divided into two separate political movements. b) the gay liberation movement came to an end. c) prejudice against lesbians ended. d) a militant gay liberation movement was born. e) prejudice against gay men ended.

d) a militant gay liberation movement was born.

After World War II, the automobile: a) declined in use, and the Midwest suffered economically. b) became a status symbol only for the wealthy. c) remained a luxury, not a necessity of life. d) altered the American landscape. e) was replaced by the train as the preferred method of transportation.

d) altered the American landscape.

The McCarran-Walter Act: a) removed immigration quotas based on nationality. b) made immigration law much more flexible. c) recognized the need for political asylum. d) authorized the deportation of communists, even if they were naturalized citizens. e) was supported by President Truman.

d) authorized the deportation of communists, even if they were naturalized citizens.

The McCarran Internal Security Act:

d) barred "totalitarians" from entering the United States.

During the 1950s, television: a) effectively spread images of working-class life to a growing number of Americans. b) tried to replace newspapers as the most common source of information but failed. c) became the nation's least favorite form of leisure activity. d) became an effective advertising medium. e) presented shows that were controversial.

d) became an effective advertising medium.

The Korean War:

d) ended in a stalemate.

The 1960 presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon: a) was broadcast only on the radio. b) allowed Nixon to demonstrate his best qualities, thus winning the debate. c) showed Kennedy to be an ineffective speaker, and thus he lost. d) highlighted the impact of television on political campaigns. e) was little noticed at the time.

d) highlighted the impact of television on political campaigns.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952 in part because he: a) pledged to use nuclear weapons in the Korean War. b) promised to dismantle the New Deal. c) supported civil rights. d) manifested a public image of fatherly warmth. e) promised to cut highway construction spending.

d) manifested a public image of fatherly warmth

President Truman's civil rights plan called for all of the following EXCEPT:

d) reparations.

All of the following statements about the Cold War's impact on American life are true EXCEPT:

e) Cold War military spending weakened the economy.

All of the following contributed to the emergence of the civil rights movement of the 1950s EXCEPT: a) the mass migration out of the South to the North beginning in World War I. b) the destabilization of the racial system during World War II. c) the Cold War, which demanded that the rhetoric of democracy be practiced in America. d) the rise of independent states in the Third World. e) President Truman's refusal to desegregate the military.

e) President Truman's refusal to desegregate the military.

The National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for all of the following EXCEPT: a) an end on the mass media's false image of women. b) equal job opportunities for women. c) equal educational opportunities. d) equal opportunities in politics. e) an end to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

e) an end to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles's policy of massive retaliation: a) was part of the effort to rely more on conventional forces. b) eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. c) calmed the American public's fear of nuclear war. d) applied only to communist China. e) declared that any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union.

e) declared that any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union.

In 1948, the Soviets began the Berlin Blockade:

e) in response to the creation of West Germany.

The ability to influence the world with American goods and popular culture is called: a) hard power. b) coercive power. c) persuasive power. d) cultural power. e) soft power.

e) soft power.

All of the following are enactments of the policy of containment EXCEPT:

e) the Warsaw Pact

Why did Eisenhower intervene in Vietnam? a) to prevent the Japanese from colonizing Vietnam b) to support Ho Chi Minh's nationalist movement c) to prevent the French from restoring colonial rule d) to support the Vietnamese people in their opposition to colonial rule e) to prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist nation

e) to prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist nation

During the postwar suburban boom, African-Americans: a) experienced little, if any, discrimination, especially in the North. b) were encouraged to move into communities like Levittown, New York. c) were discriminated against only in the South. d) received special treatment if they were veterans. e) were often unable to receive either private or public financing for housing.

e) were often unable to receive either private or public financing for housing.