Final Exam English

India's Classical Age 400-1100

- Was preceded by many important political and religious events that laid the groundwork for the flowering of Indian culture and the arts during the classical age - By the start of the Common Era, India (which had already seen its share of empires rise and fall) was a well defined cultural entity within Asia, one characterized by its religious tolerance and its social diversity. India remained a highly socially stratified society though, with social position defined by a caste system - Eastern Literature is 5000 yrs older than Western Literature

Alexandr Sergejevic Puskin

1. Created the modern Russian language 2. Mastered a wide range of genres: classical odes, romantic poems, love and political verse, historical drama, novels in verse, realist prose, novellas and short stories, fairy tales, travel journals, etc. 3. He set the tone for future greats - 1st time social issued addressed Russian lit - became central ideas in works by other great Russian authors: suffering of a humble individual of low rank, confrontation between an exceptional character and society, painful choice between duty and personal happiness, loner's rebellion against the system. 4. Created an encyclopedia of Russian life - emerged as a national writer in 1833 and did comprehensive coverage of the country's life and culture at the time 5. Precision and the illusion of simplicity were his hallmarks: vivid images conveyed with just two or three words, imprinting them in the reader's mind, an illusion of spontaneity to precise use of language, notes show he meticulously crafted every time 6. He was a daring bon vivant: reputation soared after his dead, sense of humor, relished sneakingg swear words into his verse, scathing epigrams often targeted at high ranking officials like problems with authorities and duel challenges, etc Epigram - a concise poem pointedly and often stirically with a single thought or event ending with an ingenious turn of thought...a ters, sage, or witty and often paradoxical saying 7. He suffered for the truth - exiled for 3 yrs (1820 to 23) for revolutionary and often blasphemous verse 8. He wrote timeless love poems - formulated a rule of courting that still regularly referenced in Russia 9. He was discussed and admired by great writers 10. He became a soviet cult figure

The real DUNCAN and MACBETH

1. Duncan was the king of Scotland at the time the real Macbeth was born 2. Duncan was 38 at the time of his murder - a murder possibly committed by the real Macbeth 3. Macbeth was elected High King of Scotland in 1040 4. Macbeth rules Scotland for 17 yrs during which time Scotland had become comparatively peaceful and stable 5. Duncan's son, Malcom, invaded Scotland in 1054, supported by Edward the Confessor 6. Macbeth was killed on Aug. 15, 1057 and buried at Iona, the sacred burial place of the Kings of Scotland

18 novel facts about War and Peace

1. The first installment of Tolstoy's work - The Year 1805 - appeared in the journal, Russian Messenger, in Feb. 1865. Serializing a work of fiction was common....the stark title indicated the year in which his story and the rumblings of revolution took place. Following this was another story, All's Well That Ends Well. The Original Title Was The Year 1805!!!! 2. Tolstoy was inspired by the Decembrists' Revolt of 1825. Tolstoy imagined War and Peace to be a trilogy ending with the overthrowing of the Tzar by the Decembrists. 1st book = officer's lives and ideological development during the Napoleonic wars, 2nd = the failed uprising, 3rd = the officer's during their exile and eventual return from Siberia. Uprisings = seminal moment in Russian history when Western ideals clashed with traditionally Russian Ideals. 3. His wife was invaluable to his writing process. Sofya would sit with him and recopy his words so it was neater and edit it. 4. Sofya was also shrewd about the business side and urged him to earn more through his writing. 5. Tolstoy based many characters on his family members. 6. Friends and family helped with his research 7. It took him a year to write the opening scene. 8. Tolstoy was constantly revising war and peace. 9. He fought for big pay and got it. 10. It appeared in Russian Messenger at the same time as another masterpiece....Crime and Punishment 11. Critics were bewildered. In dramatizing history with such scope and detail, Tolstoy had taken a massive leap towards modern historical novels. History, Tolstoy believed, is the chronicle of individual lives, and fiction is the best way to reveal those lives. 12. It presented a revolution in narrative perspective. 13. He wrote a defense against critics for his book. 14. It took a toll on his health. 15. Military minds praised the battle scenes. He served as an artillery officer during the Crimean war and went into great detail putting effort into these scenes. 16. Tolstoy wasn't much of a war and peace fan. 17. The Soviet film adaptation of the work was appropriately epic. 18. Russia recently held a 60 hour long live reading.

Introduction has 5 functions

1. introduces subject 2. states/implies purpose 3. establishes tone 4. captures interest 5. presents main idea in THESIS STATEMENT *thesis - sentences that states the main idea and makes purpose of essay clear *tone - show clear attitude towards subject *to capture interest - unusual fact (s), questions, humor, etc.

Creation Hymn

1. non existence - chaos and evil - existence - order and truth 2. Existence - conceived as bond rooted in nonexistence 3. Creation begins with desire - Poets articulate bond between existence and nonexistance

Architectural aspects

1. temples, stadiums 2. the house of masks 3. theatre of dionysus

Reading Pointers for Oedipus Rex

1. the role of dramatic irony in the play 2. the emergence of the following themes, concepts, and questions: - sin and retribution - divine justice - do people deserve what happens to them and do the gods allow it? - what characteristics make a good ruler? - the search for one's own identity is universal - complete control of one's own fate is not possible - in life, suffering is inevitable, but wisdom can be gained through it - there exists a need to search for truth - what is the value of human intellect? 3. the conventions of greek drama: - use of masks with wigs attached - the chorus, which would sing in verse and dance - multiple roles played by same actor

Rabindranath Tagore

1861-1941 1st non European Nobel Prize Winner Wrote The Gift, Baby's World, Patience, and Where The Mind Is Without Fear "Unity in Diversity" "Bard of Bengal" - extraordinary combo of language and themes - nature links with Man - wrote Cycles - Fragments create natural whole - Theme - lost innocence of humanity joined with nature create a man's freedom - writings reshaped and reconstructed modern Bengali

Discussion

A conversation where people share information. They both might not have the same info, but they agree with one another. It can include a disagreement as well, but when no one feels they need to convince the other. This can lead to an argument when people use evidence and reasoning to convince the other.

tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

Why do you think Shakespeare chose to end the line with an unstressed syllable? (A "feminine ending?") What does that tell us about how Macbeth feels about "tomorrow?"

Because he is trying to create a different effect with his words, or maybe a fading effect. I think that he uses tomorrow as three words, and he wanted to make it seem like it was fading into an echo.

The Ghost of Banquo joins the banquet; he takes the seat of Macbeth. Why does he look so grisly 1 ? (lines 27-28)

Because he was murdered just a little while ago.

Groundlings

poorest members of the audience paid one penny to stand in the pit

Lines 59-72: Lady M's plan?

Duncan's journey will leave him tired, and she will get his servants drunk. This will leave them confused and forgetful and they will fall asleep. That is when they can take Duncan and blame his servants.

Verbal Phrase A phrase that is centered around a verb form Not used as a verb Noun, adj, adv....

Gerund A group of words beginning with a gerund and followed most often by modifiers, direct objects, and or prepositional phrases. Functions as the subject of a sentence As the DO of the sentence Participle Is a group of words consisting of a participle and modifiers and or DOs, IOs, and or prepositional phrases. The participle phrase functions as an adjective modifying Jack. - Removing his coat, Jack rushed to the river. The participle phrase functions as an adjective modifying cousin. - Delores noticed her cousin walking along the shoreline. Dangling Participle In order to prevent confusion, a participle phrase, must be placed as close to the encounter it modifies as possible, and the noun must be clearly stated. Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. - foot carrying the books? Revise it: Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot. On a step. Infinitive A group of words consisting of an infinitive followed most often by modifiers, DO, and or prepositional phrases. To + verb

Verbals: Is it a VERB or VERBAL?? You have to see how the word is being used. In both cases, the word looks like a verb, but if it's used as something other than a verb, it is a verbal. Vebals are verb forms (word that look like verbs or could be verbs in other sentences) that are used as one of the following: N ADJ ADV A verbals can never be the verb of the sentence Looks like a verb, but acts like a noun, adjective, adverb.

Gerund: Verbal acting like a noun, and always ends in -ing. Ms.B is sitting (in the chair) (eating pretzels.) S. V. ADV. ADJ Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences Sub They do not appreciate singing DO Not - adverb My cat's favorite activity is sleeping Pred Nom The police arrested him for speeding Obj of Prep Standing in heels is a superpower. S. LV. PN Ms.B is standing in heels while writing on the board. S. V. Adv Ph. Clause (Subordinate) Ms.B standing in heels is tired. S. Participle Ph. PA Participles: Verb acting like an adjective, always ending in -ing, -d, -ed, -n, -en, -nt. The crying baby had a wet diaper. Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car. The burning log fell off the fire. Smiling she hugged the dog. Infinitive: Verb that acts as a noun adjective and adverb, always in to + verb. To wait seemed foolish when action was required. Subj Everyone wanted to go. DO His ambition to fly. Pred. Noun He lacked the strength to resist. Adj We must study to learn. Adv

Gitanjali

Gitanjali is a collection of poems - the original Bengali collection of 157 poems was published on August 14 1910. The English gitanjali or song offering is a collection of 103 English poems of Tagore's own English translations of his Bengali poems first published in November 1912 by the India society of london. It contained translations of 53 poems from the original Bengali Gitanjali, as we, as 50 other poems which were his drama Achalayatan and eight other books of poetry-mainly Gitimalya(17 poems), Naivedya (15 poems) and Kheya (11 poems). In 1913 Tagore became the first non European to win the nobel prize for literature largely dor for the english Gitanjali. It became famous in the west and was widely translated The word gitanjali is composed from gita (song) and anjali ( offering) so it means offering of song; anjali has a strong devotional connotation, so the title may also be interpreted as prayer offering of song

Lines 48-53: What is Macbeth saying? He is comparing the new Prince of Cumberland as a step.

He is saying that he would have to take a step over him or give up.

Soliloquy by Macbeth...

He is saying that it would be best to do everything quickly and he doesn't mind doing it, but there will be punishments for such actions.

Lines 12 - 15: Duncan is talking about Cawdor...what is he saying? What does this say about Duncan?

He is saying that there is now way to trust a man by looking at his face, and that he trusted Cawdor completely.

Why is Macduff's speech in lines 3 - 8 ironic?

He is saying that they can't mourn and need to fight even though meanwhile he should be mourning since his wife and kids are dead.

What lie does Mac tell B?

He says that he hasn't thought of the witches at all.

How does Mac indicate what he really feels?

He says that he isn't scared of death, he has lived long enough, and he is sick at heart.

What has happened the moment before Macbeth begins this speech, and how might that influence how it is spoken?

His wife just died, and this could have made him say the lines with a saddened tone and make him sound like he is saying everything with a sigh

Greek Theatre

Honored Dionysus - religious Theatrical culture that flourished in ancient greece Goat song -->tragedy Types - comedy (mockery), tragedy (loss, pride, love, etc.), Satyr plays (comedy dramas Structure of tragedies - protagonist commits a sin and regrets it, world crumbles around him, leads to his downfall Impacts - the reason we have theatre today - helped develop traditions of greek theatre - tragic comic masks, costumes, mocking men in power

Rig Veda: Creation Hymn and Night - take notes

Hymns that appear later in the Rig Veda diverge from this pattern by speculating about the purpose and creation of the universe. A hymn is a poem or song of praise. ... "Creation Hymn" and "Night" both involve mysteries of nature, but they approach their uncertainties from different angles. Creation Hymn lets us experiment and interpret creation for ourselves - neither non existence nor existence then... Night talks about the darkness of Night (goddess) and how it takes over everything after her sister dusk and before her sister dawn

From the Panchatantra

Numskull and the Rabbit

The prophecy

Oedipus married his mother and had children with her He didnt know that the man that he had murdered was his father He did not know his wife and mother of his kids, was his mother

Birth

Oedipus was the child of Laius and Jocasta, the rulers of Thebes Eager for future knowledge, Laius went to a fortune teller and came upon unwelcome news Oedipus was destined to murder his father and marry his mother Appalled, the parents of the newborn gave him to a herdsmen to have him killed A spike was driven through Oedipus' ankles and he was left to die

1604

Official Act of Parliament, anyone found guilty of practicing witchcraft should be executed

Lady Macbeth tells her husband he "must leave this" in line 36. What strong metaphor does Macbeth use to describe his mental state? (lines 37 -38)

Oh, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife!

Unfortunate encounter

On his way, he came across a carriage heading the opposite directions The driver struck Oedipus to move out of the way Enraged, he fought, and killed the driver and Laius Fulfilled half the prophecy One servant survived ----blind dude

The Story of Samudra Matha:

Once Indra - the King of Gods, while riding on an elephant came across Durvasa Muni who offered him a special garland. Indra accepted the garland but put in on the trunk of the elephant. The elephant was irritated by the smell and it threw the garland on the floor. This enraged the sage as the garland was a dwelling of Sri (fortune) and was to be treated as prasada. Durvasa Muni cursed Indra and all devas to be bereft of all strength, energy, and fortune. In battles that followed this incident, devas were defeated and asuras (demons) led by Bali gained control of the universe. Devas sought help from Lord Vishnu who advised them to treat asuras in a diplomatic manner. Devas formed an alliance with asuras to jointly churn the ocean for the nectar of immortality and to share it among them. Lord Vishu told Devas that we would arrange that they alone obtain the nectar. The Churning of the Ocean The churning of the milk - ocean was an elaborate process. Mount Mandara was used as churning rod and Vasuki, the King of Serpents, became the churning rope. Lord Vishnu himself had to intercede in so many ways to aid the Devas. All kinds of herbs were cast into the ocean and many great beings and objects were produced from the ocean and were divided between asuras and gods. It is said that following things emerged from the Samudra Manthan Sura or Varuni - Goddess and creator of wine Apsaras - various divine nymphs Kaustubha - a rare diamond said to be the most valuable jewel in the world Uchhaishravas - the divine white horse Kalpavriksha - the wish-granting tree Kamadhenu - the wish fulfilling cow Airavata - the white elephant Lakshmi - the Goddess of Fortune and Wealth. Vishnu and Her were reunited after having been separated for many ages. Haalaa-Hala - the Poison During the Sagar Manthan by the gods and demons, haalaa-hala, a pot of poison also came out of the ocean. This terrified the Gods and demons as the poison was so toxic that it effects would have wiped out the entire creation. On the advice of Lord Vishnu, Gods approached Lord Shiva for help and protection as only he could swallow it without being affected. On the request of gods and out of compassion for living beings, Lord Shiva drank the poison. However, Parvati - Lord Shiva's consort pressed his neck so that the poison does not reach his stomach. Thus, it stayed in his throat neither going up nor going down and Shiva remained unharmed. The poison was so potent that it changed the color of Lord Mahadeva's neck to blue. For this reason, Lord Shiva is also called Neelakantha (the blue-necked one) where 'Neela' means blue and 'Kantha' means neck or throat. As part of the therapy, doctors advised gods to keep Lord Shiva awake during the night. Thus, Gods kept a vigil in contemplation of Lord Shiva. To amuse Shiva and to keep him awake, the gods took turn performing various dances and playing music. As the day broke out, Lord Shiva, pleased with their devotion blessed them all. Shivaratri is the celebration of this event by which Shiva saved the world. Since then, on this day and night - devotees fast, keep vigil, sing glories of Lord and meditate. Churning Out Divine Nectar At last, Dhanvantari - the Divine Physician appeared with a pot of Amrita (nectar of immortality) in his skilful hands. Fierce fighting ensued between devas and asuras for the nectar. To protect the nectar from asuras, devas hid the pot of nectar at four places on the earth - Prayag (Allahabad), Haridwar, Ujjain and Nasik. At each of these places, a drop of the nectar spilled from the pot and since then, it is believed that these places acquired mystical power. Grand Kumbh Mela is celebrated at the four places after every 12 year for this reason. Eventually, Lord Vishnu took the form of a beautiful woman, Mohini. While her beauty bewildered the asuras, Mohini seized the nectar and returned it to the Devas, who drank it immediately.

The truth comes out

One a drunken public feast night Oedipus discovers the truth A drunk man shouts to him that he had no idea who his biological father was Furious, Oedipus set off to the fortune teller to discover the names of his real parents

The story of oedipus hero's journey

Ordinary world - living a good life as the prince of corinth Call to adventure - drunk dude said Oedipus's "parents" are not his real parents Refusal of the call - goes to Oracle of Delphi to find the truth Meeting the mentor - kill father and sleep with mother Crossing the threshold - not fulfill prophecy Tests, allies, enemies - kills dad Approach to the inmost cave - sphinx approachal Ordeal - solves riddle, sphinx commits suicide, Thebes is saved Reward - he is king of Thebes The road back - becomes king and rules like a boss Resurrection - plague and learns the truth Return with the elixir - everyone in his family dies Main three - separation, return, initiation

Greek Chrous

Parodos - follows the prologue and marks entrance of the chorus....chorus is responsible for introduction, exposing central drama, and creating mood...chorus is a main character in Sophocles' plays and interacts with characters. Choragus (leader) speaks for the whole chorus. Chorus important for structural and practical reasons....amplified expression 1. To provide a passage in time 2. To express public opinioen 3. Exposition - to explain th action and fill info 4. To establish mood and comment on significance of action

The role of poetics in teh classical period

Poetics - the study of aesthetics through reflection on theories of art and its aims - took on great importance during India's classical period Discussion of art's ultimate goals often centered on the concept of rasa - the experience of pure, even sublime, emotion Later poetic theories focused particularly on imaginative writing and emphasized that what made poetry poetry was the use of alamkara - embellishment of natural language. Note that this is very different from some contemporary theories of art, ones that are familiar to modern Western readers, in which natural dialogue and realistic action are prized above embellishment or stylized action Poetic theories of the late classical period articulated how language could operate in three distinctive ways - denotation, connotation, and suggestion. It was the interplay of these aspects of language and particular the quality of the last that produced imaginative writing's power and effect. One of the most important legacies of the Indian classical period is the mutual importance of literary theory and practice

Russian PPT responses

Points of the Author They are trying to express that it is a very difficult thing to express themselves and their creativity to the world and to their country. This is mainly because their views need to align with their leaders and Putin, and if they do not align with the general public, then it is very hard to publish your work and make it known. Russian Writers and the World In this video, all of Russia's leading modern novelists talk about their difficulties in finding a global audience in a crowded marketplace. The first major point that is brought up is the fact that Russian literature is self centered. It is only written about Russia, and not on the Western World or topics that apply outside of Russia. No one looks at Russian art or literature and the rest of the world just ignores them. I quote, a writer said that people only cared "when they were the enemy." It is said that Russian literature is important to its culture since it is one of the only things that they have. Even then, it is also said that they need to focus writing on human existance, not just Russian existence. These writers acknowledged the fact that they needed to change and write on relatable universal topics. Introduction of Anthology To learn about other cultures and civilizations. Novels. Anton Chekhov. Nikolai Gogol. Alexander Pushkin. Cavalry charges, aristocats dancing and falling in love in brilliant ballrooms, rural gentry spending cozy evenings philosophizing, oppressed or luminous peasants ruminating in their muddy villages, passionate revolutionaries conspiring in cells, and miserable prisoners of the gulag going about their day. The characters are oligarchs and drug addicts, policemen and soldiers, office workers and teachers, feral animals, as well as workers and farmers. There is also greater fiversity among authors. Alexander Kabakov's story, "Shelter". The blame falls on the original text. Clumsy wording and awkward english grammar are attributed to the author. Cold War. No, they are not. They only read to understand the enemy. It has helped enhance the reason why it was evaluated in this fashion. A sense of manifest destiny, spirit leading to the conquest of land, development of rich agriculture and industry, science and technology, a long reign as 2 superpowers, a multiethnic and multiconfessional populace.

What was the difference between a private and a public theatre?

Private theatres were the small (capacity: 700), expensive (6d) indoor playhouses. The public theatres were the large (capacity: 3000), less expensive (1d) open air playhouses. In 1600 five public theatres -- the Globe, the Curtain, the Fortune, the Rose. and the Swan -- operated just outside the city of London.

Omen of death heard by Lady Mac?

Screech of an owl

Lines 39-40: Lady M's persuasion?

She is asking him if he is afraid to act how he desires. Asking if he is a coward.

What does Lady Macbeth mean when she says "Nought's had all's spent,/Where our desire is got without content?

She is saying that they did the deed and killed Duncan getting what they wanted, but they still are not happy or content. She is saying it may have been better to not have done what they did than to live with guilt and anxiety.

How is Lady M's handwashing symbolic?

She is trying to wash off the blood and guilt. "Yet here's spot. Out, damned spot!"

What does Hecate plan to do?

She plans on toying with Macbeth more and giving him hallucinations making life torturous.

Macbeth's first words in the play

So foul and fair a day I have not seen.

Why does Macbeth kill the king's men?

So they couldn't prove their innocence or accuse the real murderers

Macbeth says (about the witches), "Infected be the air whereon they ride, And damned all those that trust them!" What is Macbeth, in effect, saying about himself?

That he is cursed and sentenced to pain and will be f-ed since he trusted them.

Sruti

That which is heard Refers to the body of most authoritative, ancient religious texts that comprise the central canon of Hinduism (vedic lit) authorless Transmitted verbally Four vedas

Smriti

That which is remembered Hindu text Attributed to an author Traditionally written down but constantly revised

Imperial

The 19th cent.'s most influential critic...even proposed the exact yr (1739) in which Russian lit began, thus denying the status of lit to all pre Petrine works

Main points to take from the Samudra Mathan

The Churning of the Ocean of Milk - classic myth - primordial ocean/substance - main events in the eternal struggle between the devas (gods) and the asuras (demons, or titans) - purpose - stir up Amrita, the elixir of immortality, gems, treasures, ratnas, sacred animals and objects, etc. - INDRA, Mont Mandara, Vishnu (Kurma), Vasuki, Shiva, Airavata

What was the relationship between the Theatre and the Globe?

The Globe was built from the timbers of the Theatre. The Theatre was built on rented land. When the lease ran out, the landlord, Giles Allen, threatened to [destroy] the structure. Richard Burbage and his acting company, dismantled the Theatre, took it through the city of London, and rebuilt it south of the Thames River in Bankside. When it reopened in 1599 it was renamed the Globe. From a contemporary source, in Elizabethan English: divers ... persons, to the number of twelve ... armed themselves ... and throwing downe the sayd Theater in verye outragious, 'violent and riotous sort ... did then alsoe in most forcible and ryotous manner take and carrye awaye from thence all the wood and timber thereof unto the Bancksyde in the parishe of St Marye Overyes, and there erected a newe playehowse with the sayd timber and woode. This theatre burned on June 28, 1613 during a production of Shakespeare's Henry VIII, and was rebuilt in 1614. The second Globe, along with every other English playhouse was closed in 1642. It was dismantled in 1644. A small portion of the original site was excavated in the fall of 1989. The third Globe, built about 200 yards from the original site opened in June 1997. See the New Globe Web site for more information on this reconstruction.

Mise-en-scene

The arrangement of everything that appears in the framing - actors, lighting, décor, props, costume - is called mise-en-scène, a French term that means "placing on stage." The frame and camerawork are also considered part of the mise-en-scène of a movie. In cinema, placing on the stage really means placing on the screen, and the director is in charge of deciding what goes where, when, and how.David A. Cook, in his book A History of Narrative Film, points out how a mise-en-scène is formed by all the elements that appear "within the shot itself, as opposed to the effects created by cutting." In other words, if it's on the screen and if it's a physical object recorded by the camera, then it's part of the mise-en-scène.

Did Shakespeare really write Shakespeare?

The authorship of Shakespeare's work was first questioned during the 19th century when the adulation of Shakespeare as "The Greatest Intellect of All Time," known as Bardolatry, became widespread. Shakespeare's lack of education, his humble beginnings, his obscure life seemed [incompatible] with his body of work and his reputation as a genius. Obviously his plays had to be written by a college educated man, [acquainted] with court life. More than 70 historical figures have been nominated as the true author of the Shakespeare's canon, some more seriously than others. However, only four have attracted a significant number of followers: Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), Edward de Vere (1550-1604), 17th Earl of Oxford, and William Stanley (1561-1642), 6th Earl of Derby. Anonymous, the 2011 film directed by Roland Emmerich . . . is built on the premise that the plays credited to William Shakespeare were actually written by Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford. Most theatre professors and all Shakespearean scholars believe that the plays credited to William Shakespeare were written by William Shakespeare, the Bard of Stratford-upon-Avon.

Costume

The obvious purpose of costuming is to dress an actor according to his character. Lawyers wear suits, nurses wear scrubs, and a drifter could wear worn out shoes, ragged shirt, and baggy pants. But, more than that, costuming can also be used to establish someone's hierarchic level. Regimentals, for instance, bear the status of the person who wears it. And even the color may distinguish an enemy from a friend.

Set Design

The set design refers to the decor of the the set, or how it's dressed, comprising mainly of the furniture, props, and the set itself. Instead of just placing objects here and there, the director must be savvy to fathom how these elements may bear significance in a deeper level, while also emphasizing themes, creating meanings, and provoking thoughts.

shareholder

The shareholder held an economic interest in the acting company, and would share in its profits or losses. On a good day, a performance of a new script would generate gross gate recepits of approximately 3 pounds. After the expenses were paid, the remaining moneys would be divided between the shareholders. Around 1600, a share (10 percent interest) in a successful acting company was worth about 70 pounds.

Beginning Macbeth

Trance Look how our partner's rapt Changed appearance Why do you make such faces Inability to pray Amen stuck in my throat Visions Is this a dagger I see before me Disturbed behavior I have a strange infirmity Lack of fear I have almost forgot the taste of fears Indifference to life She should have died hereafter Invitations to evil spirits Come, you spirits Importance of Scene One: "So I lose none in seeking to augment it, but still I keep my allegiance clear" I will support you if I don't lose my honor through it. Evolving relationship between Banquo and Macbeth Importance of Scene Two: Owl's hooting thought to foretell death. Important Line: Methought I heard a voice cry, sleep no more./Macbeth does murder sleep. Important Line: A little water clears us of this deed. Importance of Scene Three: Comic relief Harsh winds-enough to blow over chimneys The earth shook as if it had a fever Strange noises - the wind sounded like crying and death screams Eerie voices that sounded as if they were prophesying Owls hooted all night long (remember the symbolism)

From the Bollywood film that got a lot of shadeeee

What is the root of the protests? Why has the epic sparked protest? A scene of intimacy between Alauddin Khilji and Padmavati. Hindu groups say this never occurred. They are upset about the misrepresentation of history Why is the lead actress death threats? Because critics call the movie an artistic and historic fraud to portray an incorrectly attired courtesan-like painted doll in the song as the very "queen" the film purports to pay obedience to. What clarification did the director (Sanjay Leela Bhansali) share to calm furor? He said the film does not feature such a "dream sequence" at all. What was the court's ruling? It was to be released nationwide.

Blackfrairs

What type of theatre was Blackfrairs? An indoor private theatre. Blackfriars was built into a large (101' x 46') room in what had originally been a Dominican Monastery. Where was it located? Within the walled city of London. Why was Blackfrairs under the control of the King? Between 1535 and 1540, King Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth's father, who had already broken with the Roman Catholic church, dissolved the English monasteries and transferred their property to the crown. When did it become the winter home of the King's Men? 1610. Between 1610 and 1642, Blackfriars was their winter home and the Globe was their summer residence. Why was it necessary for an Elizabethan acting company to have a patron? So they would not be a "rogue or vagabond." Acting in Elizabethan England was not an acceptable occupation, therefore, if an actor was not a servant to a noble or royal family (the patron) he could be classed as a "rogue or vagabond" under the Tudor Poor Law and could be whipped "through the streets" (first offence), lose part of an ear (second offence), or put to death (third offence).

The GLOBE

What was the yard or pit? The courtyard (8), where the audience stood to watch a performance. The forestage? That part of the stage where most of the action occurred. This 28' by 43' platform (6) jutted into the center of the pit. The dimensions are based on Philip Henslow's construction contract for the Fortune. The inner below? The curtained discovery area (7) (a small "stage") at the rear of the forestage. The inner above? The upper discovery area (4) above the inner below on the second level. The heavens? The roof (2) over the forestage. 22. Who were the groundlings? The poorest members of the audience who paid 1 penny to stand in the pit. The wealthy paid an additional penny for the right to sit in the galleries. 23. What did it mean when a flag was flown over the theatre? The flag (1) indicated that there would be a performance that afternoon.

Rhyming lines the witches spoke in.

Couplets

2. Descriptive Essays: Painting a picture

Cousin of the narrative essay Paints a picture with words A person, place, object, or even memory of special significance Not a description for descriptions sake Conveys a deeper meaning through description - a DOMINANT IMPRESSION Show, don' tell = colorful words and sensory details Appeal to the reader's emotion with a highly evocative result

Lines 14-18: Lady Macbeth describing her husband...

He is full of human kindness and good to do anything evil

What did the Thane of Cawdor say before he died?

He openly confessed his treasons, begged for forgiveness, and repented deeply.

Porter to?

Hell....symbolic because of the deed done that night...it might be where M and Lady M are going...

India

India was the jewel in the crown of the British Empire Shantiniketan - connecting thread between India and world and study of humanity beyond the nation

Nehru says that

Indian lit is a bundle of contradiction held together by strong but invisible threads

WHY does Malcom say these things to Macduff?

To test him to see his loyalty

Tell the story?

USE A PRESENT TENSE (the literary present) it is NOT a book report

Bagavad Gita simplified

"Song of the lord" actually small part of the Mahabbarata One of the most popular religious texts Full of lessons for people to apply

Henry VIII armor

"This impressive armor was made for Henry VIII (reigned 1509 -47) toward the end of his life, when he was overweight and crippled with gout. Constructed for use both on horse and on foot, it was probably worn by the king during his last military campaign, the siege of Boulogne in 1544, which he commanded personally in spite of his infirmities."

Upanishads

"To sit nearby" final statements of hidden thoughts of the Vedas

Unusual things that happened to Macduff and Lennox?

- A stormy night blew chimneys down - there were strange screams during the night - an owl screeched all night - the earth shook

Aristotle's Influence on Our Understanding of Tragedy

- Aristotle was a 4th cent BCE pholosopher (Athens) - Poetics - literary criticism - Most tragedies do not fit the strict guidlines established by Aristotle - Poetics - origin of tragic hero concept - Influence of Poetics on future is somewhat excessive - Redefined tragedy through poems - Philosopher and scientist - Influence with poetics

Social and political contexts of classical lit

- Classical age of India came to maturity during the Gupta empire (320 - 550 CE) During this time, the Indian economy grew increasingly strong, patronage of the arts increased, and both shipping and travel continued to grow - The Gupta empire remained pluralistic in its religious tolerance, though the Guptas were Hindu. Their practice of Hinduism helped the empire to take its early classical form, which elevated Vishnu and Shiva to major deities and shifted focus from elite ritual to more populist and public practices. - The Gupta dynasty avidly supported the arts and even appointed a poet laureate, or raja kavi - + its support of writers and artists, the Gupta dynasty made efforts to support the production and archiving of manuscripts from many different cultural traditions

Night

- Figurative language (fear and uncertainty in darkness) - metaphor, simile, personification, apostrophe

Aristotle and Oedipus

- He helps us understand how these plays were read and recieves - Oedipus Rex was the tragedy that closely fit his guidelines and is the model of the tragic hero (concept based on him) - Tragic hero --> exemplifies greatness, makes a crucial mistake, experiences downfall - Hamartia (mistake) ---> peripeteia (reversal)

What prophecies were fulfilled?

- Macduff will lead Mac's demise - Birnum wood made it to Dunsinane - Macduff was a C-section baby, not "woman borne"

Hamartia

- Mistake of perception or recognition....fatal flaw leading to the tragic hero downfall

VI. Grammar Portion of Exam

- Review your notes, worksheets, and the PPTs - Go online to the following web pages to practice: Khan Academy, Grammar Bytes, or Purdue's OWL

Characterization

- Round/flat, dynamic/static, stock, stereotype, foil, caricature - Protag., antag., tragic hero, anti hero, noble savage - Motivation, development - Sobriquet, allusion, tragic flaw (hubris), tragic error (hamartia), recognition (anagnorisis)

Accused witches were examined for "Devil's Mark"

A red mark on their body from which the devil has sucked blood.

Steps

1. Personal Response how did you feel about x? can you relate to x? how? why? 2. Use Literary Knowledge identify the literary element(s) that you want to focus on 3. Evaluate make a judgement based on your analysis of the piece of literature (thesis) articulate your judgement call - what point are you trying to make? support it with evidence from the test (and outside critical sources if required)

What's the takeaway?

1. Shakespeare modeled the play after an actual historical figure. 2. Some of the plots points are the same 3. The real Macbeth was nearly universally loved, but Shakespeare's Macbeth was not

Between 1560 and 1603

100s of people, mostly women, were convicted and executed

Apparitions speech:

1. Beware Macduff, the Thane of Fife, for he will harm you 2. None of woman borne shall harm you 3. Don't care about anyone else. You will only fall when Birnam Wood defeats you at Dunsinane Hill

To Separate Clauses and When to Use the Separations

1. Comma and conjunction - and, but, nor, or, for, yet, so 2. Semicolon 3. Semicolon and conjunctive adv. - however, moreover, as a result, nevertheless, consequently, etc. 4. Period

When was it built?

1576 By whom? James Burbage (c. 1530-1597), joiner turned actor, member of the Earl of Leicester's Men (1559-1588), and the father of Richard Burbage (c. 1567-1619), the leading actor of and a shareholder in the King's Men. Why was it not built in the city of London? Because the city fathers would not permit the construction of a professional theatre within the city limits. Public playhouses were built either in the suburbs north and east of the city, or just south of the Thames River in area known as Bankside. Actors were considered, just a little above rouges and vagabonds

Globe theatre

1599 built 1613 burned down 1614 rebuilt 1642 closed 1644 demolished "Shakespeare's Globe" rebuilt in 1997

What was the name of the first professional English playhouse?

16th Century Carrier Inn The Theatre. "Theatre" was not a term generally used to identify an English playhouse. When the second playhouse opened, it was known simply as the Curtain, not the Curtain Theatre. Before the construction of the Theatre, acting companies performed in the courtyard of public "carrier inns" These inns were two or three storied structures which surrounded an open courtyard.

Basic Essay Structure

5 paragraph minimum Definition: composition of 3 or more paragraphs that present and develop one main idea

SIBI or Shibi Jataka from the Mahabharata

A Jakata Tale Details episodes of incarnations of Buddha Each tale illustrates ideal of behavior... Sibi's obligation Sacrifice Courage Compassion Dharma

STUFF

A Sotheby's employee handles a copy of William Shakespeare, The First Folio in London, England, July 7, 2006. A new copy has been discovered on a Scottish isle

metaphor

A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.

Describe the vision Mac has at the end of scene I

A dagger covered in blood, and the fact that he will be murdering Duncan, stabbing him, causes it.

Noun clause

A dependent clause that functions as a noun "whatever you want" is fine with me

Adj Clause

A dependent clause that functions as an adjective The tiger "that was angry" snarled at me

Adv Clause

A dependent clause that functions as an adverb I will eat "after I eat this"

personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

monologue

A long speech made by one performer or by one person in a group.

What was the cost of living in Elizabethan England?

A male journeyman laborer earned about 2s6d per week plus food and drink. 5 shillings if he had to provide his own food. A live in maid was paid 10d a week. A house rented for approximately 11s6d and food cost between 2s6d and 5s. The value of the three denominations of English currency-- 12d (penny) = 1s (shilling). 20s = £1 (pound).

Characterization

A method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.

Parts of people = power in black magic. What did the 1st witch have.....

A pilot's thumb who drowned trying to return home.

Tragedy

A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character

conflict/problem

A struggle between opposing forces a struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces, or emotions

List four basic production problems encountered when an educational theatre attempts to stage a Shakespearean drama.

A they are long -- running time for Hamlet is a little over four hours B they require large, mostly male casts C many of the major roles are difficult, usually beyond the scope of a college student D and the language is difficult to understand, and speak

Participial Phrase:

ADJ You can see the cat's eyes *shining in the dark*.

Act 1

Act 1, Scene 1 On a heath in Scotland, three witches, the Weird Sisters, wait to meet Macbeth amidst thunder and lightning. Their conversation is filled with paradox and equivocation: they say that they will meet Macbeth "when the battle's lost and won" and when "fair is foul and foul is fair" (10). Act 1, Scene 2 The Scottish army is at war with the Norwegian army. Duncan, king of Scotland, meets a captain returning from battle. The captain informs them of Macbeth and Banquo's bravery in battle. He also describes Macbeth's attack on the castle of the treacherous Macdonald, in which Macbeth triumphed and planted Macdonald's head on the battlements of the castle. The Thanes of Ross and Angus enter with the news that the Thane of Cawdor has sided with Norway. Duncan decides to execute the disloyal thane and give the title of Cawdor to Macbeth. Act 1, Scene 3 The Weird Sisters meet on the heath and wait for Macbeth. He arrives with Banquo, repeating the witches' paradoxical phrase by stating "So foul and fair a day I have not seen" (36). The witches hail him as "Thane of Glamis" (his present title), "Thane of Cawdor" (the title he will soon receive officially), and "king hereafter" (46-48). Their greeting startles and seems to frighten Macbeth. When Banquo questions the witches as to who they are, they greet him with the phrases "Lesser than Macbeth and greater," "Not so happy, yet much happier," and a man who "shall get kings, though [he] be none" (63-65). When Macbeth questions them further, the witches vanish into thin air. Almost as soon as they disappear, Ross and Angus appear with the news that the king has granted Macbeth the title of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth and Banquo step aside to discuss this news; Banquo is of the opinion that the title of Thane of Cawdor might "enkindle" Macbeth to seek the crown as well (119). Macbeth questions why such happy news causes his "seated heart [to] knock at [his] ribs / Against the use of nature," and his thoughts turn immediately and with terror to murdering the king in order to fulfill the witches' second prophesy (135-36). When Ross and Angus notice Macbeth's distraught state, Banquo dismisses it as Macbeth's unfamiliarity with his new title. Act 1, Scene 4 Duncan demands to know whether the former Thane of Cawdor has been executed. His son Malcolm assures him that he has witnessed the former Thane's becoming death. While Duncan muses about the fact that he placed "absolute trust" in the treacherous Thane, Macbeth enters. Duncan thanks Macbeth and Banquo for their loyalty and bravery. He consequently announces his decision to make his son Malcolm the heir to the throne of Scotland (something that would not have happened automatically, since his position was elected and not inherited). Duncan then states that he plans to visit Macbeth at his home in Inverness. Macbeth leaves to prepare his home for the royal visit, pondering the stumbling block of Malcolm that now hinders his ascension to the throne. The king follows with Banquo. Act 1, Scene 5 At Inverness, Lady Macbeth reads a letter from Macbeth that describes his meeting with the witches. She fears that his nature is not ruthless enough-- he's "too full o' th' milk of human kindness" (15)—to murder Duncan and assure the completion of the witches' prophesy. He has ambition enough, she claims, but lacks the gumption to act on it. She then implores him to hurry home so that she can "pour [her] spirits in [his] ear" (24)—in other words, goad him on to the murder he must commit. When a messenger arrives with the news that Duncan is coming, Lady Macbeth calls on the heavenly powers to "unsex me here" and fill her with cruelty, taking from her all natural womanly compassion (39). When Macbeth arrives, she greets him as Glamis and Cawdor and urges him to "look like the innocent flower, / but be the serpent under't" (63-64). She then says that she will make all the preparations for the king's visit and subsequent murder. Act 1, Scene 6 Duncan arrives at Inverness with Banquo and exchanges pleasantries with Lady Macbeth. The king inquires after Macbeth's whereabouts and she offers to bring him to where Macbeth awaits. Act 1, Scene 7 Alone on stage, Macbeth agonizes over whether to kill Duncan, recognizing the act of murdering the king as a terrible sin. He struggles in particular with the idea of murdering a man—a relative, no less—who trusts and loves him. He would like the king's murder to be over and regrets the fact that he possesses "vaulting ambition" without the ruthlessness to ensure the attainment of his goals (27). As Lady Macbeth enters, Macbeth tells her that he "will proceed no further in this business" (31). But Lady Macbeth taunts him for his fears and ambivalence, telling him he will only be a man when he carries out the murder. She states that she herself would go so far as to take her own nursing baby and dash its brains if necessary. She counsels him to "screw [his] courage to the sticking place" and details the way they will murder the king (60). They will wait until he falls asleep, she says, and thereafter intoxicate his bodyguards with drink. This will allow them to murder Duncan and lay the blame on the two drunken bodyguards. Macbeth is astonished by her cruelty but resigns to follow through with her plans.

Act 2

Act 2, Scene 1 Banquo, who has come to Inverness with Duncan, wrestles with the witches' prophecy. He must restrain himself the "cursed thoughts" that tempt him in his dreams (II i 8). When Banquo raises the topic of the prophecy as Macbeth enters the scene, Macbeth pretends that he has given little thought to the witches' prophesy. After Banquo and his son Fleance leave the scene, Macbeth imagines that he sees a bloody dagger pointing toward Duncan's chamber. Frightened by the apparition of a "dagger of the mind," he prays that the earth will "hear not [his] steps" as he completes his bloody plan (38, 57). The bell rings—a signal from Lady Macbeth—and he sets off toward Duncan's room. Act 2, Scene 2 Lady Macbeth waits fitfully for Macbeth to return from killing Duncan. Upon hearing a noise within, she worries that the bodyguards have awakened before Macbeth has had a chance to plant the evidence on them. Macbeth enters, still carrying the bloody daggers with which he killed Duncan. He is deeply shaken: as he entered Duncan's chamber, he heard the bodyguards praying and could not say "Amen" when they finished their prayers. Lady Macbeth's counsels to think "after these ways" as "it will make [them] mad" (32). Nonetheless, Macbeth also tells her that he also thought he heard a voice saying, "'sleep no more, / Macbeth does murder sleep. . . Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor / Shall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more" (33-41). Lady Macbeth again warns him not to think of such "brain-sickly of things" and tells him to wash the blood from his hands (44). Seeing the daggers he carries, she chastises him for bringing them in and tells him to plant them on the bodyguards according to the plan. When Macbeth, still horrified by the crime he has just committed, refuses to reenter Duncan's chamber, Lady Macbeth herself brings the daggers back in. While she is gone, Macbeth hears a knocking and imagines that he sees hands plucking at his eyes. He is guilt-stricken and mourns: "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood / clean from my hand?" (58-59)? When Lady Macbeth hears his words upon reentering, she states that her hands are of the same color but her heart remains shamelessly unstained. "A little water," she continues, "will clear [them] of th[e] deed" (65). As the knocking persists, the two retire to put on their nightgowns so as not to arouse suspicion when others arrive. Act 2, Scene 3 In a scene of comic relief, the Porter hears knocking at the gate and imagines that he is the porter at the door to Hell. He imagines admitting a farmer who has committed suicide after a bad harvest, an "equivocator" who has committed a sin by swearing to half-truths, and an English tailor who stole cloth to make fashionable clothes and visited brothels. Since it is "too cold for hell" at the gate, he opens the door instead of continuing with a longer catalogue of sinners (16). Outside stand Macduff and Lennox, who scold him for taking so long to respond to their knowcking. The Porter claims that he was tired after drinking until late and delivers a short sermon on the ills of drink. Macbeth enters and Macduff asks him whether the king is awake yet. On hearing that the king is still asleep, Macduff leaves to wake him. While he is gone, Lennox tells Macbeth that the weather by night was full of strange events: chimneys were blown down, birds screeched all night, the earth shook, and ghostly voices were heard prophesying ominously. A stunned Macduff returns with the news that the king is dead. He tells them to go see for themselves and calls to the servants to ring the alarm bell. Lady Macbeth and Banquo enter and Macduff informs them of the king's death. Macbeth and Lennox return and Macbeth laments the king's death, proclaiming that he wishes he were dead instead of the king. When Malcolm and Donalbain arrive, Lennox blames the regicide on the guards by pointing to the incriminating bloody evidence. Macbeth states that he has already killed the bodyguards in a grief-stricken rage. At this point, Lady Macbeth feigns shock and faints. Aside, Malcolm and Donalbain confer and decide that their lives may be at risk and that they should flee Scotland. As Lady Macbeth is being helped off-stage, Banquo counsels the others to convene and discuss the murder at hand. Left behind on stage, Malcolm decides that he will flee to England while Donalbain will go to Ireland. Act 2, Scene 4 Ross and an old man discuss the unnatural events that have taken place recently: days are as dark as nights, owls hunt falcons, and Duncan's horses have gone mad and eaten each other. When Macduff enters, Ross asks whether the culprit has been discovered. Macduff tells him that the bodyguards killed the king. The hasty flight on the part of Malcolm and Donalbain, however, has also cast suspicion on the two sons as well. Ross comments that Macbeth will surely be named the next king, to which Macduff responds that he has already been named and has gone to Scone to be crowned. Ross leaves for Scone to see the coronation while Macduff heads home to Fife.

Act 3

Act 3, Scene 1 Alone at Macbeth's court, Banquo voices his suspicions that Macbeth has killed Duncan in order to fulfill the witches' prophesies. He muses that perhaps the witches' vision for his own future will also be realized, but pushes the thought from his mind. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth enter to the fanfare of trumpets, along with Lennox and Ross. Macbeth announces that he will hold a banquet in the evening and that Banquo will be honored as chief guest. Banquo states that he must ride in the afternoon but will return for the banquet. Macbeth tells him that Malcolm and Donalbain will not confess to killing their father. After confirming that Fleance will accompany Banquo on his trip, Macbeth wishes Banquo a safe ride. Left alone, Macbeth summons the two murderers he has hired. While he waits for them, he voices his greatest worry of the moment—that the witches' prophecy will also come true for Banquo, making his children kings. He will put an end to such worries by hiring two men to kill Banquo and Fleance. The men are not professional assassins, but rather poor men who are willing to work as mercenaries. Macbeth has already blamed their current state of poverty on Banquo. He now tells them that while Banquo is his own enemy as much as theirs, loyal friends of Banquo's prevent him from killing Banquo himself. Macbeth proceeds to detail the particulars of the murder: they must attack him as he returns from his ride—at a certain distance from the palace—and they must also kill Fleance at the same time. Act 3, Scene 2 Alone on stage, Lady Macbeth expresses her unhappiness: there seems to be no end to her desire for power and she feels insecure and anxious. Macbeth enters looking upset and she counsels him to stop mulling over the crimes they have committed. But Macbeth declares that their job is not done: he still spends every waking moment in fear and every night embroiled in nightmares. He even envies Duncan, who now sleeps peacefully in his grave. Lady Macbeth warns him to act cheerful in front of their dinner guests. She also tries to comfort him by reminding him that Banquo and Fleance are by no means immortal. Macbeth responds by telling her that "a deed of dreadful note" will be done in the night, though he will not divulge the details (33). Act 3, Scene 3 The two murderers are joined by a third, who says that he has also been hired by Macbeth. Horses are heard approaching and Banquo and Fleance enter. The murderers attack Banquo but Fleance manages to escape. The murderers leave to report back to Macbeth. Act 3, Scene 4 At the banquet, a murderer arrives and reports to Macbeth just as the dinner guests begin to arrive. He informs Macbeth that Banquo is dead but Fleance has escaped. Shaken, Macbeth thanks him for what he has done and arranges another meeting on the following day. The murderer leaves and Macbeth returns to the feast. Looking over the table, Macbeth declares that the banquet would be perfect if only Banquo were present. At this point Banquo's ghost appears unobserved and takes Macbeth's seat. The guests urge Macbeth to sit and eat with them but Macbeth says that the table is full. When Lennox points to Macbeth's empty seat, Macbeth is shocked to see Banquo's ghost. He addresses the ghost, saying, "Thou canst not say I did it. Never shake / Thy gory locks at me" (49-50). The guests, confused by his behavior, think that he is ill. Lady Macbeth reassures them, however, by saying that he has had similar fits since youth and that he will soon be well. She draws Macbeth aside and attempts to calm him by asserting that the vision is merely a "painting of [his] fear"—just like the dagger he saw earlier (60). Ignoring her, Macbeth charges the ghost to speak but it disappears. After Lady Macbeth scolds him for being "unmanned in folly" (73), Macbeth returns to his guests and claims that he has "a strange infirmity," which they should ignore (85). Just as the party resumes and Macbeth is offering a toast to Banquo, the ghost reappears. As Macbeth once again bursts out in a speech directed at the ghost, Lady Macbeth tries to smooth things over with the guests. In response to Macbeth's exclamation that he sees sights that make his cheeks "blanched with fear," Ross asks what sights Macbeth means (114). Lady Macbeth asks the guests to leave, since Macbeth's "illness" seems to be deteriorating. Alone with Lady Macbeth, Macbeth expresses his deep anxieties and vows to return to the Weird Sisters. Act 3, Scene 5 On the heath, the witches meet Hecate, queen of witches, who chastises them for meddling in Macbeth's affairs without involving her or showing him any fancy magic spectacles. She tells them that Macbeth will visit them tomorrow and that they must put on a more dramatic show for him. Act 3, Scene 6 Lennox and another lord discuss politics. Lennox comments sarcastically on the recent deaths of Duncan and Banquo. He suggests that it seems implausible for Malcolm and Donalbain to be inhuman enough to kill their father. Moreover, Macbeth's slaying of the bodyguards seemed very convenient, since they probably would have denied killing Duncan. Lennox proposes that if Malcolm, Donalbain, and Fleance were in Macbeth's prison, they would also probably be dead now. He also reveals that since Macduff did not attend Macbeth's feast, he has been denounced. The lord with whom Lennox speaks comments that Macduff has joined Malcolm at the English court. The two men have apparently asked Siward to lead an army against Macbeth. Lennox and the lord send their prayers to Macduff and Malcolm.

Act 4

Act 4, Scene 1 The witches circle a cauldron, mixing in a variety of grotesque ingredients while chanting "double, double toil and trouble; / Fire burn, and cauldron bubble" (10-11). Hecate appears, they sing all together, and Hecate leaves. Macbeth then enters, demanding answers to his pressing questions about the future. The witches complete their magic spell and summon forth a series of apparitions. The first is an armed head that warns Macbeth to beware the Thane of Fife (Macduff). The second apparition is a bloody child, who tells him that "none of woman born / Shall harm Macbeth" (96-97). This news bolsters Macbeth spirits. The third apparition is a crowned child with a tree in its hand, who says that "Macbeth shall never vanquished be until / Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill / Shall come against him" (107-09). This cheers Macbeth even more, since he knows that nothing can move a forest. Macbeth proceeds to ask his last question: will Banquo's children ever rule Scotland? The cauldron sinks and a strange sound is heard. The witches now show Macbeth a procession of kings, the eighth of whom holds a mirror in his hand, followed by Banquo. As Banquo points at this line of kings, Macbeth realizes that they are indeed his family line. After the witches dance and disappear, Lennox enters with the news that Macduff has fled to England. Macbeth resolves that he will henceforth act immediately on his ambitions: the first step will be to seize Fife and kill Macduff's wife and children. Act 4, Scene 2 At Fife, Ross visits Lady Macduff, who is frightened for her own safety now that her husband has fled. He reassures her by telling her that her husband did only what was right and necessary. After he leaves, Lady Macduff engages her son in a conversation about his missing father. The little boy demonstrates wisdom well beyond his years. A messenger interrupts them with a warning to flee the house immediately. But before Lady Macduff can escape, murderers attack the house and kill everyone including Lady Macduff and her son. Act 4, Scene 3 Macduff arrives at the English court and meets with Malcolm. Malcolm, remembering his father's misplaced trust in Macbeth, decides to test Macduff: he confesses that he is a greedy, lustful, and sinful man who makes Macbeth look like an angel in comparison. Macduff despairs and says that he will leave Scotland forever if this is the case, since there seems to be no man fit to rule it. Upon hearing this, Malcolm is convinced of Macduff's goodness and reveals that he was merely testing him; he has none of these faults to which he has just confessed. In fact, he claims, the first lie he has ever told was this false confession to Macduff. He then announces that Siward has assembled an army of ten thousand men and is prepared to march on Scotland. A messenger appears and tells the men that the king of England is approaching, attended by a crowd of sick and despairing people who wish the king to cure them. The king, according to Malcolm, has a gift for healing people simply by laying his hands on them. Ross arrives from Scotland and reports that the country is in a shambles. When Macduff asks how his wife and children are faring, Ross first responds that they are "well at peace" (180). When pressed further, he relates the story of their death. Macduff is stunned speechless and Malcolm urges him to cure his grief by exacting revenge on Macbeth. Macduff is overcome with guilt and sorrow from the murders that occurred while he was absent. Again Malcolm urges him to put his grief to good use and seek revenge. All three men leave to prepare for battle.

Act 5

Act 5, Scene 1 At the Scottish royal home of Dunsinane, a gentlewoman has summoned a doctor to observe Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking. The doctor reports that he has watched her for two nights now and has yet to see anything strange. The gentlewoman describes how she has seen Lady Macbeth rise, dress, leave her room, write something on a piece of paper, read it, seal it, and return to bed—all without waking up. The gentlewoman dares not repeat what Lady Macbeth says while thus sleepwalking. The two are interrupted by a sleepwalking Lady Macbeth, who enters carrying a candle. The gentlewoman reports that Lady Macbeth asks to have a light by her all night. The doctor and the gentlewoman watch as Lady Macbeth rubs her hands as if washing them and says " Yet here's a spot. . . Out, damned spot; out I say" (27-30). As she continues to "wash" her hands, her words betray her guilt to the two onlookers. Lady Macbeth seems to be reliving the events on the night of Duncan's death. She cannot get the stain or smell of blood off her hand: "What, will these hands ne'er be clean. . . All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand" (37-43). As the sleepwalking Lady Mabeth imagines she hears knocking at the gate and returns to her chamber, the doctor concludes that Lady Macbeth needs a priest's help and not a physician's. He takes his leave, asserting that he and the gentlewoman had better not reveal what they have seen or heard. Act 5, Scene 2 The thanes Menteith, Caithness, Angus, and Lennox march with a company of soldiers toward Birnam Wood, where they will join Malcolm and the English army. They claim that they will "purge" the country of Macbeth's sickening influence (28). Act 5, Scene 3 At Dunsinane, Macbeth tires of hearing reports of nobles who have defected to join the English forces. He feels consoled, however, by the witches' prophesy that he has nothing to fear until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, or until he counters a man not born of woman. Since both of the events seem impossible, Macbeth feels invincible. A servant enters with the news that the enemy has rallied a thousand men but Macbeth sends him away, scolding him for cowardice. After calling for his servant Seyton to help him put on his armor, Macbeth demands the doctor's prognosis about Lady Macbeth. The doctor replies that she is "not so sick" but troubled with visions (39). In some way or other, she must cure herself of these visions—an answer that displeases Macbeth. As attendants put on his armor, he declares that he would applaud the doctor if he could analyze the country's urine and therein derive a medicine for Lady Macbeth. Abruptly, Macbeth leaves the room, professing once again that he will not fear "death and bane" until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane (61). Aside, the doctor confesses that he would like to be as far away from Dunsinane as possible. Act 5, Scene 4 Malcolm, Siward, Young Siward, Macduff, Mentieth, Caithness, and Angus march toward Birnam Wood. As they approach the forest, Malcolm instructs the soldiers to cut off branches and hold them up in order to disguise their numbers. Siward informs Malcolm that Macbeth confidently holds Dunsinane, waiting for their arrival. Malcolm comments that almost all of Macbeth's men have deserted him. The army marches on. Act 5, Scene 5 Macbeth orders his men to hang his banners on the outer walls of the castle, claiming that it will hold until the attackers die of famine. If only the other side were not reinforced with men who deserted him, he claims, he would not think twice about rushing out to meet the English army head-on. Upon hearing the cry of a woman within, Macbeth comments that he has almost forgotten the taste of fears. Seyton returns and announces the death of Lady Macbeth. Seemingly unfazed, Macbeth comments that she should have died later, at a more appropriate time. He stops to muse on the meaning of life: Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. (23-27) A messenger enters and reports that he has seen something unbelievable: as he looked out toward Birnam Wood, it appeared that the forest began to move toward the castle. Macbeth is stunned and begins to fear that the witch's words may come true after all. He instructs his men to ring the alarm. Act 5, Scene 6 Malcolm tells his soldiers that they are near enough to the castle now to throw down the branches they carry. He announces that Siward and Young Siward will lead the first battle. He and Macduff will follow behind. The trumpeters sound a charge. Act 5, Scene 7 Macbeth waits on the battlefield to defend his castle. He feels like a bear that has been tied to a stake for dogs to attack. Young Siward enters and demands his name. Macbeth responds that he will be afraid to hear it. Macbeth kills Young Siward in the ensuing duel, commenting that Young Siward must have been "born of woman" (12). Act 5, Scene 8 Macduff enters alone and shouts a challenge to Macbeth, swearing to avenge the death of his wife and children. As he exist, he asks Fortune to help him find Macbeth. Act 5, Scene 9 Malcolm and Siward enter and charge the castle. Act 5, Scene 10 Macbeth enters, asserting that he should not "play the Roman fool" and commit suicide (2). Macduff finds him and challenges him. Macbeth replies that he has thus far avoided Macduff but that he is now ready to fight. As they fight, Macbeth tells him that he "bears a charmed life": he will only fall to a man who is not born of woman (12). Macduff replies that the time has come for Macbeth to despair: "let the angel whom thou still hast served / Tell thee Macduff was from his mother's womb / Untimely ripped"—Macduff was born through the equivalent of a caesarian section (13-16). Hearing this, Macbeth quails and says that he will not fight. Macduff replies by commanding him to yield and become the laughing stock of Scotland under Malcolm's rule. This enrages Macbeth, who swears he will never yield to swear allegiance to Malcolm. They fight on and thus exit. Act 5, Scene 11 Malcolm, Siward, and the other thanes enter. Although they have won the battle, Malcolm notes that Macduff and Young Siward are missing. Ross reports that Young Siward is dead and eulogizes him by stating that "he only lived but till he was a man, / The which no sooner had his prowess confirmed / In the unshrinking station where he fought, / But like a man he died" (6-9). After confirming that his son's wounds were on his front—in other words, that the Young Siward died bravely in battle—Siward declares that he not wish for a better death for his son. Macduff enters, carrying Macbeth's severed head and shouting "Hail, King of Scotland!" The men echo this shout and the trumpets flourish as Malcolm accepts the kingship. Malcolm announces that he will rename the current thanes as earls. He will call back all the men whom Macbeth has exiled and will attempt to heal the scarred country. All exit towards Scone, where Malcolm will be crowned as King of Scotland.

Major themes or tropes

Ambition Equivocation Blood Madness Manliness Disturbances in the world's natural order

What was the economic organization of an Elizabethan acting company?

An Elizabethan acting company was a stock company in both the theatrical and economic sense of the term. A theatrical stock company cast all of its shows from within its resident company of actors.

Puranas

An enormous genre of Indian lit. - ancient scriptures - sacred lit of Hinduism Wide range of topics: Myths, legends and other traditional lore "Ancient, Old"

Critical Essay Structure

An introduction A thesis A summary of relevant parts of the text being studied An argument that uses the text and supports the thesis A conclusion

How does Lady Macduff react to this news? (lines 6 - 14)

Angry that he left her and the kids

Titans to know from 19-20 cent

Anna Akhmatova Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Boris Leonidovich Pasternak Vladmir Nabakov

5. Critical Essays or "The Court Delivers A Verdict"

Apply and demonstrate critical analysis while writing on a given topic Make a claim + back it up with a judgement from a reputable source or, better, scientific research NOT a highlighting criticism - emphasizes critical thinking and critical analysis in the paper

In lines 228-229 what does Malcom tell Macduff to do?

Avenge the death of his family

Cycle of and its next incarnation is always dependent on how the previous life was lived (karma)

Atman Soul, spirit, essence Samsara Cycle of successive lives Moksha End of death and rebirth In a lifetime people build up karma, both good and bad, based on their actions within their lifetime.....it will be what causes the cycle of rebirth

This is not good for Macduff! WHY?

Because he has now turned into another target for the king and could be killed for his actions.

Why in turn does Lady Macbeth taunt her husband for behaving in a weak manner? (lines 62 - 68)

Because he is getting afraid again and again and they don't even seem like things he needs to be fearful of. The thane Macduff declines the banquet invitation.

Why does Mac feel no fear?

Because of the prophecies of the apparitions

Quickly rescan the conversation between Lady Macduff and her son (after Ross exits). WHY does Macduff's son say liars and swearers are fools?

Because they could easily outnumber and overthrow the honest people if they ganged up

Sophocles

Born in 496 BCE Son of a wealthy merchant Portrayed as outspoken Well known greek writer Playwrighter Wrote about tragedies, and tragic heroes Top 3 tragedy greek writers in history Oedipus King, Antigone, and Colonus

Critical Essay vs. Argumentative Essay

Both: Finding arguments to support a claim Take the basic essay format and structure Objective and require linking to reputable sources to look more convincing Finding arguments to support a claim Differences: Different objectives Critical - expected to expose strength and weaknesses of a paper Argumentative - meant to convince the opposition

CEA

CEA 3 ingredients in every paragraph: Claim - the writer's position on a topic Evidence - the proof; information from the story that proves your claim is true Analysis - the writer's explanation of how the evidence proves the position or claim Claim - the thesis - the essay as a whole supports Supporting a thesis the writer makes smaller claims -- supported in a paragraph Warrant = glue that hold and argument together - links the evidence to the claim Claim + Reason + Warrant Your statement + Backs up the point + How you get from data to claim The mushroom is poisonous so don't eat it since eating poisonous things is hazardous to your central nervous system. Smoking causes serious diseases in smokers and endangers non smokers as well; so the federal government should ban smoking because the constitution was established to "promote the general welfare," citizens are thus entitled to protection from harmful actions by others. What is the difference? A CLAIM tells what you think. A REASON tells why you think that. EVIDENCE tells how you know that to be true. A claim is proven by clear reasons that are supported by relevant evidence. CLAIM: a statement of opinion or belief THESIS: a singular, overarching claim which dictates the path of argument In most cases, a thesis requires several subordinate claims, acting in concert (together), to demonstrate its persuasions Can work on 2 levels: Paragraph: Topic sentence Essay: Thesis Topic Sentence, also called a sub claim, need to support the case of the thesis/claim. Evidence: FACT Analysis: AN examination and discussion of how and why the evidence proves the controlling idea. Provide analysis so your reader understands how it proves your point. Analysis: the best way to create analysis is to answer the question, "How does this evidence prove my claim is true?" DO NOT use the phrase, "this quote shows" or something similar. DO NOT simply repeat what the evidence says. A paragraph's topic sentence is responsible for 2 things: Relating the paragraph back to the essay's thesis. Determining the direction of the rest of the paragraph's information. A body paragraph will often follow the layout of: Topic sentence that presents the claim to be developed and supported in the paragraph. Presentation of Necessary context or clarification of things addresssed in

Macduff's birth?

C-section...so he kills Macbeth

Military strategy with Birnum wood?

Camo

Dependent Clause

Cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else for its meaning. Are sometimes called subordinate, nonessential, or nonrestrictive clauses. Standing by itself, it is a sentence fragment.

Setting of a Russian Fairy Tale

Castles Cottages Mountains Rivers Forests Gardens

Characters usually in a Russian Fairy Tale

Characters Princess Peasant Youngest sister Cruel older sisters Simpleton Cruel stepmother Giant Witch Talking animals Magical helpers Prince

Who was the major pre-Shakespearean playwright? What type of dramas did he write? What is the title of his most often revived work?

Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Historical tragedies Doctor Faustus (1589)

Mac's strength that worked against him....

Confidence, but he put too much faith in the prophecy making him overconfident and it ended in his own demise.

Persuasive Essays

Convince me...

Where does this scene take place? (4)

Country near Birnum Wood

The World of Shakespeare

Danger Cruelty Hardship Wide-spread disease Excitement Change • London: filthy, crowded, crime-ridden, hazardous, thrilling, inspiring • Theatres: in "seedier parts of town . . . were among the most popular form of entertainment"

What to know for the Macbeth portion of the test

Do you know the major themes and motifs? Can you define literary terms specific to Macbeth? Do you understand how true history and politics shaped the story? How did lingering medieval beliefs affect the story? (witches, cosmic order, etc.) *Micro passages with general multiple choice

Don't fake enthusiasms. Say what you think, not what you think you ought to think.

Darcy O'Brien

Famous speech after Lady M's death:

Dead is inevitable and we are just living in an endless cycle until death takes us

imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

Why doesn't Lady M commit the murder?

Duncan looked like her father.

Classical genres and the classical poet

During the classical period, prose, rather than just poetry, began to be used in artistic ways. Previously, prose had been only used for theological purposes, but the classical period saw the birth of the Indian novel, for example. Kavya, which in the preclassical period designated just poetry, came during the classical period to include poetry, prose, and mixed genre works: everything from satirical verses to drama to bibliography. This reflects the remarkable growth in the number of texts being produced during the classical period and their varying types. The ideal writer in classical India was a mixture of intellectual, author, performer, and scholar, not to mention an active connoisseur of life's pleasures The classical India writer had to both entertain and educate his reader

The act of composition is a series of discoveries.

E.L. Doctorow

resolution

End of the story where loose ends are tied up. comflict resolved..after climax

What forces has Malcom promised?

England forces, meaning thousands

Independent Clause

Essential clause Restrictive clauses Can stand by itself and make sense Could be its own sentence Often combined with other IND clauses and DEP clauses to form longer sentences

Hubris

Excessive pride

Plot

Exposition, conflict/complication, rising action, climax, anticlimax, denouement, falling action, resolution, narrative Foreshadowing, suspense, epiphany, catastrophe, flashback, twist of fate, reversals (peripeteia), deus ex machina, melodrama, montage

mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader

Post Soviet

Finally, Mikhail Gorbachev's ascent to power in 1985 and the collapse of the USSR in 1991 marked another dramatic break. What's most important in this pattern is that the breaks were sudden rather than gradual and that they were the product of political forces external to literary history itself.

Oracles of apollo

Find the killer of Laius to banish the anger of the Gods ...Epiphanies....the journey to enlightenment and horror

What do Duncan's sons Malcom and Donalbain plan to do?

Flee and protect themselves for fear they are next to be murdered

Russian Lit part of the test

Focus on literary culture, Pushkin's Fairy Tales, and Tolstoy (Ivan story too) General questions about social, cultural, and political influences affecting the authors and their writing - multiple choice One micro passages from a Tolstoy story - what themes did her depict

Argumentative Essay Transitions (7)

Generally speaking On the whole All things considered In short Obviously/definitely In the long run As shown above

Dionysus

God of grape harvest Parents are Zeus and Semele Patron of arts

Relative Clauses more in depth

Give relative info ---> defining people (who what), things (which that), places (where), times (when), possession (whose) Give extra info ---> non-defining Who, which, when, where, whose

Clauses

Groups of words that contain a verb A group of related words containing a subject and verb Different from a phrase, which doesn't include a subject and verb

Don't think and then write it down. Think on paper.

Harry Kemelman

Mac asks B to meet him later for some words...what does he offer?

He asks him to stick with him and there would be a reward.

Line 35-39: What does Duncan do for Malcom?

He bestows Malcom his kingdom.

Lines 22-27: How does Macbeth respond to Duncan's praise?

He says it is his duty to serve and that it in itself is its own reward. No extra thanks is necessary.

Little scenes in act 5

Helps conglomerate everything that is happening everywhere at once. Created an overlap that finally ended with one spot, building up to the climax and keeping everyone in suspense till that ending of everything.

Russian fairy tale plots

Hero has bad luck Must perform impossible tests Must fight a villain Meets magical helpers Treated badly In danger Magic spells Transformations - Animals turn into humans or humans turn into other things... Villain is punished Hero is rewarded with wealth Hero is rewarded with happy marriage Things happen in threes

Hinduism as Philosophy

Hindu philosophy from the Puranas revolves around the following 5 concepts. These have become the cornerstones of Hindu traditions and beliefs. Karma - laws of action Bhakti - laws of devotion Jyana - laws of knowledge Dharma - laws of conduct Moksha - liberation/nirvana

What personal information does Ross bring to Macduff?

His family has been killed

3 Poems

His philosophy As a Vedanist - He had a firm belief in the philosophy of Veda He believed in "I am Brahma" There is a spiritual bond between man and man As an Individual - He believed in giving right type of freedom to individual Every individual is unique

Fair is foul and foul is fair

Hover through the fog and filthy air

How

How do point of view and tone impact meaning? How does the author's use of stylistic devices and strategies impact meaning? Style Agency

Independent or Subordinate clause?

If you are unsure if a clause is an independent or subordinate clause, try this... "I believe that...." If it sounds good ---> Independent If it soundsd bad ----> dependent/subordinate

Parse this I like bananas and I like grapes

I like bananas (main clause with a subject and verb) And (connective...conjunction) I like grapes (main clause with a subject and verb)

Pushkin and fairy tales

In 1820 he published his first poem, Ruslan and Lyudmila. It was based on Russian folk tales which his grandfather had told him in French The significance of Pushkin for the Russian fairy tale tradition cannot be overestimated. They also have brilliant characterizations, unusual for traditional fairy tales. Pushkin is usually credited with developing Russian lit. His talent set up new records for development of the Russian language and culture. He wrote his most world famous play Boris Godunov and novel Eugene Onegin. A genius of poetry, he embodied Russian national consciousness and became the pride of his country. Some of his fairy tales are very popular to this day such as the Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda, the Tale of Tsar Sultan, the Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish, the Tale of the Golden Cockerel, the Tale of the Dead Princess, and others

Puranic literature (encyclopedic)

In the sacred lit. of Hinduism, any of a number of popular encyclopaedic collections of myth of myths, legends and genealogy, varying greatly as to date and origin Written almost entirely in narrative couplet

Structure of an essay

Intro - paragraph that introduces subject and expresses main idea Body - support paragraphs that logically develop thesis Conclusion - paragraph

Basic Structure

Introduction introduce the subject and come to the point Body the real power of your writing support your thesis examples detailed info Conclusion begin by restating your theiss not word for word gradually become more broad and general

Name of the M castle?

Inverness

What does the doctor say to this?

Is what she is saying true?

Ringing bell signal?

It is a signal from Lady Macbeth that the time is right to commit the murder.

What new news about the condition of Scotland does Ross bring?

It is ruined and in ruins

Line 59: How is M feeling?

It is showing how he is second guessing everything.

Malcom says, "Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell. Though all things foul would wear the brows of grace, Yet grace must still look so." WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?

It means that the devil was once the brightest angel. The point is that things aren't what they seem like and one cannot judge a book by its cover. He also said that even though the brightest angel fell, there were other angels that are still bright and cannot and must not be judged by the actions of the devil.

What do you think of the Gita's main ideas relative to the 21st century life?

It shows how even when you disagree with someone you need to respect them, and that even when pointing out faults in someone else, you need to do it with compassion. It tell you that you can make someone's decision for them, you can convince them, but they must make the decision themselves. It emphasized that you need not worry about things out of your control. It stresses on equality, and talks about the need to focus on your effort don't worry about the outcome (play to play, not to win).

What is Macbeth's explanation for his agitation the night of the banquet? (lines 143-144)

It was his fear that he would be betrayed and everything would go wrong.

Convince yourself that you are working in clay, nor marble, on paper not eternal bronze: Let that first sentence be as stupid as it wished.

Jacques Barzun

Appositive: noun/pronoun that identifies or explain another noun/pronoun In the morning, Ms.Bradley drinks her favorite beverage, coffee. Subj - Ms.Bradley Verb - Drinks DO - Beverage Appositive - coffee With lunch I ordered my favorite drink, milk. Same as before ^^ Appositive phrase:

Jim Thorpe, *a Native American athlete*, won several Olympic medals.

What is a thesis statement not?

Just another sentence A general, vague statement A topic sentence A comment about something that is obvious to the reader A statement of topic/theme Aimless or shallow An uncontroversial position; a statement of fact

Main clauses are

Just like simple sentences, but a subordinate clause needs a main clause to make sense

Expository Essays

Just the facts....

What does he decide to do with that knowledge? (line 10)

Keep it to himself and have hope that his prophecy will come true as well.

What does Macbeth order to be done when he hears that Macduff has fled to England? WHY such an order?

Kill the wife and kids of Macduff

9 days

Lady Jane Grey Queen for 9 days and executed

Whose idea is it to murder Duncan?

Lady M

Seyton's news to Mac?

Lady M is dead

figurative language

Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.

What opinion do Lennox and the other Lord have of Macbeth?

Lennox does not buy into the recent murders andfind Macbeth to be tyrannical and suspect.

How would the meaning be different if the "ands" were not stressed?

Less meaningful and different effect

Birthplace of Hinduism Buddhism and Sikhism

Life not divided Religious and secular Dharma - "that which holds" - a force that holds the universe together Obligations that each person must fulfill to maintain harmony in the universe Set of obligations for a specific individual

19thcentury-most celebrated period of literature

Literary titans were Pushkin Gogol Dostoevsky Tolstoy Turgenev Chekov

Anokhi

Longest running publication about SE Asia in NA

Macduff says, "Oh, Scotland, Scotland!" WHY?

Malcolm believes he would make a bad king, and Macduff fears for his country.

Who will be king of Scotland?

Malcom

English Renaissance Drama "is primarily an exfoliating, perhaps a grand perversion, of the Middle Ages"

Middle Ages Drama was • Anonymous • Not consciously artistic • Written more or less to instill piety • Heuristic - no fixed intention

Where are the noblemen to meet Malcom?

Near Birnum wood

Wisdom lit types

Myth An anonymous tale that explains the actions of gods or the causes of natural phenomena Fable A brief story that teaches a moral or practical lesson about life and usually features animal characters Parable A brief story that teaches a moral or religious lesson and usually features human characters Proverb Maxim or aphorism A wise saying that offers practical wisdom about life. Such sayings are often included within larger works Sacred text The foundation of a religion Spiritual or philosophical text Teaches moral conduct or explores questions about the meaning of life and may be the foundation of a system of spiritual beliefs

Descriptive Transitions (7)

Namely That is (to say) Such as In particular Furthermore As an illustration For example

Compare and Contrast Transitions (7)

Not only (this) but also (that Similarly In the same way Alternatively Likewise In contrast Either (neither)

Gerund Phrase:

Noun *Placing* in the top 100 of the Ukrops 10k is important to me.

Infinitive Phrase:

Noun, ADJ, ADV The children really wanted *to see The Secret Life of Pets*.

Absolute Phrase:

Noun/noun equivalent + participial phrase Her words, reverberating in the hushed arena, the senator urged the crowd to support her former opponent. *Modifies a whole clause or sentence, NOT just one word* Reduce sentence with a verbal Dropped to be verb An absolute phrase is a noun phrase - a noun headword with a post noun modifier that adds specific, concrete detail to the idea of the whole sentence

When was the First Folio published?

One thousand copies of the First Folio were printed in 1623, seven years after Shakespeare's death. The cost for this large and very heavy book was £1, approximately $200 in 2010 currency. The current value of a first edition of the First Folio in good condition is between $15 and $20 million.

As Macbeth kills Duncan, what does Lady M hear?

Owls and crickets

Faustian pact

Pact with devil provides guidance, power

Descriptive Essays

Painting a picture...

Who closed the theatres in 1642? Why?

Parliament. All English professional theatres were closed in 1642 by order of Parliament to "appease and avert the wrath of God."

The unusual shape of Russian lit history has been the source of numerous controversies. 3 major and sudden breaks divide it into 4 periods

Pre petrine (old russian) Imperial Post revolutionary Post soviet

6. Literary Essay or Critical Essay

Present an interpretation (judgment call) of a work of literature with appropriate responses, details and quotations Analyze means to break into parts and examine those parts - Parts of literature - Plot, setting, character, point of view, theme - Foreshadowing, flashback suspense, symbolism, etc.

Relative Clause

Provide extra info about the noun they modify. Have the function of an adj. Can define (defining clause) Can add extra info (non-defining clause)

45 yrs

Queen Elizabeth 1

5 yrs

Queen Mary 1 who was a queen regnant from 1553-1558.

If iambic pentameter represents a normal heartbeat, how do you think Shakespeare's language changes when a character is terrified, excited, depressed, angry, etc. (Helpful hint: have students imagine what happens to their heartbeat when they experience these emotions.)

Quicker and more breathy

Anagnorisis, Epiphany,

Recognition..lightbulb moment...everything clicks, and you realize the (in this case horrible) truth

Oedipus survived

Rescued by a peasant who's master adopted Oedipus Due to the master and his wife's inability to have babies (In the hands of the shepherds...spared and given away)

Peripeteia

Reversal of fortune, better to worse in tragedies

Indian Lit For the Exam

Review your notes, worksheets, and handouts What cultural concepts dominate the literature? Micropassages within the multiple choice questions - from Rig Veda poems, Panchatantra, Mahabharata, and Rabindranath Tagore's poetry (themes, Buddhism, etc.)

Oedipus Rex on final;

Review your notes, worksheets, and ppts Reading passage Review your notes, worksheets, and handouts Know these terms of Classical Greek tragedy: Hero, Hamartia, Hubris, Anagnorisis, Epiphany, Catharasis How does the protagonist influence the theories of Sigmund Freud?

Summary of Ruslan and Ludmila by Pushkin

Ruslan and Lyudmila, romantic narrative poem by Aleksandr Pushkin, published in Russian in 1820 as Ruslan i Lyudmila. The mock-heroic folk epic was influenced by the style of Ludovico Ariosto and Voltaire. The hero of the poem, Ruslan, is modeled on the traditional Russian epic hero. He faces many trials before rescuing his bride, Lyudmila, daughter of Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev, who on her wedding night is kidnapped by the evil magician Chernomor. The poem flouted accepted rules and genres and was violently attacked by both of the established Russian literary schools of the day, classicism and sentimentalism. It nevertheless brought Pushkin fame, and the older poet and translator Vasily Zhukovsky presented his portrait to Pushkin with the inscription "To the victorious pupil from the defeated master."

Bhagavad Gita

Sacred scripture for the Hindu religion Most popular religious texts in Hinduism and in history literature 700 verses Lord Krishna the teacher of this text Manifestation of God (Parabrahman) Within Bhagavan is called the Divine one

Macbeth's mental state at the end of this scene?

Shaken and guilt ridden

Oedipus Rex summary

When the play opens, Thebes is suffering a plague which leaves its fields and women barren. Oedipus, the king of Thebes, has sent his brother-in-law, Creon, to the house of Apollo to ask the oracle how to end the plague. Creon returns, bearing good news: once the killer of the previous king, Laius, is found, Thebes will be cured of the plague (Laius was Jocasta's husband before she married Oedipus). Hearing this, Oedipus swears he will find the murderer and banish him. The Chorus (representing the people of Thebes) suggests that Oedipus consult Teiresias, the blind prophet. Oedipus tells them that he has already sent for Teiresias. When Teiresias arrives, he seems reluctant to answer Oedipus's questions, warning him that he does not want to know the answers. Oedipus threatens him with death, and finally Teiresias tells him that Oedipus himself is the killer, and that his marriage is a sinful union. Oedipus takes this as an insult and jumps to the conclusion that Creon paid Teiresias to say these things. Furious, Oedipus dismisses him, and Teiresias goes, repeating as he does, that Laius's killer is right here before him - a man who is his father's killer and his mother's husband, a man who came seeing but will leave in blindness. Creon enters, asking the people around him if it is true that Oedipus slanderously accused him. The Chorus tries to mediate, but Oedipus appears and charges Creon with treason. Jocasta and the Chorus beg Oedipus to be open-minded: Oedipus unwillingly relents and allows Creon to go. Jocasta asks Oedipus why he is so upset and he tells her what Teiresias prophesied. Jocasta comforts him by telling him that there is no truth in oracles or prophets, and she has proof. Long ago an oracle told Laius that his own son would kill him, and as a result he and Jocasta gave their infant son to a shepherd to leave out on a hillside to die with a pin through its ankles. Yet Laius was killed by robbers, not by his own son, proof that the oracle was wrong. But something about her story troubles Oedipus; she said that Laius was killed at a place where three roads meet, and this reminds Oedipus of an incident from his past, when he killed a stranger at a place where three roads met. He asks her to describe Laius, and her description matches his memory. Yet Jocasta tells him that the only eyewitness to Laius's death, a herdsman, swore that five robbers killed him. Oedipus summons this witness. While they wait for the man to arrive, Jocasta asks Oedipus why he seems so troubled. Oedipus tells her the story of his past. Once when he was young, a man he met told him that he was not his father's son. He asked his parents about it, and they denied it. Still it troubled him, and he eventually went to an oracle to determine his true lineage. The oracle then told him that he would kill his father and marry his mother. This prophecy so frightened Oedipus that he left his hometown and never returned. On his journey, he encountered a haughty man at a crossroads - and killed the man after suffering an insult. Oedipus is afraid that the stranger he killed might have been Laius. If this is the case, Oedipus will be forever banished both from Thebes (the punishment he swore for the killer of Laius) and from Corinth, his hometown. If this eyewitness will swear that robbers killed Laius, then Oedipus is exonerated. He prays for the witness to deliver him from guilt and from banishment. Oedipus and Jocasta enter the palace to wait for him. Jocasta comes back out of the palace, on her way to the holy temples to pray for Oedipus. A messenger arrives from Corinth with the news that Oedipus's father Polybus is dead. Overjoyed, Jocasta sends for Oedipus, glad that she has even more proof in the uselessness of oracles. Oedipus rejoices, but then states that he is still afraid of the rest of the oracle's prophecy: that he will marry his mother. The messenger assures him that he need not fear approaching Corinth - since Merope, his mother, is not really his mother, and moreover, Polybus wasn't his father either. Stunned, Oedipus asks him how he came to know this. The messenger replies that years ago a man gave a baby to him and he delivered this baby to the king and queen of Corinth - a baby that would grow up to be Oedipus the King. The injury to Oedipus's ankles is a testament to the truth of his tale, because the baby's feet had been pierced through the ankles. Oedipus asks the messenger who gave the baby to him, and he replies that it was one of Laius's servants. Oedipus sends his men out to find this servant. The messenger suggests that Jocasta should be able to help identify the servant and help unveil the true story of Oedipus's birth. Suddenly understanding the terrible truth, Jocasta begs Oedipus not to carry through with his investigation. Oedipus replies that he swore to unravel this mystery, and he will follow through on his word. Jocasta exits into the palace. Oedipus again swears that he will figure out this secret, no matter how vile the answer is. The Chorus senses that something bad is about to happen and join Jocasta's cry in begging the mystery to be left unresolved. Oedipus's men lead in an old shepherd, who is afraid to answer Oedipus's questions. But finally he tells Oedipus the truth. He did in fact give the messenger a baby boy, and that baby boy was Laius's son - the same son that Jocasta and Laius left on a hillside to die because of the oracle's prophecy. Finally the truth is clear - devastated, Oedipus exits into the palace. A messenger reveals that he grabbed a sword and searched for Jocasta with the intent to kill her. Upon entering her chamber, however, he finds that she has hanged herself. He takes the gold brooches from her dress and gouges his eyes out. He appears onstage again, blood streaming from his now blind eyes. He cries out that he, who has seen and done such vile things, shall never see again. He begs the Chorus to kill him. Creon enters, having heard the entire story, and begs Oedipus to come inside, where he will not be seen. Oedipus begs him to let him leave the city, and Creon tells him that he must consult Apollo first. Oedipus tells him that banishment was the punishment he declared for Laius's killer, and Creon agrees with him. Before he leaves forever, however, Oedipus asks to see his daughters and begs Creon to take care of them. Oedipus is then led away, while Creon and the girls go back in the palace. The Chorus, alone, laments Oedipus' tragic fate and his doomed lineage.

Apollo

Son of Zeus Music god Oracle at Delphi, people went to find out about their diving fate/future

Why does Shakespeare have Macbeth repeat the word "tomorrow" three times?

Shows more emphasis and ongoingness, and has more of an effect

Shakespeare also ends the first line of Hamlet's "To be or not to be" speech from Act 3, Scene 1 with a feminine ending. How are these two speeches similar?

Similar in tone and effect...fade into thoughtfulness or an echo.

Renowned Indian actors:

Smita Patil Rheka Sridevi Sonam Kapoor Indira Varma Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Priyanka Chopra Om Puri Aamir Khan Rajnikanth Ms.Bradley's favorite indian actress Bhanurekha Ganesan

Will's comedies? Serious comedies? Romantic comedies?

Taming of the Shrew (1594), Merchant of Venice (1595-96). As You Like It (1599). His serious comedies, such as The Merchant of Venice and Measure for Measure (1601-04), are serious dramas with a happy ending His romantic comedies, like Twelth Night (1600-01) and As You Like It, are those which are set in a fairy-tale world.

Lines 34-37: Drops of sorrow

Tears of sadness

Narrative Essays

Telling a story. In a narrative essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience...

What did the Globe look like?

The Globe was a 20 (or 24) sided structure which closely resembled a circle. There was a courtyard (also known as the yard or pit) in the center surrounded by two or three levels of balconies (or galleries). The stage (or forestage) was backed against one of the sides and jutted into the center of the courtyard.

Will's History plays?

The Richard and Henry plays. The plots and characters for the history plays are drawn from The War of the Roses (1455-1485): the conflict between the house of York and the house of Lancaster over which family was the rightful heir to the English throne. Richard II (1594-95), Richard III (1592-93), Henry IV: parts 1 and 2 (1597-98), Henry V (1599), Henry VI: parts 1 through 3 (1591-92), and Henry VIII (1613).

Post revolutionary

The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Bolshevik coup later in the same year created another major divide, eventually turning "official" Russian lit into political propaganda for the communist state.

Equivocation

The art of misleading usually through language. A lie is not actually told. The truth is not told either, but a false idea is deliberately fostered. MACBETH IS BASED ON IT

Peter and the Wolf

The bird distracts the wolf by flying over his head while Peter lowers a noose and catches the wolf by his tail. Hunters then come out of the woods and fire at the wolf but Peter stops them. They all bring the wolf to the zoo and at the end, the duck can be heard quacking in the wolf's stomach.

setting

The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.

literary elements

The essential techniques used in literature (e.g., characterization, setting, plot, theme).

Location

The final confrontation in The Graduate takes place in a church. Ben tries to prevent Elaine (Katherine Ross) from getting married, but he arrives too late. Nonetheless, when Elaine sees him, she sprints to him, and they run away. When the couple is cornered by infuriated parents and relatives, Ben starts swinging a cross to avoid them. As they exit, Ben uses the cross to hold the church's doors shut.

What information does the messenger bring?

The forest is moving

What is the difference between a good quartos and a bad quartos?

The good quartos were those authorized publications based on the prompt books (scripts) held by the acting company. The bad quartos were those un-authorized publications based on the faulty memory of an un-happy actor who was no longer a member of the troupe. There were bad, or corrupt, versions of only 6 of of the 19 plays published between 1594 and 1622.

In lines 114-137 what does Malcom tell Macduff?

The he is really not as he described earlier

hireling

The hireling was an actor (musician, stage manager, wardrobe keeper, prompter or stage hand) employed by the acting company. He was paid between 5 and 10 shillings per week. Approximately half of his wages would be spent on food.

house holder

The house holder held an economic interest in the theatre in which the acting company performed, and would share in the house's profit or loss. Shakespere earned between £200 and £250 per year from his 1/10 interest in the Globe.

Who were the King's Men?

The leading English acting company. between 1603 and 1642. Before becoming the King's Men, the company was under the patronage of Lord Hunsdon (Lord Hunsdon's Men) who in 1585 became the Lord Chamberlain (Lord Chamberlain's Men).

Who was the gatherer?

The most trusted member of the company. What did he do? He collected the penny general admission from the audience as they entered the theatre. The same penny would purchase 24oz of bread, one pound of beef or mutton, or 2/3 gallon of beer.

Decor

The objects contained in and the setting of a scene. Important to amplify mood/emotion of a character in the film

Miasma

The pollution

The transition to the classical period

The pre-classical Indian ruler, Asoka (269 - 232 BCE rule), had a significant impact on unifying Indian culture - centralized administration - standardized written language - adopted Buddhism

Analysis

The process or result of identifying the parts of a whole and their relationships to one another.

What is the difference between a quartos and a folio?

The quartos were small books (5"x6") which contained a single play. Nineteen scripts were published in quartos editions between 1594 and 1622. The folio was a large book (8.5"x13") which included a collection of 36 scripts.

Tolstoy Facts

The real Tolstoy wore trousers and peasant boots. Nothing suggests that he was nobility and a great writer. He spent time in his country house. Faithful portrait of lives of upper class - foreshadowed spiritual crisis - Anna Kerrinana Last 30 yrs of like --> wrote --> violence, the state, the church, and on how to improve the human condition Wrote 2 of the most acclaimed works - Radical political and religious views He had a life long obsession with the inevitability of death Writing, radical life style, personal beliefs Russian nobility, opened innovative school for peasant children Spiritual crisis at 50 and created his own faith system and 1891 published works of everything after 1881 Excommunicated by church and even gave Gandhi ideas.

Pre Petrine/Old Russian

The reforms of Peter I (the Great; reigned 1682-1725), who rapidly Westernized the country, created so sharp a divide with the past that it was common in the 19th cent. to maintain that Russian literature had begun only a cent. before

When the actors look up, they see

The roof/balcony above them

Life changing riddle

The village of Thebes, finding that their king had been murdered were in sorry Sphinx made a riddle only a worthy person could solve Oedipus solved it becoming kind of Thebes Got to marry his mother

Why do you think these murders are more terrible than those previously committed?

The wife and kids were innocent

Who does Macbeth plan to see the next day?

The witches.

The plague

Thebes is dying

What are the primary sources of information on the layout of an Elizabethan theatre?

There are four: ⦁ The stage directions in the texts of Elizabethan plays. ⦁ Philip Henslowe's contract for the construction of the Fortune. The ground plan ... is based on this document. ⦁ A Dutch visitor's sketch of the Swan. ⦁ The 1989 archaeological excavation of a small portion of the historical site of the Globe.

Sacredness of language

There is no clear separation between religion and literature Sanskrit was considered to be the perfect language Hymns and epics Trimurti

Ross and the Old Man discuss the strange things..what do they suggest about the order of the universe and kings?

They are all natural acts and show disorder of nature... 1. dark during the day 2. an owl killed a falcon 3. Duncan's horses broke free and fought each other and ate each other's flesh

Compare and Contrast Essays

They focus on the similarities and/or differences which is done to convince or entertain the reader Compare essay reviews the similarities Contrast essay reviews the differences

What does the public suspect about the king's sons?

They hired the guards to kill Duncan...and Macbeth was named king.

What happened to some of Mac's men?

They joined Malcom's forces

Macbeth tells the murderers that Banquo is their enemy. Why do the murderers decide to take the job?

They take the job because it could lead to a better life than what they have now and they would die trying to get that better life.

According to Malcom what is the quality of Mac's troops?

They won't fight hard because they fight out of force, not loyalty to the king of their own will.

How many plays did it contain?

Thirty six, including eighteen plays which had not been previously published. Pericles (1609), which was printed in a quartos edition was not included in the First Folio

Why might Lady M pretend to faint?

To distract attention from Macbeth

At the beginning Banquo is murdered and Fleance flees. What is Banquo's dying request to his son?

To get revenge.

Where has Macduff gone? To King Edward. What does Macduff hope to do?

To put food on tables, bring peace back to their nights, free feasts and banquets from violent murders, allow them to pay proper homage to our king, and receive honors freely.

Why do the witches show Mac all 8 kings?

To represent all the kings that will descend from Banquo.

Narrative Transitions (7)

To start with More importantly Besides But even so Nevertheless With this in mind Still/yet

Macbeth's feeling in scene 7

Trapped but confident

Trimurti

Trinity of supreme divinity in Hinduism Cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction personifies Brahma Vishnu (2 avatars) Shiva

Fortune teller

Unable to tell who is parents were Retold him the prophecy Disgusted, he headed to Thebes....He was in corinth, but after hearing his horrible fate, he flees home

Lighting

Unarguably one of the film elements that has the greatest power to evoke emotions, lighting must be manipulated by the director to accommodate his or her desires for the movie. In broad terms, the two types of lighting approaches are: low-key lighting and high-key lighting.

suspense

Uncertainty or anxiety the reader feels about what is going to happen next in a story

Renaissance Theatre: England

Under the Reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) - King James I of England (1603-1625) King Charles I (1625-1649)

Rear projection

Usually used to combine foreground action, often actors in conversation with a background shot earlier, on location.

Epics and a collection of fables

Valued as sacred stories - embody religious and ethical teaching Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Longest epic compiled between 200 BCE and 200 AD Fight over rights to a kingdom Panchatantra

What

What is the piece about? To what historic events might this plot have referred at the time of publication? To what events might it apply now? Plot Act

Climax in the last act?

When Macbeth finds out that Macduff was not of woman borne. At this point he knows it is his end and accepts the inevitable. He does not want to fight anymore either

Who

Who is the piece about? To whom might the characters have referred at the time of publication? To whom might they apply now? Characterization Agent

more on the company

Who was the leading actor of the company? Richard Burbage. The resident playwright? William Shakespeare. The patron? King James I. 30. In which theatre did they perform? The Globe

Who is the major Elizabethan playwright?

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564-1616). In addition to being a playwright, he was also an actor, a shareholder in the King's Men and a householder in the Globe (theatre). The official Shakespeare canon contains thirty-eight plays: the thirty-six works included in the First Folio (1623) and two plays, Pericles (1609) and Two Noble Kinsmen (1634), which appear only in quartos editions. Most drama critics believe Shakespeare was the greatest playwright in the English language. He also holds the title of the most often produced playwright in the academic theatre.

How does Lady M treat Duncan?

With care and gratefulness, sucking up to him...

Were women allowed in an Elizabethan acting company? No 35. If not, who played the women's roles? 36. How did this affect the Elizabethan playwrights?

Women's parts were played by young boys (age 10 to 20) who were apprenticed to individual actors in the company. They traditionally received room and board plus 3 shillings per week. Elizabethan playwrights included very few women in the casts of their plays. For example, Hamlet' s cast includes 27 men, and 2 women; King Lear : 20 men and 3 women; Macbeth : 21 men and 6 women; and Romeo and Juliet: 17 men and 4 women.

transitions

Words, phrases, or sentences that show the relationship between or bridge ideas

1. Narrative Essays: Telling a story

Writer tells a story about a real - life experience. Make the story as vivid as possible. Usually written in first person to engage readers. Build towards drawing a conclusion OR making a personal statement.

Does the appearance of a third murder seem odd? Why?

Yes, because the others were not informed that he would be there, but he said to have been sent by Macbeth.

Prophecy of doom

You will murder your father and marry your mother

Macbeth kills the

Young Siward

simile

a comparison of two unlike things using like or as

aside

a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage

Essays

a neat and clean short description about a subject a short story about the subject

iambic pentameter

a poetic meter that is made up of 5 stressed syllables each followed by an unstressed syllable

Rising action

a related series of incidents in a literary plot that build toward the point of greatest interest.

equivocal

a statement or even that is open to two or more interpretations and is actually intended to mislead

thesis

a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.

What is a Thesis Statement?

a strong, argumentative claim a sentence that is specific a controversial, debatable, not obvious claim highlights the significance, deeper implications and ethical end(s) of the test/issue in questions provides a purpose for the paper establishes voice and argument

Sound devices

alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, repetition, anaphora, refrain, rhyme (perfect/exact, slant/approximate/eye, internal, masculine, feminine), rhythm meter enjambment, euphony, cacophony

paradox

an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth

Just after he has been named Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth wonders if he can

believe the witches' prophecies

Banquo responds by saying that you

can't trust part of the truth

Symbolism

concrete, abstract, natural, public/conventional, contextual, motif, archetype, allegory

Every essay type is designed to

convey a certain message and perform a certain function

Diction

denotation, connotation, euphemism, pejorative, semantics, colloquial, dialect, jargon, concrete, abstract, slag, cliche, invective

Witches were said to have....

diabolical powers

hubris

excessive pride or self-confidence

Body

explains thesis statement by developing main idea *each support paragraph has topic sentence - usually a transition *unity keep to subject *coherence reads smoothly and logically from one idea to the next *clarity makes sense to the reader *organizational techniques: chronological, spatial, order of importance, cause to effect, compare and contrast, classification (place ex. of subject in categories), general to specific (broad definition to specific details)

Study Guide for RUSSIAN FOLK TALES and Pushkin.pdf on itslearning

https://mlwgs.itslearning.com/ContentArea/ContentArea.aspx?LocationID=1190&LocationType=1

Oedipus steps

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXyek9Ddus4 You cannot escape your fate

Tone

implicit and explicit, didactic, mood, wit, pedantic

Low-key lighting

is often seen in horror movies and thrillers, comprising of a lighting pattern that has both bright and dark areas in the frame. The chiaroscuro (Italian: bright-dark) technique, long used by painters, is characterized by strong contrast, often employed to unnerve the audience.

High-key lighting

is often seen in romantic comedies and musicals, encompassing an even lighting pattern and avoiding dark areas in the frame. Everything looks bright with little to no shadow at all. High-key lighting has little dramatic effect itself.

Macbeth talks about the witches in his

letter to his wife

Figures of speech

metaphor, simile, apostrophe, personification, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, understatement (litotes/meiosis), antithesis/chasmus, paradox, oxymoron, pun, irony (situation, verbal, and dramatic), sarcasm, allusion, analogy, aphorism

Couples make the play sound

more riddle like and eerie and mysterious

Adjective phrase:

prepositional phrase - function ADJ

Adverb phrase:

prepositional phrases - function ADV

Duncan's personality is....

secretive and double sided yet sweet and caring and lovable

The titles of nobility (Lines 40-43) are like

shining stars

Syntax

simple, compound, complex, complex compound, declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory, telegraphic, medium, long and involved, loose, periodic, balanced, natural order, inverse order, split order, juxtaposition, parallel, rhetorical

symbol

something that stands for something else

soliloquy

speech to oneself

Macbeth's reaction to the witches =

startled and afraid

Conclusion

summarizes your support ideas and recalls the main idea expressed in the thesis statement (add insight) *clincher sentence - last sentence of an essay - should leave strong (ending) impression - should be memorable

Imagery

tactile, auditory, visual, olfactory, taste

Climax

the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex.

plot

the structure of a story. the sequence in which the author arranges events in a story. rising action, climax, falling action, resolution. may have a protag opposed by an antag to create conflict.

theme

the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.

alliteration

use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse

Blank verse

verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.

Skazka

very old stories of magical events often passed down by word of mouth....fairy tale

You have to take various

viewpoints into account, organize them properly and reflect on the topic

dramatic irony

when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't

Hecate, leader of the witches, berates the weird sisters because they messed with Macbeth

without her and she did not get a chance to show off her powers.

MEDIEVAL DRAMA GREW OUT OF LITURGY C. 11TH CENTURY

• Miracle/Mystery Play: based on legends of saints or biblical history •Morality Play: ordinary people meet symbolic characters who represent abstract qualities (Death, Knowledge, Good Deeds, Beauty, etc.) Miracle/mystery: usually church sponsored church churchyard marketplace theatres

Edward VI

❖Formal portrait in the Elizabethan style of Edward in his early teens. ❖Crowned at 9-years old ❖Died at 15 in 1553

WILL . . . born in 1564 died 1616

" restored 16thcentury halftimbered house situated in Henley Street, Stratfordupon-Avon, Warwickshire, England, where it is believed that William Shakespeare was born in 1564 and spent his childhood years" probably his room on 2nd floor

Examine the first three lines spoken by BANQUO: "Thou hast it now—king, Cawdor, Glamis, all / As the Weïrd Women promised, and I fear / Thou played'st most foully for 't." What is he beginning to suspect about Macbeth (specifically)?

He suspects that Macbeth did not play fair to be king and cheated his way into the position.

Act 2 - foreshadowing with Banquo's words to Fleance?

He talks about darkness, nightmares, and uneasiness about the witches...showing how he knows nothing will end well.

Why doesn't Malcom trust Macduff?

He was an old friend of Macbeth

William Shakespeare

He was the country bumpkin who came to the big city. Kit Marlowe was the literary king of London. Will was wide eyed at the hustle and bustle of cosmopolitan 16th cent London.

How would you describe Macbeth now, compared to his earlier ambivalence 1 about murder?

He was uncertain then, and now he is bold bloody and not giving a second thought before giving the order to kill

Which one has he forgotten?

He will meet his demise when Birnum wood reaches Dunsinane

Equivocator

Someone who tried to mislead through language

Does Lady Macduff have a close relationship with her son? ___________ What is YOUR impression of "little Macduff

THEY SEEM TO HAVE A FAIRLY GOOD RELATIONSHIP....I would say he just needs to be a bit smarter and more cunning like his father...he is respectful and not completely rude..

War and Peace Summary

War and Peace broadly focuses on Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 and follows three of the most well-known characters in literature: Pierre Bezukhov, the illegitimate son of a count who is fighting for his inheritance and yearning for spiritual fulfillment; Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, who leaves his family behind to fight in the war against Napoleon; and Natasha Rostov, the beautiful young daughter of a nobleman who intrigues both men. A s Napoleon's army invades, Tolstoy brilliantly follows characters from diverse backgrounds—peasants and nobility, civilians and soldiers—as they struggle with the problems unique to their era, their history, and their culture. And as the novel progresses, these characters transcend their specificity, becoming some of the most moving—and human—figures in world literature.

When/Where

When and where is the piece set? To what historic time and place might this setting have referred at the time of publication? To what setting might it apply now? Setting Scene

4. Persuasive Essays: Convince me

While like an expository essay in its presentation of facts, the goal of the persuasive essay is to convince the reader to accept the writer's point of view or recommendation OR to express an argument in order to sway the reader to see the topic through the author's point of view Build a case using facts and logic + as well as examples + expert opinion + sound reasoning Present all sides of the argument - prepare organized idea(s) how to articulate the argument against possible opposing ideas - communicate clearly and without equivocation why a certain position is the best

Why

Why might the piece's thematic meaning resonate with audiences at the time of publication? Why might it resonate with audiences now? Theme Purpose

Mysogyny

is the hatred of women

An essay evaluates an

issue with the purpose to present your personal academic opinion on a subject

Oedipus Packet with Overview

look it over

Those who confessed did so under

torture or because they were in the grip of delusions recognized today as psychiatric disorders

Setting

Historical, seasonal, temporal, geographical, regional, and cultural time and place Allusion, microcosm

Rig Veda

"Sacred books" religious ideas - collection of hymns World's oldest written documents The earliest Veda Orally transmitted Taught to children from an early age Around 1000 BC, written down Established four Varnas: traditional social classes of India Brahmin Kshatriya Vaisha Sudra Untouchable

POV

1st person/participant narration - interior monologue, dramatic monologue, letter narration, diary narration, subject narration (naive or unreliable narrator), detached autobio, memoir 3rd person/observer - anonymous narration - limited/selective omniscient (singe, dual, or multiple character pov), omniscient voice persona stream of consciousness

foreshadowing

A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.

Why does Macduff come to Mac's castle?

He came at Duncan's command

What is Malcom's confession to Macduff in lines 57-99? Summarize his confession in your own words:

He has committed sins such as being lustful, greedy, and not having a good kingly virtue.

Lines 59-68: What advice is Lady M giving her husband?

He has to greet the king warmly and innocently, hiding all emotion. Then later that night, strike!

What are the opinions of Macbeth of the Scottish lords?

He is a tyrant that only cares for himself, not his subjects

What changes in personality in Mac do we see?

He is no longer afraid, nothing scared him anymore.

Hymns and epics

Homage to the gods of nature Set a tone of devotion and piety that carries down to the present day Described the details of sacrifices to the god - profound effect on the way that Hindus thought Longest epic poem is the Mahabharata = great epic of the bharata dynasty Another epic poem is the Ramayana = romance of Rama Hero, Rama, is one of the forms of the Hindu god Vishnu - the battle between Rama and the evil demon Ravana

Life changing scar

Jocasta, Oedipus' mom and wife, soon found out her husband was her son

Macbeth mutters that "blood will have blood" and tells Lady Macbeth that he has heard from a servant-spy that

Macduff intends to keep away from court, behavior that verges on treason (3.4.121).

What has Ross just told Lady Macduff?

Macduff's plans

Who is killed in this scene?

Macduff's son and wife

Important Hindu works

Number of works exceeds those of Latin and Greek Written in Sanskrit, Persian, Tamil, and others Texts crucial to understanding India's dominant Hindu culture: Rig Veda Upanishad Bagavad Gita

Marlets at the castle?

Perfect and beautiful

Meaningful group of words ----> A group of words with a subject and verb

Phrase Preposition, Participle, Gerund, Infinitive, Appositive... Clause Independent, and subordinate

3. Expository Essays: Just the facts

Presents balanced analysis of a topic Writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples Based on facts and not personal feelings Writers don't reveal their emotions or write in first person Variations: - comparison and contrast essay - the cause and effect essay - the how to or process essay

Catharsis

Ritual purification from polution...this is the religious definition. Also known as the purging of excessive emotions.....relief from strong emotions

Review over

Scotland's castle handout and the Shakespeare's language handout

Hinduism

Self generation Primordial substance Godhead Purusa (spirit) Brahman (Upanishads) Moksha Atman

Why, according to the doctor, is Lady Macbeth walking in her sleep?

She has a diseased mind, her guilt is getting to her

How does Lady Macbeth cover for Macbeth at the banquet? What excuses does she give for his wild talk?

She tells the people that he was just having mindless illusions from an illness he has had since childhood. He tells them all that it is nothing out of the ordinary.

Who is sentenced to death?

The Thane of Cawdor

War and Peace is considered

Tolstoy's masterwork and a significant contribution to literature

What are the three groups into which his plays are divided? Give an example of one of his tragedies?

Tragedies (11 scripts), Comedies (16 titles) and History plays (9 plays). Three groups established by the publishers of the First Folio in 1623 Romeo and Juliet (1594-95), Hamlet (1600-01), Othello (1602), King Lear (1606) Macbeth (1606) What is generally considered his greatest tragedy? Hamlet Hamlet: the story of a young prince whose father, the King, is murdered by his uncle. It includes what is probably the most famous soliloquy from dramatic literature: "To be, or not to be, that is the question..." (Act III, Sc 1).

Russian literature

the body of written works produced in the Russian language, beginning with the Christianization of Kievanras in the late 10th century

tragic flaw

the character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall

Why doesn't Macduff attend the coronation?

Because he is suspicious of Macbeth

Why is Banquo surprised at M's reaction?

Because the witches talked about great things and a great future for M

An appeal to Elizabethan People's interest

Country stable ---> good and virtuous king Evil occurs in darkness Blood and murder expectation Thriller - threat to king, evil behind threat

What news does Ross bring Macbeth?

He tells Macbeth that he is now the Thane of Cawdor.

How is the planning of Banquo's murder different from that of Duncan's? How is Macbeth behaving in these planning stages?

It different because Macbeth is bolder and Banquo's happened quickly and with less persuasion from others. It was with less second guessing and Macbeth was confident and kept to himself.

What do the witches predict in Act 1 Scene 3 for Macbeth? For Banquo?

They predict Macbeth will be the Thane of Cawdor, and eventually king. They predict Banquo will be lesser than Macbeth, and greater, no so happy, and yet happier. They also predict that all of his descendants will be kings, but not him.

King James I

1. Elizabeth I had the mother of James I, mary Stuart killed/executed 2. She appointed James I before she died 3. Gunpowder plot of 1605 was a failed assassination attempt of James I 4. The rebellion's leader was Guy Fawkes; however he has his own day on Nov 5 *The appointment of James I was a good political move, unifying England and Scotland under 1 king *Macbeth echos interest of James

B's answer to Mac's q...

As long as he doesn't lose his honor, he will.

The Real (Historical ) macbeth

Born in 1005, son of a ruling family Father murdered by his cousin Married the grand daughter of the High King of Scotland (Gruach)

Why does Macbeth invite Banquo to a banquet at his court?

He wants to make him the guest of honor to decrease any suspicion he may have as well as lull him into a sense of security so he wouldn't expect he was next on the kill list.

A Macbeth for King James?

Interest in witchcraft is well known Daemonology (1599) James went in 1605 to Oxfod, met by 3 "witches"

Who is Lady M talking to and sum it up

She is talking to the raven (the devil) about killing Duncan.. all evil.

There was a belief that witches allowed devils to

suck their blood

I. European Literature Continued

- TRAGEDY OF MACBETH: Review your notes, worksheets, handouts, and PowerPoint Reading Passage o Do know the major themes and motifs? o Can you define literary terms specific to Macbeth? (notes & PPT) o Do you understand how true history and politics shaped the story? o How did lingering medieval beliefs affect the story? (i.e. witches, cosmic order, etc.) o Review your notes, worksheets, and handouts o Go to itslearning for review webpages from the "Bulletins" if still Available o Micro passages with general multiple choice

Witches could

- predict the future - bring on night and the daytime - cause fogs and tempests - kill animals - curse enemies with fatal or wasting diseases - cause nightmares and sterility - take demonic possession of any individual - raise evil spirits by concocting a brew

The Many Meanings of Macbeth

1. a historical thriller - a fast moving, action packed murder mystery demonstrating that crime doesn't pay 2. a psychological study of a murderer's mind 3. a play of political and social realism - how oppressive and hierarchical society can corrupt individuals 4. a play of illusions - the effect of the mysterious or supernatural on humans 5. a play of ideas or themes - example of appearance versus reality 6. a play about gender 7. a tragedy - the fall of a great person brought about by a fatal flaw in their character; everyone dies and there is a moral at the end

11th cent Scotland AD

1. a violent and troubled country 2. feuding families and clans fought to control trade and territory 3. the castle was the power base of each rival war lord (thane) 4. political murder and revenge killings were commonplace

When the play begins, there are 2 wars in progress

Civil war in Scotland - king Duncan vs McDonwald's (a thanes) rebels National War - Scotland, led by King Duncan, against invading Norway

What group were prime targets for witchcraft? Difference between magician and a witch? What is a familiar? Purpose of the Longinus Charm?

Elederly women Witches do magic with bodies, and magicians do magic with words It is familiar everywhere with the same pattern To heal

How does Mac mismanage or bungle the murder? How does Lady M fix it?

He brought the daggers with him... she puts them back with Duncan's guards and frames them.

What does Duncan call Macbeth when he hears Macbeth has defeated Macdonwald?

He calls him valiant cousin and worthy gentleman

Line 82......Macbeth says "False face must hide what the false heart doth know."

He is implying that you need to hide your evil intentions by your fake face

In lines 20-27 what problem is Macbeth having again? Why does he envy Duncan?

He is second guessing everything again, and he envies Duncan because while he is suffering with guilt and fear, Duncan is peaceful not having a care in the world.

Shakespeare was a playwright, not a historian. However...

He knew that history provided great material for plays: war, conflict, ambition, the downfall of great rulers, etc.

Banquo, like Macbeth, is surprised that the witches have predicted Macbeth's new title. He is, however, leery. What does he say about the motives of "the instruments of darkness"?

He said they often tell of good things which may happen, without telling the bad consequences.

Lines 16-34: Duncan talking about Macbeth....

He talks to him with high praise and respect, and speaks very highly of him.

Why do you think he tells her? Its 11th cent Scotland....what do you think their relationship is like?

He tells her because she is his partner in greatness. Seeing as he wants to share his wealth and talks to her, it is seen they have a very good relationship.

Macbeth says to the First Murderer, "The worm that's fled Hath nature that in time will venom breed, No teeth for the present." What does that mean?

It means that though Fleance is weak now, in time, he may hurt him and become the rightful king. As of now, though, he is too young and insignificant to bring him harm.

What is the point of the first scene literally and in reference to the whole play?

Literally, the witches are deciding when they shall meet again. This scene sets the mood for the whole play and introduces many different themes, as well as the character Macbeth.

Effectiveness of water....M and Lady M's opinions...

M - believed if he was washing his hands in an ocean, the ocean would turn red but he would still have blood on his hands Lady M - a little water would take care of everything...literal blood and guilt

What does Macbeth hear?

Macbeth murders sleep....Macbeth shall not sleep....

Why is Macbeth afraid of Banquo (lines 49-54)

Macbeth's fear of Banquo is that, through him, the second part of the witches' initial prophecy will come true.

Who discovers the murder?

Macduff

Is Lady Macbeth aware that her husband has planned two deaths?

NO

The 1st witch intentionally causes storms to tempest toss sailors.. what else does she plan?

She will drain the life out of him and make sure he doesn't sleep. He will live as a cursed man and waste away in agony for 81 weeks.. alone!

Lines 25-28: What is M saying...

The only thing motivating him is ambition, something that makes people rush into disaster...

Witches and Witchcraft

Witchmania in the Elizabethan era Most believed in witches Circulating pamphlets containing takes of witches and witchcraft - really popular