Final Exam for Clinical Chemistry (Quiz 6,7 and 8)
cholecystokinin function
Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, stomach & pylorus contraction, and intestinal motility
gastrin function
Stimulates stomach acid secretion, gastric mobility, and gastric mucosal growth
secretin function
Stimulates the secretion of gastric pepsin and pancreatic secretion of; water, proenzymes, anions, cations, & hormones
Bacterial Overgrowth
associated with structural or motility disorders of the small intestine and may lead to bile salt or vitamin B12 deficiencies
The following laboratory results most likely indicate which of the following conditions? Glucose: 47 LC
insulinoma
CNS Depressant example
Ethanol
Which of the following are mainly administered orally or a person is mainly exposed to the compound through oral ingestion? Ethanol Organophosphates Lead Cocaine Carbon monoxide Acetaminophen
Ethanol Organophosphates Lead Acetiminophen
Please provide the most lkely diagnosis for the following laboratory results.
Incorrect patient
Place the steps of a sandwich immunoassay, for Troponin-I, into the correct order with 1 being the first step and being the last step. Specimen troponin antigen (cTn-I Ag) binds to reagent capture antibody (anti-human cTn-I Ab) Conjugate antibody (anti-human cTn-I Ab) binds to specimen troponin antigen (cTn-I Ag) Fluorescent label produces light in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) Light production is directly proportional to the amount of cTn-I in the patient's serum
1. Specimen troponin antigen (cTn-I Ag) binds to reagent capture antibody (anti-human cTn-I Ab) 2. Conjugate antibody (anti-human cTn-I Ab) binds to specimen troponin antigen (cTn-I Ag) 3. Fluorescent label produces light in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) 4. Light production is directly proportional to the amount of cTn-I in the patient's serum
Place the following steps of cardiac muscle conrtraction in order with 1 being the first and 5 being the last step. Myosin head rotates towards the center of the muscle fiber's sarcomere (power stroke) Muscle contraction Troponin Complex moves to expose actin binding sites Myosin head splits ATP and binds to actin Troponin C binds Calcium
1. Troponin C binds Calcium 2. Troponin Complex moves to expose actin binding sites 3. Myosin head splits ATP and binds to actin 4. Myosin head rotates towards the center of the muscle fiber's sarcomere (power stroke) 5. Muscle contraction
Describe the process of digestion by placing the following events in order from the first step (1) to the last (4). Gastrin stimulates the stomach parietal cells to secrete HCL Gastrin, Pepsin, and Gastric acid secretion is inhibited and the pancreas is stimulated to release Insulin The presence of glucose and fat in the duodenum causes the secretion of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) from the duodenal mucosa cells Food in the stomach causes the secretion of the hormone Gastrin from the gastrointestinal mucosa cells (as a response to physical stress or high pH)
1. food in the stomach causes the secretion of the hormone Gastrin from the gastrointestinal mucosa cells (as a response to physical stress or high pH) 2. Gastrin stimulates the stomach parietal cells to secrete HCL 3. the presence of glucose and fat in the duodenum causes the secretion of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) from the duodenal mucosa cells 4. Gastrin, Pepsin, and Gastric acid secretion is inhibited and the pancreas is stimulated to release Insulin
A patient with the following results might also show abnormal levels of which of the following analytes? Please select all that apply.
CRP BNP AST LDL
Fecal fat is increased in which of the following conditions? Please select all that apply. Acute Pancreatitis Hepatitis Cystic Fibrosis Crohn's Disease Diabetes Mellitus
Acute pancreatitis Cystic fibrosis Crohn's disease
CNS Stimulant example
Amphetamines
What is the most likely diagnosis of a patient with the following results? The patient has/is experienced/experiencing:
An AMI couple of days ago prior to results
Which of the following does not influence the absorption of a drug? pH Tissue volume Availability of cytochrome P450 (CYP) Cardiac output
Availability of cytochrome P450 (CYP)
Which of the following classes of compounds may be included in drugs-of-abuse (DAU) screening? Barbiturates Sterols Alcohols Prostaglandins
Barbiturates
Immunosuppressant example
Cyclosporine
Which of the following are considered accurate regarding biotransformation of a drug? Please select all that apply. the kidney performs most of the drug metabolism in the body Cytochrome P450 (CYP) functions as the terminal oxidase protein in the liver Methyl, Hydroxyl, or Amino groups may be added to a drug metabolite to make it more polar some drugs get excreted in their original (parent) form
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) functions as the terminal oxidase protein in the liver Methyl, Hydroxyl, or Amino groups may be added to a drug metabolite to make it more polar some drugs get excreted in their original (parent) form
Which of the following biomarkers is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response and atherosclerosis? BNP PAPP-A Cytokines, especially IL-6 and IL-8 cTnT
Cytokines, especially IL-6 and IL-8
Which of the following is an example of a definitive or reference method that is suitable for confirming positive DAU? Immunoassays HPLC Electrophoresis GCMS
GCMS
Antibiotic example
Gentamicin
gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) function
Inhibits the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and gastrin Reduces gastric & intestinal motility
BNP is elevated in the blood of patients with which of the following? Please select all that apply. Left-sided heart failure Brain tumors Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Liver disease
Left-sided heart failure Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Antidepressant example
Lithium
Which of the following is considered a common mode of exposure to lead? plants glass thermometers paint
Paint
Hallucinogen example
Phenycyclidine (PCP)
Anti-epileptic example
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Most drugs are excreted in which form? Polar Nonhydrated Nonpolar As the parent compound
Polar
If there is a blockage in the aortic arch (blood vessel where blood leaves the heart to circulate through the rest of the body), due to plaque build-up, what portion of the electrocardiogram will be the most abnormal? Please select all that apply. U wave ST wave QRS wave P wave
ST wave and QRS wave
Analgesic example
Salicylate
Which of the following is considered true about drug metabolism? a steady state of a therapeutic drug is demonstrated by zero order kinetics on the Michaelis-Menten plot half life of a drug is the length of time a drug is completely eliminated from the blood toxicity of a drug describes the level of all forms of the drug in the blood therapeutic drug levels are directly measured using urine
a steady state of a therapeutic drug is demonstrated by zero order kinetics on the Michaelis-Menten plot
Please interpret the provided laboratory results and give a possible diagnosis.
acute pancreatitis triggered by alcohol
Which is considered an ideal cardiac biomarker? LD cTn-I Myoglobin CK-MB
cTn-I
Which of the following is considered a Primary cause of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)? Please select all that apply. coronary spasm plaque formation hypertension anemia
coronary spasm plaque formation
Peptic Ulcer
duodenal and gastric ulceration due to increased acid production and an infection with Helicobacter pylori
The main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct from the liver and drains into the: duodenum colon gallbladder stomach
duodenum.
Zollinger-Ellison's syndrome (ZES) is associated with which of the following conditions? hyposecretion of IgA and IgM gastric hypersecretion overactive large bowel excessive loss of protein
gastric hypersecretion
Celiac Disease
gut derived T-cells and proinflammatory cytokines damage the epithelial cells in the presence of gluten proteins
Protein Losing Enteropathy
loss of significant amounts of serum proteins into the bowel lumen and into the feces
Which of the following are considered results which would aid a MLT in identifying an invalid drug screen specimen? Please select all that apply. taste pH creatinine level smell
pH creatinine level smell
Which of the following are true about the endocrine products of the pancreas?
they are hormones which help control a person's glucose levels they enter the portal vein and go to the liver
The pancreas performs both Endocrine and Exocrine functions. Please select all of the following which indicates the Exocrine function. somatostatin glucagon proinsulin trypsin cholesterol esterase lipase
trypsin cholesterol esterase lipase