Final Exam
Research experiments show that incorrect eyewitnesses are believed ________ of the time.
80%
A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and disorganized. What type of attribution are you making in this situation?
A Dispositional Attribution
When others expect us to perform poorly and our anxiety causes us to confirm their belief, we have reacted to:
A Stereotype Threat
Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _________. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _________.
A Stereotype; Discrimination
Of the following, which is the best example of instrumental aggression?
A group of citizens attack a pro-choice rally in order to influence an upcoming vote.
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the concept of random assignment?
A researcher randomly divides her sample such that half of the participants experiences one level of the independent variable and the other half experiences the other level of the independent variable.
After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow's milk. Your behavior is an example of:
Acceptance
After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people who quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous, and, therefore, he quits. His behavior is an example of:
Acceptance
Which of the following is not one of the functions that groups can serve?
Affection
Though Lisa is opposed to capital punishment, she gives a speech in favor of it to conclude a class debate. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that her true attitude will undergo the most change if she:
Agrees to give the speech without special incentives.
A major biochemical cause of aggressive behavior is _____________.
Alcohol
According to social psychologists, a group exists when two or more people interact with and influence each other, and:
Also perceive themselves as "us".
Which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior?
An Unexpected Request
In a revision of the frustration-aggression theory, researchers emphasize the importance of...
Anger in causing aggression.
Online communities offer individuals the ability to adopt different disguises, thus concealing their true identities and enabling them to be more mean or cruel. This is an example of how _________ contribute(s) to de-individuation.
Anonymity
According to research findings, an individualistic Western Worldview predisposes people to ________.
Assume that individuals cause events.
Jurors are more likely persuaded when:
Attorneys present evidence in a narrative, story type fashion.
In the context of self-serving attributions, saying I earned an A on my psychology test versus My instructor gave me a C on my psychology test exemplifies how we:
Attribute positive outcomes to ourselves and negative outcomes to others.
After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel most likely because of the...
Availability Heuristic
People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to...
Behave more consistently with their attitudes.
You attend a party where you do not know anyone but expect others to be friendly toward you. You greet people warmly. Your actions, in turn, lead other people to behave in a friendly manner with you. This situation can best be described as:
Behavioral Confirmation
Despite reading numerous research studies that associate fast food consumption with heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues eating fast food and considers it harmless. Rachel's thinking is an example of:
Belief Perseverance
Who is likely to get more responses to his personal, online advertisements?
Bill because he emphasizes his income and education.
Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were:
Black
The results of the Schachter and Singer (1962) experiment in which participants were injected with adrenaline prior to spending time with either a hostile or a euphoric person support the idea that...
Bodily arousal feeds one emotion or another depending on how we interpret the arousal.
__________ are co-participants working individually on a non-competitive activity.
Co-actors
Owen gets a lucrative job offer from a multinational company soon after he receives his undergraduate degree. At the same time, he gets a research scholarship from a renowned foreign university. He is in a dilemma and is unable to choose the right course of action. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario?
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Identify a true statement about social psychology.
Compared with sociology, social psychology focuses more on individuals.
During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how __________ can breed __________.
Compliance; Acceptance
Sharon typically follows those news channels that support her existing political beliefs. She is not inclined to watch news on other channels as they may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon's approach illustrates the:
Confirmation Bias
Two major advantages that experiments have over correlational studies are:
Control and random assignment.
Maxine is the captain of her school's basketball team. After losing an inter-school basketball tournament by one point, she is depressed and feels guilty. She thinks that if she had not made three consecutive fouls, her team would have won the match. In the context of social thinking, this scenario illustrates:
Counterfactual Thinking
Which of the following best explains why Olympic bronze medalists express more happiness than silver medalists?
Counterfactual Thinking
Brent is a White man and has been given a choice to work with Darwin or Ken. Darwin is a Black man who shares many of Brent's values and attitudes, and Ken is a White man who shares little in common with Brent. With whom is Brent more likely to work?
Darwin
Jury deliberations can be influenced by all of the following processes EXCEPT:
De-individuation
The behavior of a rioting mob is a good example of...
De-individuation
When people experience a loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of:
De-individuation
When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of...
De-individuation
Tobias, who conducts a psychological research experiment, explains the details of the experiment to the participants after the experiment is completed. He also encourages the participants to express their opinions and share their feelings about the experiment with him. This scenario exemplifies the concept of:
Debriefing
When Milgram's experimental study was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _________ compared to the Yale rate.
Decreased
When in groups, aggression can increase because of all of the following EXCEPT:
Decreasing Anonymity
Which of the following does NOT strengthen a minority's ability to influence the group?
Defections from the majority.
Cues in an experiment that tell the participants what behavior is expected are called:
Demand Characteristics
Which is not a biochemical influence on aggression?
Deprivation
Frequently viewing sexually violent movies ________ men to brutality and results in ________ for domestic violence victims.
Desensitizes; Less Sympathy
Groups typically increase aggressive tendencies in their members due in part to...
Diffusing Responsibility
In the context of the elements of persuasion, one thing that does not improve persuasion is ________.
Direct eye contact between a communicator and his or her audience.
Task leadership is to a __________ style as social leadership is to a __________ style.
Directive; Democratic
Mindguards protect group leaders from...
Disagreeable facts.
__________ is unjustified behavior toward a group or its members.
Discrimination
More lynching of Blacks took place in the old South during years when cotton prices were low, suggesting that prejudice is partly explained by...
Displaced Aggression
Jason instigates more and more fights with classmates on the school playground because it gains him the attention and respect of his friends. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is...
Due to a social dominance orientation.
Which of the following illustrates the attitudes-follow-behavior principle in psychology? Alex prefers the company of physically attractive people.
Emily, an employee in a software company, dares to share confidential company information with a rival company as she was not caught doing a similar act earlier.
In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, researchers have found that, relative to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to...
Emphasize the face.
When social psychologists try to measure people's attitudes, they:
End up measuring expressed attitudes.
A belief in the superiority of one's own cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups is called...
Ethnocentrism
A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called:
Ethnocentrism
The best way to improve individual performance by a group is to:
Evaluate each person individually.
The concern with how others are assessing us is called:
Evaluation Apprehension
Which of the following statements best reflects the false consensus effect?
Everyone does it!
In the context of effects of media on aggression, one reason that TV viewing affects behavior is that it...
Evokes Imitation
The degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants is known as:
Experimental Realism
A psychiatrist is interested in determining if conditions of individuals who are clinically depressed improve with either 20 or 40 milligrams of Prozac. She administers 20 milligrams to a random half of her clients and 40 milligrams to the other half. After six months, she finds that the clients who took 40 milligrams of Prozac are significantly less depressed than those clients who took 20 milligrams of Prozac. Which type of study did the psychiatrist conduct?
Experimental Research
A lone Black female lawyer in a group of Black and White male lawyers will be most conscious of being ______.
Female
Standing in a campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observations of students' usage of their cell phones is an example of what type of research?
Field Research
A research program was conducted to understand the effects of two slogans created for a health care program. It was found that the number of people who registered for the program with the slogan Saves 600 out of 1000 lives were much higher than the number of people who registered for the program with the slogan 400 out of 1000 people lose their lives. This scenario exemplifies ____________.
Framing the item.
People who benefit from the group but give little in return are:
Free Riders
Which of the following is not a social source of prejudice?
Frustration
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior is called the:
Fundamental Attribution Error
What is the effect of fear-arousing communications?
Generally, the more frightened people feel, the more they respond.
The __________ argues that attitudes don't change over time; older people largely hold onto the attitudes they adopted when they were young.
Generation Explanation
Which of the following is the most effective advice for persuasion?
Go first or last for best results.
Dismissing out-group members' positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as...
Group-serving Bias
Who among the following most likely belongs to a collectivistic culture?
Hailey, who places more value on her ancestral and shared practices than anything else.
In the context of the elements of persuasion, a communicator is considered credible if ________.
He or she is seen as knowledgeable on a topic.
Which of the following is not among the factors related to one's perceived self control?
Heuristics
When asked who Chloe thinks will win the next presidential election, she replies that she does not know. However, after the election results are declared, she claims that it was obvious all along who the winner of the election will be. In the context of social psychology, this scenario illustrates:
Hindsight bias
Which of the following would better predict a person's racial biases?
His/her implicit attitudes.
Since the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision to desegregate schools, the percentage of European Americans in favor of desegregated schools has increased and now includes nearly everyone. This is an example of:
How behavior influences attitudes.
Which of the following is one of the purposes of hypotheses?
Hypotheses allow us to test a theory.
Consistent with what is known about group polarization, one would predict that a group of French students' dislike for certain other people would ___________ after a discussion of the group's shared negative impressions.
Increase
Playing violent, over non-violent, video games has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT:
Increased feelings of empathy.
In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility most likely to be strong?
India
A person from a(n) ________ culture is more likely to attribute their success to their own personal efforts.
Individualistic
Stereotype threat explains why...
Individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped.
Sherif's study demonstrates ______________________.
Informational Influence
Which of the following best help to explain the causes of group polarization?
Informational Influences and Normative Influences
A store owner is concerned about shoplifting. Research on potent attitudes that influence shoplifting suggests that he can reduce theft by:
Installing eye level mirrors in his store.
Most acts of terrorism are considered ________ aggression.
Instrumental
Which of the following topics is NOT an example of what a social psychologist might study?
Intelligence
Which of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research?
It cannot explain cause and effect.
In the context of social psychology, identify a true statement about correlational research:
It does allow researchers to reasonably predict the relation between two variables.
Identify a true statement about cognitive dissonance theory.
It highlights the arousal of tension when two different thoughts coexist.
In the context of Social Psychology, identify a true statement about social thinking.
It includes perceptions.
Researchers have indicated that human beings have two brain systems. In this context, which of the following is true of System 2?
It requires conscious attention.
The tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the __________ phenomenon.
Just World
When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is _________ and the probability of social loafing is __________.
Low; High
People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that __________ hierarchies.
Maintain
All of the below are needed for "groupthink" to occur EXCEPT:
Members being well informed regarding the issues.
All of the below are needed for groupthink to occur EXCEPT:
Members being well-informed regarding the issues.
Attitude inoculation suggests that to get people to become more committed to their original position, you should...
Mildly attack their position.
The major purpose of random assignment in an experiment is to:
Minimize the differences between groups.
If people are reprimanded at a zoo for feeding unauthorized food to bears, they are _________ to help another person afterward than if they had not been reprimanded.
More Likely
A consistent finding concerning Christianity in North America is that, White church members show ________ than non-members.
More Racial Prejudice
Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are:
More likely to be conforming.
In the context of conformity, Asch's experiments lacked ________ but did possess ________.
Mundane Realism; Experimental Realism
Myra wants to ask her husband to buy her a diamond necklace. Which of the following strategies used by Myra reflects the lowball technique?
Myra gets her husband to agree to buy her a diamond ring, but at the jewelry store, she informs him that he wants a more expensive diamond necklace.
Ash's study demonstrates ______________________.
Normative Influence
According to the Bobo doll studies, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is...
Observations of others' behavior.
According to the social learning theory, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is...
Observations of others' behaviors.
Increased arousal enhances performance:
On dominant responses.
Which of the following is not among the list of factors that influence the development of one's self concept?
One's social economic status.
Which of the following is not an influence on the development of our self-concept?
Our Fundamental Attributions
The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call...
Our Social Identity
A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their own group is called a(n):
Out-group
Every semester, you underestimate how long you will take to complete a research paper that is due at the end of the term. Your behavior is an example of the:
Overconfidence Phenomenon
People are prone to "impact bias", or ________ the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
Overestimating
The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called the...
Own-race Bias
The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their same race is called the...
Own-race Bias
Children and adults with strong feelings of self efficacy are more _________ at difficult tasks than those with low self efficacy.
Persistent
Social ostracism is associated with a brain response similar to that triggered by:
Physical Pain
According to researchers, playing violent games might have a more negative effect than watching violent television because...
Players play the role of a violent character.
A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling is what social psychologists call...
Pluralistic Ignorance
A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding, is what social psychologists call:
Pluralistic Ignorance
People's attitude toward religion is a(n) _____ predictor of whether they will go to religious services during the coming week.
Poor
A pre-conceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is:
Prejudice
Norms are ________. Stereotypes are _________.
Prescriptive; Descriptive
Joanna watches a thriller movie Saw II. At 2:00 a.m., she hears a scratching sound on her window. Instead of realizing that the sound is caused by a tree branch, she assumes that a serial killer is trying to break in. This is an example of:
Priming
High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha's parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with nicer boys, Aisha refuses and her behavior most likely illustrates the effects of...
Psychological Reactance
Justin, an affluent entrepreneur, is a member of a group that fights whaling in the Antarctic seas. He pledges an amount of 1 million dollars toward this purpose in one of their group meetings. According to conformity studies, Justin is most likely to donate the pledged amount because of his ________.
Public Commitment
Bill is a car salesman. He is trying to sell a moderately expensive car to a client. In order to use the door-in-the-face technique effectively, Bill should ________.
Quote a high price first and reduce it later.
Ben, a researcher, conducts a laboratory experiment. He places the participants to the conditions of the experiment in such a way that all persons have the same chance of being in each condition. In the context of social psychology, this scenario exemplifies the concept of:
Random Assignment
The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself is referred to as...
Relative Deprivation
In the context of reconstructing past attitudes, researchers asked students to answer a long survey that included a question about student control over the university curriculum. A week later, they agreed to write an essay opposing student control. After doing so, their attitudes shifted toward greater opposition to student control. When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students:
Remember having felt the same as they do now.
The effect of ________ on ________ was vividly demonstrated in Zimbardo's (1971) classic study of a simulated prison.
Roles; Behavior
On subjective and socially desirable characteristics, most people:
See themselves as better than the average person.
The spotlight effect and the related illusion of transparency are two examples of the interplay between one's sense of _________ and one's social world.
Self
John is nervous about his tennis match, but he still stays out late instead of getting a good night's sleep the night before the match. If he loses, he believes he could say that his lack of sleep caused his poor performance. This is an example of:
Self Handicapping
Benjamin alters his beliefs and behaviors so that he can fit in with his team members. Benjamin would likely receive a high score on a scale measuring:
Self Monitoring
During a group discussion on smoking, Ethan says that one should avoid smoking as it is injurious to health and it symbolizes weakness. Later, Ethan avoids smoking in front of his classmates fearing his views on smoking will contradict his words. He also wishes to appear consistent. Which of the following theories of psychology best explains Ethan's behavior?
Self Presentation Theory
A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself is __________. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions.
Self-awareness
Which of the following is a cause of groupthink?
Self-censorship
An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called:
Sexism
Before Paul went out of town, he asked his neighbor to stop by to water his lawn. His neighbor was happy to agree. This type of helping is an example of:
Social Capital
A motivation to have one's group be high in status and on the top over other social groups is what social psychologists call...
Social Dominance Orientation
Which attitude function is most closely related to normative influence?
Social Expressive
Which one of the following is NOT an explanation for group polarization?
Social Facilitation
Which of the following would be an example of a motivational source of prejudice?
Social Identity
Taylor is a highly effective leader who excels in delegating authority, building teamwork, and providing support. Taylor excels in:
Social Leadership
Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of...
Social Loafing
__________ refers to the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.
Social Loafing
Joshua, a student at medical school, gets help from his roommate Tom to fix a chair and Joshua helps Tom with his laundry. Which theory best explains Joshua's and Tom's behavior in this scenario?
Social Norms Theory
A business that advertises that "We are the fastest growing tax preparers in the country" is using the ______ principle of persuasion.
Social Proof
Cultural attitudes, values and stereotypes are mostly acquired through __________________.
Socialization
In contrast to collectivist cultures, self esteem in individualistic cultures is more likely to be __________.
Stable
A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n) _______.
Stereotype
A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n):
Stereotype
People vary in how likely they are to expect that others will stereotype them. This is called:
Stigma Consciousness
Group polarization occurs when group discussion _______ group members' initial inclinations.
Strengthens
Group polarization occurs when group discussion __________ group members' initial inclinations.
Strengthens
Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving those goals for the company. Martha excels in:
Task Leadership
Mark is interested in purchasing a bike. He consults various online automobile magazines to analyze the features of the latest bikes available in the market. Finally, he selects a bike that meets his requirements. In the context of persuasion, this scenario illustrates ________.
The Central Route to Persuasion
Robert needs his sister Alisa to help him make a model of human heart for the upcoming science exhibition in his school. However, he is not sure if she will oblige. So, he initially convinces Alisa to accompany him to the arts and crafts store to buy materials for the model. A day later Robert asks Alisa if she would help him complete the model. Alisa readily agrees to this proposal. In the context of persuasion, this scenario exemplifies ________.
The Foot-In-Door Phenomenon
Festinger and Carl Smith found that participants who paid just $1 to lie to another student about how much they enjoyed a task displayed greater attitude change than those who paid $20 to tell the same lie. These results are best explained by...
The Insufficient Justification Effect
Dr. Spark, a psychology professor, discusses the positive aspects of mercy killing with his students. After a week, he discusses the negative aspects of mercy killing with the same group of students and asks for their opinions immediately. The students who initially seemed to support mercy killing vote against it. In the context of persuasion, this scenario illustrates ________.
The Recency Effect
Natalie's friend Jordan enjoys eating good food and visits new restaurants every week. He watches cooking shows regularly and does not shy away from trying new cuisines. Seeing his interest in food, Natalie assumes that Jordan is an expert cook. Which of the following concepts of psychology is illustrated in Natalie's assumption?
The Representativeness Heuristic
The tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of...
The Social Facilitation Effect
Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it:
The Social Facilitation Effect
Which of the following factors did not affect the likelihood of obedience in Milgram's studies?
The closeness of the learner to the authority figure.
The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes:
The illusion of control.
In the context of the Milgram studies, which of the following is one of the factors that determined obedience?
The learner's distance from the teacher.
The phrase they are all alike...
The out-group homogeneity effect.
Brianna watches a new ice-cream commercial on television. The commercial features an attractive supermodel who claims that the ice-cream is specially manufactured for health-conscious people. When Brianna goes to purchase ice cream the next time, without giving further thought, she buys the ice-cream endorsed by the attractive model in the ice-cream commercial. In the context of persuasion, this scenario is consistent with:
The peripheral route to persuasion.
Your boss just told you that she is giving you a five dollar raise starting with your next paycheck. You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a ten dollar raise. Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise. Your experience is best explained in terms of...
The relative deprivation principle.
In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions...
There was a decrease in compliance to shock.
Which of the following are characteristics of narcissists?
They are likely to lash out when publicly criticized.
In the context of classic studies on conformity, identify the similarity between the Asch and the Milgram studies.
They succeed in pressuring people to go against their own consciences.
The major function of the IRB on college campuses is _________.
To review and examine research proposals.
In the context of social learning approach, we can reduce aggression by...
Training parents how to discipline without violence.
Many experiments converge in pointing to one of social psychology's big lessons: prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations can occur outside people's awareness. (True or False)
True
Which theory suggests love is a function of physiological arousal along with the label that we give to our arousal?
Two Factor Theory
In the context of predicting our behavior, the planning fallacy is the tendency to:
Underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.
Dannie believes that he has incredible academic abilities and that he will easily get a job when he completes college. He also believes that he will always remain employed at the highest position in a company because of his academic qualifications. This is an example of ________.
Unrealistic Optimism
After much deliberation, you select a college to enroll yourself. After you have made your decision, you can reduce any dissonance by _____ the chosen university and _____ the unchosen universities.
Upgrading; Downgrading
If you have a positive attitude toward "pro-choice" what function would your attitude likely serve?
Value Expressive
According to social psychologists, which is NOT a factor in why other people create arousal in us?
Vanity
Frustration grows when...
We are blocked in attaining our goal.
In the context of persuasion, the factor that generally determines if we call attempts at persuasion education or propaganda is whether:
We believe and indorse them.
According to contemporary research findings, who is likely the most responsive to rational appeals?
Well educated and analytical people.
When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them:
Went all the way to 450 volts.
Identify the situation in which conformity is likely the highest.
When a response is made publicly.
The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises...
When groups compete for scarce resources.
According to your text, violent crimes are more likely...
When the weather is hot.
Whether a one- or two-sided message is more persuasive depends on all of the following EXCEPT:
Whether the audience thinks information is being shared in an appropriate way.
Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?
Women have a superior moral sensibility.
Typically, difficult messages are most persuasive when ________, and easy messages are most persuasive when ________.
Written; Videotaped
According to the film on helping, what must happen first for you to offer assistance in an emergency?
You need to notice the incident.
The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is the focus of _______________.
Zimbardo's Study