final exam part 1
creatinine concentration can be useful to estimate
GFR
DCT cells can secrete H+ via...
H+ -ATPase and H+/K+ -ATPase
internal urethral sphincter: male
consists of circular smooth fibers, which are under autonomic control
mucosa
contains a transitional epithelium that is continuous with the lining of the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder
where is creatinine filtered?
kidney, although a small amount is actively secreted in PCT
sodium transporter uses...
primary active transport
function of male reproductive system
produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen, discharge into female tract, produce and secrete male sex hormones
outer adventitia
supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue
bladder function
temporary storage of urine
interstitial or leydig cells produce
testosterone, the male sex hormones responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics
urea
the chief nitrogenous end product of the metabolic breakdown of proteins, made when protein is broken down in your body in the urine
kidneys play a vital role in...
the excretion of metabolic waste product such as urea
as plasma levels of glucose exceed 200 mg/dl...
the glucose TM is exceeded (in some nephrons) and glucose may be lost in the urine (glucosuria)
seminiferous tubules are composed of developing sperm cells surrounding a lumen...
the hollow center of the tubule, where formed sperm are released into the duct system of the testis
transport maximum
the maximum amount of substance that can be reabsorbed based on the number of proteins available
the solutes and water move from the PCT to the interstitium and then into
the peritubular capillaries
tubular reabsorption
the process that moves solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream
carrier protein uses the energy of the sodium gradient to drive...
the transport of glucose molecules
at the level of the pelvic cavity...
the ureter opens into the urinary bladder
penis and urethra are part of...
the urinary and reproductive systems
internal urethral sphincter: female
thought to be a functional sphincter, formed by the anatomy of the bladder neck and proximal urethra
what is aldosterone's primary function?
to act on the late distal tubule and collecting duct of nephrons directly impacting sodium absorption and potassium excretion
muscularis
inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
in kidney disease...
, the creatinine concentration in the blood may increase
how long is the ureter in the average adult?
10 to 12 inches long
how much water reaches collecting ducts?
10% (about 18 L)
what is the threshold?
200 mg/dl
TM for glucose tubular transport system in adult humans is about...
375 mg/min
the proximal tubule reabsorbs about
65% of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride, 100% of glucose , 100% amino acids
what hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?
FSH
to create an electrochemical gradient for sodium...
Na+/K+ pump on the basal surface pump out 3 Na+ ions, in exchange for bringing 2 K+ ions into the cell
sodium is usually...
co-transported with other solutes (amino acids and glucose)
reabsorption is when water and solutes within the PCT are transported into the...
bloodstream
uric acid
breakdown product of nucleic acids
urogenital diaphragm
a strong, muscular membrane that occupies the area between the symphysis pubis and ischial tuberosities
tunica albuginea
a tough, white, dense connective tissue layer covering the testes
trigone
a triangular area located within the fundus, has smooth walls and a folded mucosa to accommodate up to 400-600 mL of urine in healthy adults
creatinine
a waste product produced by the muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatinine phosphate
how many of the glomerular filtrate would be reabsorbed in the PCT?
about 80%
this process is known as reabsorption because this the second time they have been...
absorbed, the first time being when they have absorbed into the bloodstream from the digestive tract
depending on the substance the reabsorption may be
active or passive
BUN test
done to see how well your kidneys are functioning
during the seventh month of the developmental period of a male fetus...
each testis moves through the abdominal musculature to descend into the scrotal cavity
passive tubular reabsorption
encompasses simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
when transporters are saturated...
excess excreted in urine
H+/K+ ATPase
exchanges one one potassium ion for each extruded H proton
scrotum
fibromuscular cutaneous sac that is divided into two compartments; each compartment contains one of the two testes
CO2 diffuse into the cells where carbonic anhydrose...
forms carbonic acid, which forms bicarbonate and hydrogen
Na+/H+ antiporter
found on the apical surface of PCT cells
duct system
from the lumen of the seminiferous tubules sperm move into the straight tubules, then from the straight tubules they move to a fine meshwork of tubules called rete testes, then sperm leave the rete testes and enter 15 to 20 efferent ductules
gametes
haploid cells and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome
tunica dartos function
helps to regulate the temperature of the testicles by contracting to reduce the surface area of the scrotum and decrease heat loss or relaxing to increase the surface area of the scrotum to help with cooling
bladder
hollow organ with distensible walls, lies behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvis
HCO3- binds to
hydrogen H+ from carbonic acid
urine enters the bladder through the...
left and right ureters and exits via the urethra
carrier protein
lets sodium ions move down their gradient, but simultaneously brings glucose molecule up its gradient and into the cell
interstitial or leydig cells
located in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules
seminiferous tubules
located within the lobules and site where sperm develop, form bulk of each testis
external urethral sphincter: both sexes
located within urogenital diagram, it is a skeletal muscle and under voluntary control
produce testosterone in the presence of
luteinizing hormone
bicarbonate transport across the plasma membrane is essential to...
maintain pH, Cl-/HCO3-
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea
wall of ureter
mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
a sodium bicarbonate (symporter)
on the basal surface shuttles both into the blood, most of the filtered bicarbonate is absorbed into the bloodstream
ureter
originates in the pelvis and leaves the kidney through the hilum, located at its medial border
muscularis main function
peristalsis, which propels the urine
external urethral sphincter
provides voluntary control of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra
where does reabsorption occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
where is most water recovered?
proximal convoluted tubule
the collecting ducts, under the influence of ADH...
recovers a variable amount of water passing through them
mucosal flap and oblique entrance prevents...
reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureter and renal pelvis
internal urethral sphincter
regulates involuntary control of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra
creatinine is a useful indicator of...
renal health
active tubular reabsorption
requires ATP either directly (primary active transport) or indirectly (secondary active transport)
antidiuretic hormone
responsible for regulating how much water is retained in urine
the ureter follows a caudal path that is...
retroperitoneal in the abdominal portion
male reproductive system includes
scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
where does spermatogenesis occur?
seminiferous tubules, process begins at puberty
tunica albuginea invaginates inward to form...
septa that divide the testes into 300 to 400 structures called lobules
external layer of the scrotum is made of...
skin, underneath the skin is the dartos muscle
what is the driving force for reabsorption in the PCT?
sodium
secondary active transport
sodium moves down its electrochemical and concentration gradient into the cell and takes glucose with it
aldosterone specifically increases...
sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephrons in the kidneys
sodium moving down its concentration and electrical gradient allows other...
solutes to move down its concentration gradient
two most common gametes
sperm and ova (23 chromosomes)
how many ureters are there?
two
function of scrotum
•Helps to protect the testicles. •The testicles make sperm and, to do this, the temperature of the testicles needs to be cooler than the inside of the body •This is why the scrotum is located outside of the body