final exam part 1

creatinine concentration can be useful to estimate

GFR

DCT cells can secrete H+ via...

H+ -ATPase and H+/K+ -ATPase

internal urethral sphincter: male

consists of circular smooth fibers, which are under autonomic control

mucosa

contains a transitional epithelium that is continuous with the lining of the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder

where is creatinine filtered?

kidney, although a small amount is actively secreted in PCT

sodium transporter uses...

primary active transport

function of male reproductive system

produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen, discharge into female tract, produce and secrete male sex hormones

outer adventitia

supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue

bladder function

temporary storage of urine

interstitial or leydig cells produce

testosterone, the male sex hormones responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics

urea

the chief nitrogenous end product of the metabolic breakdown of proteins, made when protein is broken down in your body in the urine

kidneys play a vital role in...

the excretion of metabolic waste product such as urea

as plasma levels of glucose exceed 200 mg/dl...

the glucose TM is exceeded (in some nephrons) and glucose may be lost in the urine (glucosuria)

seminiferous tubules are composed of developing sperm cells surrounding a lumen...

the hollow center of the tubule, where formed sperm are released into the duct system of the testis

transport maximum

the maximum amount of substance that can be reabsorbed based on the number of proteins available

the solutes and water move from the PCT to the interstitium and then into

the peritubular capillaries

tubular reabsorption

the process that moves solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream

carrier protein uses the energy of the sodium gradient to drive...

the transport of glucose molecules

at the level of the pelvic cavity...

the ureter opens into the urinary bladder

penis and urethra are part of...

the urinary and reproductive systems

internal urethral sphincter: female

thought to be a functional sphincter, formed by the anatomy of the bladder neck and proximal urethra

what is aldosterone's primary function?

to act on the late distal tubule and collecting duct of nephrons directly impacting sodium absorption and potassium excretion

muscularis

inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle

in kidney disease...

, the creatinine concentration in the blood may increase

how long is the ureter in the average adult?

10 to 12 inches long

how much water reaches collecting ducts?

10% (about 18 L)

what is the threshold?

200 mg/dl

TM for glucose tubular transport system in adult humans is about...

375 mg/min

the proximal tubule reabsorbs about

65% of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride, 100% of glucose , 100% amino acids

what hormone stimulates spermatogenesis?

FSH

to create an electrochemical gradient for sodium...

Na+/K+ pump on the basal surface pump out 3 Na+ ions, in exchange for bringing 2 K+ ions into the cell

sodium is usually...

co-transported with other solutes (amino acids and glucose)

reabsorption is when water and solutes within the PCT are transported into the...

bloodstream

uric acid

breakdown product of nucleic acids

urogenital diaphragm

a strong, muscular membrane that occupies the area between the symphysis pubis and ischial tuberosities

tunica albuginea

a tough, white, dense connective tissue layer covering the testes

trigone

a triangular area located within the fundus, has smooth walls and a folded mucosa to accommodate up to 400-600 mL of urine in healthy adults

creatinine

a waste product produced by the muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatinine phosphate

how many of the glomerular filtrate would be reabsorbed in the PCT?

about 80%

this process is known as reabsorption because this the second time they have been...

absorbed, the first time being when they have absorbed into the bloodstream from the digestive tract

depending on the substance the reabsorption may be

active or passive

BUN test

done to see how well your kidneys are functioning

during the seventh month of the developmental period of a male fetus...

each testis moves through the abdominal musculature to descend into the scrotal cavity

passive tubular reabsorption

encompasses simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

when transporters are saturated...

excess excreted in urine

H+/K+ ATPase

exchanges one one potassium ion for each extruded H proton

scrotum

fibromuscular cutaneous sac that is divided into two compartments; each compartment contains one of the two testes

CO2 diffuse into the cells where carbonic anhydrose...

forms carbonic acid, which forms bicarbonate and hydrogen

Na+/H+ antiporter

found on the apical surface of PCT cells

duct system

from the lumen of the seminiferous tubules sperm move into the straight tubules, then from the straight tubules they move to a fine meshwork of tubules called rete testes, then sperm leave the rete testes and enter 15 to 20 efferent ductules

gametes

haploid cells and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome

tunica dartos function

helps to regulate the temperature of the testicles by contracting to reduce the surface area of the scrotum and decrease heat loss or relaxing to increase the surface area of the scrotum to help with cooling

bladder

hollow organ with distensible walls, lies behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvis

HCO3- binds to

hydrogen H+ from carbonic acid

urine enters the bladder through the...

left and right ureters and exits via the urethra

carrier protein

lets sodium ions move down their gradient, but simultaneously brings glucose molecule up its gradient and into the cell

interstitial or leydig cells

located in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules

seminiferous tubules

located within the lobules and site where sperm develop, form bulk of each testis

external urethral sphincter: both sexes

located within urogenital diagram, it is a skeletal muscle and under voluntary control

produce testosterone in the presence of

luteinizing hormone

bicarbonate transport across the plasma membrane is essential to...

maintain pH, Cl-/HCO3-

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea

wall of ureter

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

a sodium bicarbonate (symporter)

on the basal surface shuttles both into the blood, most of the filtered bicarbonate is absorbed into the bloodstream

ureter

originates in the pelvis and leaves the kidney through the hilum, located at its medial border

muscularis main function

peristalsis, which propels the urine

external urethral sphincter

provides voluntary control of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra

where does reabsorption occur?

proximal convoluted tubule

where is most water recovered?

proximal convoluted tubule

the collecting ducts, under the influence of ADH...

recovers a variable amount of water passing through them

mucosal flap and oblique entrance prevents...

reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureter and renal pelvis

internal urethral sphincter

regulates involuntary control of urine flow from the bladder to the urethra

creatinine is a useful indicator of...

renal health

active tubular reabsorption

requires ATP either directly (primary active transport) or indirectly (secondary active transport)

antidiuretic hormone

responsible for regulating how much water is retained in urine

the ureter follows a caudal path that is...

retroperitoneal in the abdominal portion

male reproductive system includes

scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

where does spermatogenesis occur?

seminiferous tubules, process begins at puberty

tunica albuginea invaginates inward to form...

septa that divide the testes into 300 to 400 structures called lobules

external layer of the scrotum is made of...

skin, underneath the skin is the dartos muscle

what is the driving force for reabsorption in the PCT?

sodium

secondary active transport

sodium moves down its electrochemical and concentration gradient into the cell and takes glucose with it

aldosterone specifically increases...

sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephrons in the kidneys

sodium moving down its concentration and electrical gradient allows other...

solutes to move down its concentration gradient

two most common gametes

sperm and ova (23 chromosomes)

how many ureters are there?

two

function of scrotum

•Helps to protect the testicles. •The testicles make sperm and, to do this, the temperature of the testicles needs to be cooler than the inside of the body •This is why the scrotum is located outside of the body