Final Exam

Which of the following is true about vitamin D? a.) The deficiency disease associated with vitamin D is osteoporosis b.) A marginal level of vitamin D may increase risk of cancer c.) Our bodies make it form our skin being exposed to UV rays d.) Milk is fortified with vitamin D

- A marginal level of vitamin D may increase risk of cancer - Our bodies make it form our skin being exposed to UV rays - Milk is fortified with vitamin D

Which of the following are limitations of the BMI? a.) Does not consider location of excess weight b.) allows for the assessment of overweight and obesity c.) assumes one-size-fits all with respect to age and ethnicity d.) does not consider body composition

- Does not consider location of excess weight - assumes one-size-fits all with respect to age and ethnicity - does not consider body composition

Which of the following statements is / are CORRECT regarding the factors influence the amount of energy expended via the basal metabolic processes? a.) If calories decrease, basal metabolic rate decreases b.) If body weight decreases, basal metabolic rate decreases c.) If lean body mass decreases, basal metabolic rate decreases

- If calories decrease, basal metabolic rate decreases - If body weight decreases, basal metabolic rate decreases - If lean body mass decreases, basal metabolic rate decreases

Which of the following is TRUE about the DRI for water? a.) It assumes that 80% of daily intake comes from fluid and 20% from solid food b.) Juice, coffee, and other beverages do not count in the DRI for water c.) The DRI for water is higher for men than for women

- It assumes that 80% of daily intake comes from fluid and 20% from solid food - The DRI for water is higher for men than for women

Which of the following are true about classification of minerals? a.) Other important minerals (arsenic) are not necessary for human biological function b.) Major essential minerals (calcium and phosphorous) are present in the body in large amounts c.) Trace essential minerals (iron and copper) are present in the body in small amounts

- Major essential minerals (calcium and phosphorous) are present in the body in large amounts - Trace essential minerals (iron and copper) are present in the body in small amounts

Which of the following is true about calcium? a.) PTH and Calcitonin regulate blood calcium levels b.) Vitamin D prevents calcium from being pulled from the bone c.) Marginal intake can increase the risk for osteoporosis d.) Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium from food

- Marginal intake can increase the risk for osteoporosis - Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium from food

Why is it so difficult to lose weight and keep it off? a.) People generally don't like to exercise b.) sometimes genetics makes it difficult to lose weight c.) Food restriction may cause people to feel bad overall

- People generally don't like to exercise - sometimes genetics makes it difficult to lose weight - Food restriction may cause people to feel bad overall

Dr. Nancy Snyderman, chief medical correspondant for the Today Show, led a section on sodium and potassium. She made all of the following claims regarding sodium and potassium. Which of the following claims are correct? a.) Potatoes have more potassium than bananas b.) the majority of sodium we consume is from fresh food c.) The average american consumes more than twice the RDA for sodium d.) The average american consumes half of the RDA for potassium

- Potatoes have more potassium than bananas - The average american consumes half of the RDA for potassium

Which of the following are limits of epidemiological studies? a.) The characteristics of the study group b.) They may be affected by the presence of confounding factors c.) They depend on the dietary recall/recording of the participants d.) Adherence of the participants to the study's protocol

- The characteristics of the study group - They may be affected by the presence of confounding factors - They depend on the dietary recall/recording of the participants

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the DRI's for vitamins, minerals, and protein? a.) They are recommended levels of nutrients that should be met every day b.) They are set at a level that will meet 97.5% of healthy people's nutrient needs c.) They are set at fixed, but generous amounts d.) They are expressed in gram, milligram, and microgram amounts e.) They were developed by the National Academy of Sciences

- They are set at a level that will meet 97.5% of healthy people's nutrient needs - they are set at fixed, but generous amounts - They are expressed in gram, milligram, and microgram amounts - They were developed by the national academy of sciences

Which of the following are true about antioxidants? a.) Vitamins A, C, and E are antioxidants b.) free radicals can be caused by sunlight, cigarettes, and environmental pollution c.) Phytonutrients may be just as important as antioxidants d.) Free radicals are not made by normal body processes

- Vitamins A, C, and E are antioxidants - Phytonutrients may be just as important as antioxidants

Match the vitamin with the deficiency disease. - Vitamin A - Niacin - Vitamin C - Thiamin

- Xeropthalmia - Pellegra - Scurvy - Beri Beri

Match the mineral with its function. - Body structure, transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting - transport of oxygen - maintains fluid balance

- calcium - iron - sodium and potassium

Obesity increases the risk of which of the following diseases? a.) Pellagra b.) Diabetes c.) Cardiovascular disease d.) cancer e.) hypertension

- diabetes - cardiovascular disease - cancer - hypertension

Annie is a young female who is deficient in iron. Which of the following symptoms is she likely to experience? a.) Fatigue b.) night sweats c.) pagophagia d.) inability to concentrate

- fatigue - inability to concentrate

Marginal intake of calcium may lead to which of the following? a.) polycystic ovary syndrome b.) high blood pressure c.) menopause d.) kidney stones

- high blood pressure - kidney stones

Taking enzyme supplements by mouth may not be useful for which of the following reason(s)? a.) our bodies make enzymes b.) protein is denatured in the stomach by HCl c.) lipids are emulsified by bile in the small intestine

- our bodies make enzymes - protein is denatured in the stomach by HCl

Match the supplement claim with the corresponding mineral. - decreased risk of cancer - decrease in duration of a cold - weight loss and muscle gain - increased metabolic rate and weight loss

- selenium - zinc - chromium - iodine

What is the minimum amount of weight that should be lost in order to see significant reductions in health risk? a.) 10 pounds b.) 20 pounds c.) any amount that will cause a person to reach his/her desirable body weight

10 pounds

How many calories need to be expended to lose a pound of fat? a.) 2000 b.) 1500 c.) 3500 d.) 4500

3500

If Jacob wants to consume 20% of his total calories from fat and he eats 2000 calories per day, what is the maximum number of fat grams she should eat? a.) 52 grams b.) 44 grams c.) 35 grams d.) 77 grams

44 grams

The new spicy chicken sandwich at Chickfila contains 20 g of fat (4 grams are saturated fat), 46 g carbohydrates, and 31 grams of protein. How many calories does this sandwich contain? a.) 384 calories b.) 718 calories c.) 643 calories d.) 488 calories

488 calories

What is the formula for body mass index? a.) BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)^2 b.) BMI = height (m)^2 / weight (kg)

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)^2

Foods high in protein and fat may have which of the following effects on total caloric intake? a.) Foods with protein and fat will most likely decrease caloric intake by increasing satiety. b.) Foods with protein and fat will most likely increase caloric intake by decreasing satiety.

Foods with protein and fat will most likely decrease caloric intake by increasing satiety.

Sheldon's favorite nut is a pistachio, and he developed a cheap way to extract oil from pistachios. He wants to use this oil to make Extreme Pistachio Cookies. Since Sheldon is a theoretical physicist, he did not learn about hydrogenation as an undergraduate. Which is NOT true about hydrogenation? a.) Hydrogenation can be useful for hardening liquid oil in commercially manufacturing cookies b.) Hydrogenation increases the number of double bonds in liquid oil c.) Hydrogenation can be useful to reduce rancidity, making cookies more shelf stable d.) Hydrogenation produces trans fat

Hydrogenation increases the number of double bonds in liquid oil

Which of the following statements is true about water body content in men and women? a.) Men's bodies have a higher percent of water than women's because men have more muscle than women b.) Both women and men have the same percentage of water and muscle in their bodies c.) Women's bodies have a higher percentage of water than men's because women have more muscle than men

Men's bodies have a higher percent of water than women's because men have more muscle than women

Micheal learned all about the DRI's and is very excited about them. Now he wants to have a staff meeting to teach his employees at Dunder Mifflin how to meet their DRI's each and every day. Which of the following ideas would be best for Michael to help his employees achieve a healthy diet? a.) Since Pam is a lactating mother, Michael should pay her special attention to make sure she meets her DRI's daily b.) Michael should create a training class to teach his employees about the Dietary guidelines instead of the DRI's bc they are more realistic, food based recommendations. c.) Michael should create a training class to teach his employees how to follow the DRI's every day because they are the gold standard of how to follow a healthy diet. d.) Michael should create a training class to teach his employees about the daily values instead of the DRI's because they are a good way to evaluate diet quality

Michael should create a training class to teach his employees about the dietary guidelines instead of the DRI's because they are more realistic, food based recommendations

A clinical trial is being done to find out if there is a link between breast cancer and diets that are high in fat. However, people who consume diets in high fat may also have other characteristics of their lifestyle that increase their risk for breast cancer. How can researchers overcome the problem of these confounding factors in a clinical trial? a.) Researchers can randomly assign participants to a treatment or control group b.)Researchers can use a retrospective study design to observe the characteristics of the diets of the people who have breast cancer and those who don't c.) Researchers can assign people to consume diets either high in fat or low in fat and then measure the outcomes

Researchers can randomly assign participants to a treatment or control group

Neta is diabetic and she recently learned about the glycemic index and would like to apply the concepts to improve her diet. How could Neta use the glycemic index appropriately? a.) She could eat foods with a naturally low glycemic index and include them more frequently in her diet than other foods b.) The glycemic index was developed to fool people into following fad diets and it shouldnt be used. c.) She should be sure to consume the foods as they were consumed in order to develop the GI numbers d.) She should avoid white bread and only eat 7 grain wheat bread because white bread will raise her Blood glucose significantly faster than the 7 grain wheat bread will

She could eat foods with a naturally low glycemic index and include them more frequently in her diet than other foods

Which federal agency requires disclaimers in labels in advertising nutrition related products? a.) The Counter Terrorist Unit b.) The food and drug administration c.) The central intelligence agency d.) the US department of agriculture e.) the federal trade commission

The Federal Trade Commission

Define the term digestion a.) THe chemical breakup of complex food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed b.) The process of bringing those smaller molecules inside the body

The chemical breakup of complex food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed

Why can books make claims that advertising cannot? a.) The federal trade commission is not able to regulate the huge quantity of books published b.) The first amendment allows US citizens the freedom of speech c.) The FDA is not able to regulate the huge quantity of books published.

The first amendment allows US citizens the freedom of speech

Define peristalsis a.) the breakdown of protein by HCl and proteases b.) The breakdown of macronutrients by highly specific enzymes c.) the powerful movement of food through the GI tract d.) the use of bicarbonate to neutralize the incoming chyme into the small intestine

The powerful movement of food through the GI tract

A recent study done in rats found that high fructose corn syrup causes obesity. Which of the following is the MOST significant limitation of this study? a.) The subjects are rats, so the results may not be applicable to humans b.) The rats have a shorter lifespan than humans c.) The rats can be exposed to greater risks than humans d.) The researchers can control the diets of rats

The subjects are rats so the results may not be applicable to humans

After compounds are absorbed through the villi of the small intestine: a.) They travel to the kidneys, which excrete absorbed, but unwanted water soluble compounds b.) They travel to the liver, which screens for unwanted compounds that have been absorbed and begins to detoxify so they can be eliminated c.) They travel to the kidneys, which screens for unwanted compounds that have been absorbed and begin to detoxify so they can be eliminated. d.) They travel to the liver, which excretes absorbed, but unwanted water-soluble compounds

They travel to the liver, which screens for unwanted compounds that have been absorbed and begins to detoxify so they can be eliminated

Gender and genetics typically explain the same percentage of adult body weight as does diet and exercise (T/F).

True

Sam has a waist circumference of 42 inches. Sam is therefore at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease. (T/F)

True

All of the following are reasons why vitamin are classified as micronutrients EXCEPT: a.) Vitamins are present in the body in relatively small amounts b.) Vitamins are present in food in small amounts c.) You only need to eat small amounts of food to get an adequate supply of vitamins d.) Vitamins have requirements that are relatively small

You only need to eat small amounts of food to get an adequate supply of vitamins

If an eicosanoid is made from _________________ it will ____________ blood pressure, blood clotting, inflammation. a.) eicosaptentaenoic acid, not affect b.) arachidonic acid, increase c.) eicosapentaenoic acid, increase d.) arachidonic acid, decrease

arachidonic acid, increase

Which of the following is an external factor that may influence eating behavior? a.) glucose b.) insulin c.) eating as a sport d.) serotonin

eating as a sport

I went to the Farmer's Market restaurant in Raleigh the other day and had molasses with my biscuits. Which type of molasses did I put on the biscuits and why? a.) First extraction molasses; it is slightly sweet and can be a good source of micronutrients b.) blackstrap molasses; it is slightly sweet and can be a good source of micronutrients c.) first extraction molasses; it has a distinct flavor and many micronutrients d.) blackstrap molasses; it has a distinct flavor and many micronutrients

first extraction molasses; it is slighly sweet and can be a good source of micronutrients

All of the following are dietary sources of sterols EXCEPT: a.) vegetables b.) fruits c.) nuts d.) animal products

fruits

One snowy day in the school parking lot, Edward saw a van sliding on ice toward his true love Bella. Without thinking, Edward raced over to Bella to stop the van from hitting her, saving her life. If Edward were a human (not a vampire) what source of energy was he using when he saved Bella's life? a.) Ketone bodies b.) fat c.) protein d.) glycogen

glycogen

All of the following statements are correct regarding the Mediterranean diet except: a.) it emphasizes intake of whole grains b.) It is high in omega 3 fatty acids c.) It emphasizes intake of fruit, veggies, and legumes daily d.) It emphasizes intake of meat weekly

it emphasizes intake of meat weekly

An Olympic athlete is experiencing MILD dehydration. He likely has which of the following symptoms? a.) Loss of appetite b.) Headache c.) dizziness d.) thirst

loss of appetite headache thirst

As compared to the original DRIs from the 1940s, the current DRIs: a.) now consider levels associated with chronic disease risk reduction b.) No longer include recommendations for those vitamins for whom deficiency diseases are no longer a problem c.) Include recommendations for three macronutrients and eight micronutrients d.) now are only expressed as average daily minimums rather than the more generous values in the original

now consider levels associated with chronic disease risk reduction

Which of the following correctly defines the term "basal metabolic rate"? a.) quantification of calories expended on circulation, nerve transmission, and respiration b.) quantification of calories needed to maintain body weight c.) quantification of calories needed to maintain lean body mass d.) quantification of calories expended on digestion and absorption

quantification of calories expended on circulation, nerve transmission, and respiration

Butter is a solid at room temp because it is made up mostly of ___ fatty acids, whereas oil is a liquid at room temperature because it is made up mostly of ___ fatty acids. a.) unsaturated, saturated b.) polyunsaturated, monounsaturated c.) saturated, unsaturated d.) unsaturated, polyunsaturated

saturated, unsaturated

Betty's New Year's resolution was to improve her diet. She decided to start eating whole grain breads, pastas, and rice rather than their refined counterparts. What difference will eating whole grains make on Betty's diet? a.) There is no difference between the two products because the federal enrichment project requires refines products be fortified with all of the lacking nutrients b.) she will consume more iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate c.) she will consume more nutrients, fiber, and healthful unsaturated fats

she will consume more nutrients, fiber, and healthful unsaturated fats

All of the following categories have a glycerol backbone EXCEPT: a.) triglycerides b.) monoglycerides & diglycerides c.) sterols d.) phospholipids

sterols

I am a lipoprotein that is made in the liver and I transport triglycerides that are made in the liver from excess carbohydrates and protein. Which lipoprotein am I? a.) chlyomicron b.) low density lipoprotein c.) very low density lipoprotein d.) high density lipoprotein

very low density lipoprotein