Final Exam Review

What is the term for a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life.

Ascribed status

The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by

Auguste Comte

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material object that, together, constitute a people's way of life?

Culture

The unpleasant and even frightening experience of encountering a strange way of life if called

Culture Shock

An idea in Freud's thinking that has special importance in sociology is his assertion that

Culture demands that individuals become less self-centered

Sociology helps us to

D- ALL OF THE ABOVE A- be more active participants in society B- see the opportunities in our lives C- see the constraints in our lives

Which of the following sociologicla terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms" ?

Deviance

Which sociologist developed the approach called "dramaturgical analysis"?

Erving Goffman

True or False: Most hand gestures, such as the "thumbs up" sign, have the same meaning around the world

False

True or False: Socialization takes place entirely in childhood

False

Our basic drive or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of

Id

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as

Manifest Functions

What is the term for a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

Master status

Cultural transmission refers to the process of

Passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

Ageism refers to

Prejudice and discrimination against the elderly

_______ refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment

Resocialization

Joan is an excellent artist, but feels she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing

Role Conflict

Which term refers to the process by which people creatively shape their world as they interact?

Social construction of reality

What is the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

Socialization

At a given time, you occupy a number of statuses. These are your

Status set

The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the

Structural-Functional Approach

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

Superego

His friends begins to criticize this individual as a "boozer," pushing him out of their social circle. The individual behins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who are all heavy drinkers. According to Edwin Lemert, this situation illustrates

The onset of secondary deviance

Comte described the earliest human societies as being within which level of societal development?

Theological Stage

Prostitution is widely known as what kind of crime?

Victimless crime

Most people arrested for a violent crime are (what race)

White

A hate crime is defined as

a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias

Which of the following is a legal term meaning "guilty mind" that refers to criminal intent?

mens rea

The spread of virtual culture means that culture is now less likely to be

passes down from one generation to the next

When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that

people see themselves as they think others see them

The oldest justification for punishing offenders is

retribution

Most criminal cases that reach the courts in the United States are resolved through

through plea bargaining

The idea of "getting" a joke depends on

understanding the two realities presented in the joke and appreciating the difference

Sociologists use what term to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

role

The assembled students at a university graduation ceremony would correctly be called a

secondary group

The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of

secondary sex characteristics

_____ refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person

sexual orientation

The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called

social interaction

A caste system is defined as

social stratification based on ascription or birth

Social stratification refers to

society ranking categories of people in a hierarchy

In terms of dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to "save face," or avoid embarrassment, is called

tact

When discussing the story of McDonald's organization, "McDonaldization of Society" explains:

that the principles guiding McDonald's now dominate our social life

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be

the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

Gender refers to

the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being female and male

In a caste system

there is little on no social mobility

______ are people who feel that they are "trapped in the wrong body"

transsexuals

states that prejudice is

used by powerful people to justify oppressing others

The common ideology of a class system treats ___; a s a sign of personal talent and effort and poverty as a result of ___

wealth; personal inadequacy

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that

women learn to measure their personal importance on their physical appearance

how many states according to the film passed laws forbidding interracial marriage to safeguard racial purification?

28

The term "presentation of self" refers to

Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

The language spoken by people in more nations in the world than any other is

English

Which of the following terms refers to a cultural heritage?

Ethnicity

TRUE OR FALSE: In the documentary "Race: the power of illusion", it was stated....dark melanin blocks out UV light and is found where sunlight is less intense. Light melanin is found where sunlight is more intense.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Segregation has always been illegal in the United States

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Social Stratification is found in most- but not all- societies

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Gender refers just to whether people are female or male

False, Sex does that

TRUE OR FALSE: Based on the documentary "Race: the power of illusion", Sickle Cell disease is a disease attacking only those of African decent.

False.

As discussed in class (female advantage), Harold and Sybil are lost. Harold will not stop to ask for directions as Sybil wants him to. This story shows that

Men avoid asking for directions because it makes them dependent to ask for help

What is the term for a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

Minority

Which of the following terms refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories?

Miscegeneration

Here are four assertions about the social foundation of deviance; selsect the one that is FALSE

Most acts that are deviant in one place are deviant everywhere

What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

Personality

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?

Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as

Pop culture

______ is a way of understanding the world based on science

Positivism

What is the term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?

Prejudice

Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use of language and other cultural symbols the ______ stage

Preoperational

At birth, males and females are distinguished by ____, which are the genitals: organs used for reproduction.

Primary sex characteristics

What term refers to a belief that one racial category is innately inferior or inferior to another?

Racism

What type of feminism seeks to eliminate patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself?

Radical feminsism

Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that

Relies on culture to ensure survival

In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use which of the following terms to describe people, including alcoholics and drug addicts, who "drop out"

Retreatist

Assume a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and a confident to the workers, but must remain distant to assess the worker's performance. Which of the following is involved?

Role Strain

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

Sensorimotor Stage

What is the term for the biological distinction between males and females?

Sex

According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as

Significant Others

Which discipline defines itself as the "systematic study of human society"?

Sociology

The most widely spoken language in the United States, other than English, is

Spanish

Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?

Structural-Functional Approach

Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?

Survye

Intersection theory focuses on

The interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple disadvantages

TRUE OR FALSE: Hitler's Aryan race derived from idea of U.S. race scientists.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Primary sex characteristics refer to reproductive organs

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The concept of social mobility refers to changes in people's positions in the social hierarchy.

True

True or False: In the United States, African Americans have a higher suicide rate than whites

True

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?

Warm, personal interaction

It is correct to say that the more complex development of technology

has both positive and negative effects

Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called

homosexuality

The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is caused mostly by

human biology, although society plays some role

By "taking the role of the other," Meaad had in mind

imagining a situation from another person's point of view

Which term refers to wages or salary from work plus earnings from any investments

income

Robert Merton's Strain Theory of deviance uses the term ____ to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional mean to get there

innovation

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

is a violation of norms enacted into law

Ethnocentrism refers to

judging a culture by the standards of one's own culture

"Race" refers to

a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society consider important

In the United States, men account for ____ ___ % of all arrests for violent crimes

about 80%

Multiculturalism is defined as

an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions

Little or no sexual attraction to people is called

asexuality

While prejudice is a matter of ___, discrimination is a matter of ___

attitude; action

The term "meritocracy" refers to social stratification

based entirely on personal merit

Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that

bias is built into the operation of today's institutions

Jean Piaget's focus was on

cognition; how people think and understand

Passengers sitting in an airport gate area to board a plane are an example of a

crowd

Ideology refers to

cultural beliefs that justify social stratification

The term "subculture" refers to

cultural patterns that set apart a segment of society's population

The term "bureaucracy" refers to

An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was:

Auguste Comte

In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following categories of people?

African American Males

Assume a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because of the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician. Which of the following is involved?

A role conflict

From the point of view of parents, what type of formal organization is a school's Parent-Teacher Association (PTA)?

A voluntary organization

"Crimes against the person" includes ALL BUT WHICH of the following?

A- BURGLARY

What was the racial make-up of these people know as the WIN Tribe?

Both Black, White, and Indian

Elite prostitutes -young, attractive, and well educated - are referred to as ____; while ____ are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy.

Call girls; streetwalkers

A maximum-security prison is one example of a

Coercive organization

Which of the following is NOT a principle of McDonaldization?

Creativity

What is the term for the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?

Criminal Justice System

The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by its own standards is called

Cultural Relativism

Which of the following is a function of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?

D - ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A - Deviance affirms cultural values and norms B - Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundries C - Responding to deviance promotes social unity

Which of the following is evidence of the "McDonaldization of Society"?

D - ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- Replacing bank tellers with automatic teller machines (ATMs) B- shopping in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls C- the spread of world-wide chain stores and restaurants

What traits have been described as a "female advantage"?

D - ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- more flexible leadership B- more emphasis on communication C- more willingness to ask questions

Family is important to the socialization process because

D- ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- families give children social identity in terms of class, religion, and ethnicity B- parents greatly affect a child's self-concept C- family members are often what Mead called, "significant others"

The "graying of the United States" refers to the fact that

D- ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- the share of the population that has reached age sixty-five is increasing B- the number of elderly people increasing C- the average age of the population is rising

The chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference but also a matter of

D- ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- privileges B- power C- wealth

What is the sociological term for a social group with two members?

Dyad

Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?

Dyads are less stable than groups with many members

Which of the following statements linking nature and nurture is correct?

For human beings, nurture is our nature

What term refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?

Glass-ceiling

Which of the following is most likely to be a master status?

Having a serious physical or mental disability

The phrase "survival of the fittest" was coined by

Herbert Spencer

If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing

High culture

____ defines who and what we are in relation to others

Ideal Culture

In Robert Merton's Strain Theory, the term ______ correctly describes a person who gets rich by defrauding a bank.

Innovation

What is the term for humans who have some combination of female and male genitalia?

Intersexual people

Which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach?

Karl Marx

Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called

Latent Functions

According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has

Lower social integration

In terms of absolute numbers, two-thirds of all poor people in America are

White

What is the term for crime committed by person's of high social psoition in the course of their occupations?

White collar crime

The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as

dramaturgical analysis

George Herbert Mead would agree with only one of the following statements. Which one is it?

f you win $10 million, your self may change

What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

gender roless

What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?

matriarchy

One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to

norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives

Which of the following terms refers to the rules of many by few

oligarchy

What is the term for a social group towards which we feel competition or opposition?

out-group

In all societies

parents pass their social position on to their children

What is the form of social organization in which males dominate females?

patriarchy

According to Erving Goffman, our use of costumes, props, tone of voice and gestures to convey information to others all add up to a

performance