Final Exam Review
What is the term for a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily taken on later in life.
Ascribed status
The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by
Auguste Comte
What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material object that, together, constitute a people's way of life?
Culture
The unpleasant and even frightening experience of encountering a strange way of life if called
Culture Shock
An idea in Freud's thinking that has special importance in sociology is his assertion that
Culture demands that individuals become less self-centered
Sociology helps us to
D- ALL OF THE ABOVE A- be more active participants in society B- see the opportunities in our lives C- see the constraints in our lives
Which of the following sociologicla terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms" ?
Deviance
Which sociologist developed the approach called "dramaturgical analysis"?
Erving Goffman
True or False: Most hand gestures, such as the "thumbs up" sign, have the same meaning around the world
False
True or False: Socialization takes place entirely in childhood
False
Our basic drive or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of
Id
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as
Manifest Functions
What is the term for a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
Master status
Cultural transmission refers to the process of
Passing cultural patterns from one generation to another
Ageism refers to
Prejudice and discrimination against the elderly
_______ refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment
Resocialization
Joan is an excellent artist, but feels she cannot devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing
Role Conflict
Which term refers to the process by which people creatively shape their world as they interact?
Social construction of reality
What is the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
Socialization
At a given time, you occupy a number of statuses. These are your
Status set
The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the
Structural-Functional Approach
In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?
Superego
His friends begins to criticize this individual as a "boozer," pushing him out of their social circle. The individual behins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who are all heavy drinkers. According to Edwin Lemert, this situation illustrates
The onset of secondary deviance
Comte described the earliest human societies as being within which level of societal development?
Theological Stage
Prostitution is widely known as what kind of crime?
Victimless crime
Most people arrested for a violent crime are (what race)
White
A hate crime is defined as
a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias
Which of the following is a legal term meaning "guilty mind" that refers to criminal intent?
mens rea
The spread of virtual culture means that culture is now less likely to be
passes down from one generation to the next
When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that
people see themselves as they think others see them
The oldest justification for punishing offenders is
retribution
Most criminal cases that reach the courts in the United States are resolved through
through plea bargaining
The idea of "getting" a joke depends on
understanding the two realities presented in the joke and appreciating the difference
Sociologists use what term to refer to the behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?
role
The assembled students at a university graduation ceremony would correctly be called a
secondary group
The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of
secondary sex characteristics
_____ refers to a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person
sexual orientation
The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called
social interaction
A caste system is defined as
social stratification based on ascription or birth
Social stratification refers to
society ranking categories of people in a hierarchy
In terms of dramaturgical analysis, helping another person to "save face," or avoid embarrassment, is called
tact
When discussing the story of McDonald's organization, "McDonaldization of Society" explains:
that the principles guiding McDonald's now dominate our social life
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be
the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
Gender refers to
the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being female and male
In a caste system
there is little on no social mobility
______ are people who feel that they are "trapped in the wrong body"
transsexuals
states that prejudice is
used by powerful people to justify oppressing others
The common ideology of a class system treats ___; a s a sign of personal talent and effort and poverty as a result of ___
wealth; personal inadequacy
The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that
women learn to measure their personal importance on their physical appearance
how many states according to the film passed laws forbidding interracial marriage to safeguard racial purification?
28
The term "presentation of self" refers to
Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others
The language spoken by people in more nations in the world than any other is
English
Which of the following terms refers to a cultural heritage?
Ethnicity
TRUE OR FALSE: In the documentary "Race: the power of illusion", it was stated....dark melanin blocks out UV light and is found where sunlight is less intense. Light melanin is found where sunlight is more intense.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Segregation has always been illegal in the United States
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Social Stratification is found in most- but not all- societies
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Gender refers just to whether people are female or male
False, Sex does that
TRUE OR FALSE: Based on the documentary "Race: the power of illusion", Sickle Cell disease is a disease attacking only those of African decent.
False.
As discussed in class (female advantage), Harold and Sybil are lost. Harold will not stop to ask for directions as Sybil wants him to. This story shows that
Men avoid asking for directions because it makes them dependent to ask for help
What is the term for a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?
Minority
Which of the following terms refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories?
Miscegeneration
Here are four assertions about the social foundation of deviance; selsect the one that is FALSE
Most acts that are deviant in one place are deviant everywhere
What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
Personality
Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?
Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as
Pop culture
______ is a way of understanding the world based on science
Positivism
What is the term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?
Prejudice
Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use of language and other cultural symbols the ______ stage
Preoperational
At birth, males and females are distinguished by ____, which are the genitals: organs used for reproduction.
Primary sex characteristics
What term refers to a belief that one racial category is innately inferior or inferior to another?
Racism
What type of feminism seeks to eliminate patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself?
Radical feminsism
Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that
Relies on culture to ensure survival
In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use which of the following terms to describe people, including alcoholics and drug addicts, who "drop out"
Retreatist
Assume a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and a confident to the workers, but must remain distant to assess the worker's performance. Which of the following is involved?
Role Strain
According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
Sensorimotor Stage
What is the term for the biological distinction between males and females?
Sex
According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as
Significant Others
Which discipline defines itself as the "systematic study of human society"?
Sociology
The most widely spoken language in the United States, other than English, is
Spanish
Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?
Structural-Functional Approach
Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview?
Survye
Intersection theory focuses on
The interplay of race, class, and gender often leading to multiple disadvantages
TRUE OR FALSE: Hitler's Aryan race derived from idea of U.S. race scientists.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Like race or social class, gender is a major dimension of social stratification
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Primary sex characteristics refer to reproductive organs
True
TRUE OR FALSE: The concept of social mobility refers to changes in people's positions in the social hierarchy.
True
True or False: In the United States, African Americans have a higher suicide rate than whites
True
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary groups?
Warm, personal interaction
It is correct to say that the more complex development of technology
has both positive and negative effects
Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called
homosexuality
The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is caused mostly by
human biology, although society plays some role
By "taking the role of the other," Meaad had in mind
imagining a situation from another person's point of view
Which term refers to wages or salary from work plus earnings from any investments
income
Robert Merton's Strain Theory of deviance uses the term ____ to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional mean to get there
innovation
"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime
is a violation of norms enacted into law
Ethnocentrism refers to
judging a culture by the standards of one's own culture
"Race" refers to
a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of society consider important
In the United States, men account for ____ ___ % of all arrests for violent crimes
about 80%
Multiculturalism is defined as
an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions
Little or no sexual attraction to people is called
asexuality
While prejudice is a matter of ___, discrimination is a matter of ___
attitude; action
The term "meritocracy" refers to social stratification
based entirely on personal merit
Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that
bias is built into the operation of today's institutions
Jean Piaget's focus was on
cognition; how people think and understand
Passengers sitting in an airport gate area to board a plane are an example of a
crowd
Ideology refers to
cultural beliefs that justify social stratification
The term "subculture" refers to
cultural patterns that set apart a segment of society's population
The term "bureaucracy" refers to
An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was:
Auguste Comte
In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following categories of people?
African American Males
Assume a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because of the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician. Which of the following is involved?
A role conflict
From the point of view of parents, what type of formal organization is a school's Parent-Teacher Association (PTA)?
A voluntary organization
"Crimes against the person" includes ALL BUT WHICH of the following?
A- BURGLARY
What was the racial make-up of these people know as the WIN Tribe?
Both Black, White, and Indian
Elite prostitutes -young, attractive, and well educated - are referred to as ____; while ____ are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy.
Call girls; streetwalkers
A maximum-security prison is one example of a
Coercive organization
Which of the following is NOT a principle of McDonaldization?
Creativity
What is the term for the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?
Criminal Justice System
The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by its own standards is called
Cultural Relativism
Which of the following is a function of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?
D - ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A - Deviance affirms cultural values and norms B - Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundries C - Responding to deviance promotes social unity
Which of the following is evidence of the "McDonaldization of Society"?
D - ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- Replacing bank tellers with automatic teller machines (ATMs) B- shopping in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls C- the spread of world-wide chain stores and restaurants
What traits have been described as a "female advantage"?
D - ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- more flexible leadership B- more emphasis on communication C- more willingness to ask questions
Family is important to the socialization process because
D- ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- families give children social identity in terms of class, religion, and ethnicity B- parents greatly affect a child's self-concept C- family members are often what Mead called, "significant others"
The "graying of the United States" refers to the fact that
D- ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- the share of the population that has reached age sixty-five is increasing B- the number of elderly people increasing C- the average age of the population is rising
The chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference but also a matter of
D- ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT A- privileges B- power C- wealth
What is the sociological term for a social group with two members?
Dyad
Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?
Dyads are less stable than groups with many members
Which of the following statements linking nature and nurture is correct?
For human beings, nurture is our nature
What term refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?
Glass-ceiling
Which of the following is most likely to be a master status?
Having a serious physical or mental disability
The phrase "survival of the fittest" was coined by
Herbert Spencer
If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing
High culture
____ defines who and what we are in relation to others
Ideal Culture
In Robert Merton's Strain Theory, the term ______ correctly describes a person who gets rich by defrauding a bank.
Innovation
What is the term for humans who have some combination of female and male genitalia?
Intersexual people
Which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach?
Karl Marx
Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called
Latent Functions
According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has
Lower social integration
In terms of absolute numbers, two-thirds of all poor people in America are
White
What is the term for crime committed by person's of high social psoition in the course of their occupations?
White collar crime
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as
dramaturgical analysis
George Herbert Mead would agree with only one of the following statements. Which one is it?
f you win $10 million, your self may change
What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?
gender roless
What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?
matriarchy
One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to
norms forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
Which of the following terms refers to the rules of many by few
oligarchy
What is the term for a social group towards which we feel competition or opposition?
out-group
In all societies
parents pass their social position on to their children
What is the form of social organization in which males dominate females?
patriarchy
According to Erving Goffman, our use of costumes, props, tone of voice and gestures to convey information to others all add up to a
performance
