FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?

When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases.

A _______ will develop in response to an area of the skin being subjected to excess friction or pressure.

callus.

The cerebral cortex receives blood from the anterior, middle, and posterior BLANK arteries.

cerebral

The basilar artery and internal carotid arteries contribute to the ring-shaped BLANK.

cerebral arterial circle

Mechanical stress applied to bone __________ osteoblast activity in bone tissue, and the removal of mechanical stress __________ osteoblast activity.

increases; decreases

Following that, BLANK occurs as nerves grow into the area of developing muscle fibers.

innervation

The deepest of the cerebral lobes, the BLANK receives taste sensory input.

insula

These arteries include the BLANK arteries that enter the cranium via the BLANK, and the BLANK arteries, which enter the cranium by way of the BLANK.

internal carotid; carotid canals; vertebral; foramen magnum

If a cell is placed in a solution and it neither swells nor shrinks, the solution is

isotonic

Lack of sunlight will directly affect the formation of vitamin D. This implies that the specific cell type required for vitamin D synthesis using sunlight energy is the ___________.

keratinocyte

The BLANK separates the temporal lobe from the cerebrum.

lateral fissure

Due to water's BLANK, it is capable of dissolving a great number of substances.

polarity

Interneurons are used in BLANK reflex arcs.

polysynaptic

A BLANK contains a dissolved substance called a BLANK.

solution; solute

An individual would be BLANK with the arms BLANK.

standing upright; arms at the sides

The motor neurons conduct action potentials through the BLANK of the spinal cord.

ventral root

Put the following events of excitation-contraction coupling in the correct order.

1. A nerve impulse causes ACh to be released at a neuromuscular junction. 2. The T tubules carry the action potential to the interior of the muscle fiber. 3. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm. 4. Calcium ions bind to troponin molecules on the actin myofilaments. 5. The troponin-tropomysin complex moves, exposing active sites on the actin myofilaments. 6. The heads of myosin myofilaments bind to sites on the actin myofilaments, forming cross-bridges.

The regulation of breathing is controlled not by the amount of oxygen we have circulating in our blood, but instead by the pH of the blood. Receptors in the brain respond to changes in the pH of the blood, triggering an increase in the breathing rate if the blood becomes too acidic. Place the following events in order, showing how the body maintains a stable blood pH in response to changes in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Assume that a person is exercising and her muscles are releasing carbon dioxide.

1. There is an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood. 2. Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid. 3. Carbonic acid dissociates, forming bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. 4. pH decreases in the blood (it become mores acidic) 5. Receptors in the brain detect an increase in acidity of blood. 6. Increase in breathing rate, exhaling more carbon dioxide 7. Carbonic acid dissociates into water and carbon dioxide 8. pH of the blood increases (becomes more basic).

Correctly order the following events that occur during inflammation.

1. Tissue damage occurs and bacteria are introduced. 2. Chemical mediators of inflammation are released or activated in injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels. 3. Chemical mediators cause capillaries to dilate and the skin to become red. 4. Fluid leaves the capillaries, producing swelling. 5. White blood cells leave the dilated blood vessels and move to the site of bacterial infection. 6. White blood cells begin to phagocytize bacteria and other debris.

Practice 3: The atomic number for hydrogen is 1 and the atomic mass number is 1. These numbers tell you that there is BLANK proton and BLANK neutrons in the nucleus. Additionally, there is BLANK electron located in the shell.

1; 0; 1

Practice 4: Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen; it has an atomic mass number of 2. Based on the information given, you know that in this isotope, there is BLANK proton and BLANK neutron in the nucleus.

1; 1

Practice 2: The atomic number for iron is 26 and the atomic mass number is 56. These numbers tell you that there are BLANK protons and BLANK neutrons in the nucleus. Additionally, there are BLANK electrons located in the shells.

26; 30; 26

Organize the following structural levels of the human body from simplest to most complex. (1) Cell (2) Tissue (3) Chemical (4) Organ system (5) Organ

3, 1, 2, 5, 4

Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud. (1) visual association area (2) premotor area (3) Broca area (4) primary motor area (5) Wernicke area (6) visual cortex

6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4

If an mRNA molecule is 1800 nucleotides (bases) in length, this molecule will contain _____ codons.

600

Practice 1: The atomic number for carbon is BLANK and the atomic mass number is 12. These numbers tell you that there are BLANK protons and 6 neutrons in the nucleus. Additionally, there are BLANK electrons located in the shells.

6; 6; 6

The epithelial cells of the intestine absorb digested food molecules, vitamins, and ions.

Absorbing substances

The epithelium of the skin is a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body.

Acting as barriers

The epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body.

Acting as barriers

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are immune cells that can detect the presence of virus-infected body cells. Once contact is made, the T lymphocyte releases substances that cause the infected cell to remove itself through a programmed self destruction process. What is this process called?

Apoptosis

While viewing a microscope slide, a student observes a tissue just deep to a stratified squamous epithelium. What type of tissue is she observing?

Areolar connective tissue

Identify the five major nerves of the brachial plexus.

Axillary nerve Median nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Radial nerve Ulnar nerve

A student observes gray tissue in a preserved section of a human brain. Which of the following might he be looking at?

Basal nuclei

When a doctor gives a patient epidural anesthesia, they are inserting a needle between which two structures?

Body of the vertebrae and dura mater

Place the reactants and products in the proper order as it refers to the following reversible reaction.

Carbon dioxide+ Water <-----> Carbonic Acid <-----> Hydrogen ion + Bicarbonate ion

In which of the following brain areas would a tumor have the most detrimental effect on the ability to execute complex movements?

Cerebellum

In one type of diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce insulin, a chemical normally made by pancreatic cells and released into the blood. Indicate which three levels of organization would be considered in order to correct this disorder.

Chemical, organ, cell

Chemical level

Collagen molecules create ropelike fibers.

Many people with Marfan syndrome have limbs, fingers, and toes that are disproportionately long in relation to the rest of the body. However, it is the weakened heart valves and damage to the major blood vessels that are often deadly. Which tissue type is weakened with people with this syndrome?

Connective tissue

Which of the following would be a likely result of severing the tibial and common fibular nerves?

Difficulty with dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Organ level

Different tissue types function together to create the large intestine.

On an exam, a student is asked to briefly describe the structure and function of muscle tissue. Which of the following responses is the best description?

Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract

It is not worthwhile to perform medical procedures on other mammals because their organs are often different from those of humans.

False

Subcutaneous tissue is between the dermis and the epidermis.

False

The subcutaneous tissue is part of the skin or the integumentary system.

False

We can assume that organ structures are identical between similar species.

False

True or False: Each item listed here would be seen when blood calcium levels are too low. Increase in osteoprotegerin RANK activates osteoclasts. Increased calcium uptake in the intestine RANKL is expressed on the surface of osteoblasts. Increase in calcitonin Increase in parathyroid hormone Increased osteoclast activity Increased release of calcium from the urine

False True True True False True True False

If one solution has a greater concentration of solute particles than the other it is

Hyperosmotic

Emotions can influence the concentrations of specific hormones in the body. Which brain region is most directly responsible for the connection between the nervous system (emotions) and endocrine system (hormones)?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following statements regarding positive feedback is not correct?

If blood pressure decreases and negative feedback is not able to maintain homeostasis, positive feedback will cause blood pressure to increase.

A sedentary patient is low in vitamin D, and her calcium levels begin to drop. How will the body respond to bring calcium levels back to normal?

Increase parathyroid hormone secretion

Solutions with the same concentration of solute particles are called

Isosmotic

Which of the following is the growth region of a nail?

Matrix

Cell level

Molecules combine to form the ribosomes.

A boy lifts a glass of milk to take a drink. He then lifts a gallon of milk in order to pour himself a new glass. Which of the following is occurring to help him lift the gallon of milk, which is much heavier than a single glass?

More motor units are recruited.

Tissue level

Multiple muscle cells combine in function to form the bicep brachii.

Oxygen is diffused through the epithelium in the lungs.

Permitting the passage of substances

Acinar cells in the pancreas produce an enzyme called pancreatic amylase. This enzyme is released from the cells via exocytosis, where it is available to aid in digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine. Based on this information, which of the following is true?

Pancreatic amylase is a merocrine secretion.

A muscle cell contains a single nucleus and does not contain any striations. Which of the following is a location where that cell will be found?

Part of the stomach wall

Simple squamous epithelium allows carbon dioxide to be diffused from the blood into the lungs.

Permitting the passage of substances

A patient is asked to tie their shoe while the clinician recorded the brain activity on a PET scan. Which of the following brain regions would "light up" the most?

Premotor area

Which of the following is not a common feature of the cerebrum and cerebellum?

Presence of one or more ventricles

Select all that are functions of the skeletal system.

Production of blood cells and platelets Protection of internal organs Storage of minerals

The epithelium of the oral cavity protects the underlying structures from food as it is being chewed.

Protecting underlying structures

The outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) protects the underlying structures from the environment.

Protecting underlying structures

Mucous glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas secrete their products into ducts that subsequently deliver their products to other areas of the body.

Secreting substances

Sweat glands secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces of the body.

Secreting substances

A student is asked to classify a gland based on the following observations: It contains a duct, the duct is straight without branches, and the secretory portion is a saclike structure. What type of gland is being described?

Simple acinar

Which of the following statements regarding hair is false?

The growth rate of all types of hair is the same.

Organismal level

The multiple organelles of a bacterium work together to create an organism.

Which of the following events occur when a muscle is voluntarily stimulated to contract?

The signal is initiated in the precentral gyrus. Lower motor neurons are excited by upper motor neurons. The cerebellum and basal nuclei coordinate the information for these movements.

Organ system level

The upper and lower respiratory organs function together to create the respiratory system.

After suffering a head injury, a patient exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Based on these symptoms, predict which nerve might have been damaged.

Trigeminal nerve

A receptor detects light touch on the face. Which of the following correctly lists the pathway the signal will pass to its final destination in the brain?

Trigeminal nerve, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebral cortex

Approximately half of the body's stored lipids are in the subcutaneous tissue.

True

Damage to the white matter of the brain would prevent transmission of information between nuclei.

True

Due to alternative splicing, there are likely more protein varieties in the body than there are genes in the human genome.

True

Practicing surgical techniques on mammals is sometimes necessary to gain knowledge about that surgical technique.

True

Strict laws govern the use of animals in medical research.

True

Subcutaneous tissue attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue.

True

Subcutaneous tissue consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the function of the epidermis. Resists abrasion Promotes water loss Responsible for the structural strength of the skin Protects against water loss

True False False True

A DNA base sequence is A T G C C G. The sequence of bases in a strand of mRNA transcribed from this sequence of bases in DNA would be __________.

U A C G G C

A patient is asked to read a paragraph while the clinician recorded the brain activity on a PET scan. Which of the following brain regions would "light up" the most?

Wernicke area

Actin myofilaments are attached at either end to a BLANK.

Z discs

G actin molecules make up BLANK myofilaments.

actin

As the delivery of oxygen to the muscle increases during the course of exercise, ATP production occurs primarily via BLANK.

aerobic respiration

Each glucose molecule metabolized by BLANK produces two ATP, allowing for muscle activity to continue for an additional 30-40 seconds.

anaerobic respiration

The reference position for anatomical description is known as BLANK.

anatomical position

The process of controlled cell death is referred to as __________.

apoptosis

The osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix by BLANK.

appositional growth

Additionally, the BLANK artery lies on the ventral side of the pons.

basilar

Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to

become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end."

In a polar covalent bond, each atom can have a slight BLANK.

charge

A student is doing a physiology experiment on the gastrocnemius muscle of a frog. He is stimulating the muscle and observing the amount of tension generated. If he stimulates the muscle with the highest frequency possible, which of the following will he observe?

complete tetanus

In the early stages of exercise ATP is produced by the action of BLANK.

creatine kinase

The high energy molecule that donates a phosphate to ADP is BLANK.

creatine phosphate

Therefore, if the thick and thin filaments do not overlap, very few BLANK are formed.

cross-bridges

The bluish tinge of skin due to a reduction of oxygen in the blood is called __________.

cyanosis

An x-ray determines that Philip fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

diaphysis

The result is that the sodium and chorine ions BLANK in water.

dissociate

A man in a car accident cannot feel his left leg but is able to contract the muscles there. Which component of the relevant spinal nerves or spinal cord region has been damaged?

dorsal root

The sensory neurons conduct action potentials through the BLANK of the spinal cord.

dorsal root

NaCl (ionic bond, dissociates in water)

electrolyte

NaNO3 (forms ions in water)

electrolyte

These charges dictate how each atom will share the BLANK.

electrons

The eyes should be directed BLANK.

forward

The palms should be facing BLANK with the fingers pointing BLANK.

forward; down

The BLANK provides critical function in motivation, logical reasoning, expression of emotion, and social attitudes.

frontal lobe

Which of the following is an organic substance found in the human body?

glucose

A baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. When he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because

he lost both working and short-term memory.

The rod portion of the myosine molecules is made of two BLANK molecules tightly wound together.

heavy myosin

If the Broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech

Elongation of bones through endochondral ossification requires the zone of resting cartilage where normal BLANK cartilage persists near the epiphysis.

hyaline

If a cell is placed in a solution and it shrinks, the solution is

hypertonic

Physical exercise results in the growth of muscles, or hypertrophy, and occurs due to an increase in the size of muscle fibers.

hypertrophy; size

The solution with the lower osmotic pressure is

hyposmotic

If a cell is placed in a solution and it swells, the solution is

hypotonic

By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in

immunity.

The ends of myosine molecules contain four small BLANK molecules.

light myosin

Damage to the T11 and T12 spinal nerves could result in loss of movement in the __________ and __________ but would not affect the movement of the __________.

lower limbs; hips; upper limbs

These cells contain BLANK caused by the fusion of precursor cells.

many nuclei

A BLANK conducts action potentials from the spinal cord to an effector organ.

motor neuron

Each myosin myofilament contains BLANK myosin molecules.

multiple

Muscle fibers originate from immature, cells known as BLANK when BLANK proteins form in the cell cytoplasm.

myoblasts; contractile

A sarcomere consists of actin and myosin BLANK.

myofilaments

When salt is added to water, the BLANK poles of the water molecules are attracted to the BLANK sodium ions, and the BLANK poles of the water molecule are attracted to the BLANK chlorine ions.

negative; positive; positive; negative

C6H12O6 (covalent compound)

nonelectrolyte

MgO (does not dissociate in water)

nonelectrolyte

In a covalent bond, the bond can be either polar or BLANK.

nonpolar

Housing the visual centers, the BLANK receive inputs from the optic radiation.

occipital lobes

The feet should be BLANK and flat on the floor.

parallel to each other

The BLANK receives sensory information other than that from smell, hearing, taste, and vision.

parietal lobes

If a membrane protein only contains hydrophilic amino acids, it is most likely a ________ membrane protein.

peripheral

Studies at the biochemical and molecular levels would be most appropriate for learning about the

physiological functions of organs.

A blood clot stimulating even more blood clotting is an example of __________.

positive feedback

When you hold a ball steady at arm's length, it has ________ energy but no __________ energy.

potential; kinetic

If a person decided to jump over a chair, the __________ area would organize the motor functions needed to carry out this action.

premotor area

A sensory receptor generates a graded potential, reaches threshold, and subsequently produces an action potential that is propagated down its axon. This is an example of a __________ receptor.

primary

The element potassium has an atomic number of 19 and mass number of 39. This means potassium has 19 positively charged BLANK and 19 negatively charged BLANK. Additionally, there also exists 20 BLANK.

protons; electrons; neutrons

Isotopes of the same element have the same number of BLANK but a different number of BLANK. It can be said that isotopes have the same atomic BLANK but different atomic BLANK.

protons; neutrons; number; mass numbers

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of BLANK in each atom, while the atomic mass number of an element is the number of BLANK plus the number of BLANK in each atom.

protons; protons; neutrons

In directional terms, your kneecap is proximal and superior to your heel. The kneecap is also considered to be on the anterior side of the lower limb, while the heel is on the posterior side.

proximal; superior; anterior; posterior

The epidermis

retains water in deeper skin layers. keeps out harmful chemicals and pathogens. protects the skin against mechanical injury.

Skeletal muscle cells need large numbers of _______ to make the many proteins they contain.

ribosomes

In resting muscle fiber, a BLANK is normally 2.0 to 2.5 micrometers long.

sacromere

In a mixture of salt water, BLANK is the solute, BLANK is the solvent, and BLANK is the solution.

salt; water; salt water

A BLANK conducts action potentials from the stimulus site to the spinal cord.

sensory neuron

A stimulus is detected by a BLANK.

sensory receptor

Polarity deals with the BLANK of electrons between the atoms.

sharing

A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as __________.

striated and involuntary

The larger arteries that supply the brain with blood are located within the BLANK space.

subarachnoid

To look and follow the flight of a butterfly would involve the function of the __________.

superior colliculi

Olfaction and hearing are processed in the BLANK.

temporal lobes

This is the optimum length for producing maximum BLANK when the muscle contracts.

tension

If a muscle fiber is overly contracted, the BLANK filaments butt against the Z discs.

thick

Conversely, if the muscle fiber is overly stretched, there is not enough overlap between the thick and BLANK myofilaments.

thin

Nonpolar bonds means there is equal sharing of electrons; polar bonds have BLANK sharing.

unequal

Hypertrophied chondrocytes lie within a region containing calcified cartilage matrix in the BLANK.

zone of calcification

The BLANK is marked by an expansive production of chondrocytes that align in rows in order to replenish those undergoing calcification.

zone of cell proliferation

The next layer is the BLANK where the existing, columnar chondrocytes mature and enlarge and thus force the separations between lacunae to become very thin.

zone of hypertrophy