Final Exam Study Guide PART ONE

What is the normal blood pressure for a 20-30 year old?

120/72 mmHg

What is considered a normal platelet count?

150,000-450,000 Correct answer / 165,000-415,000/mm3 of blood

What is the RDA for iron?

18 mg/day

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in which of the following ratios?

1:2:1

How long does it take for humoral immunity to accomplish antibody production in the second exposure to the pathogen?

2-5 days

How many bones make up the adult spinal column?

26

How many anatomical cavities does the thoracic cavity contain?

3

How long does it take for humoral immunity to accomplish antibody production in the first exposure to the pathogen?

3-6 days

How many spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord between vertebrae?

31

What is the total number of chromosomes in the daughter cell after mitosis?

46

Acidosis occurs if the pH of the blood is less than what?

7.35

Respiration is adjusted by the medulla oblongata to maintain what pH?

7.35 to 7.45

Which statement best describes a short bone?

A bone that is not longer than it is wide

Which statement correctly describes why children are more susceptible to infectious diseases?

A child's immune system is not fully developed and continues to mature throughout childhood.

Which of the following lists the steps to wound healing in the correct order?

A cut into the dermis, bleeding and clotting of the wound, wound contracture, granulation tissue fills in the wound's clot

What condition of aging reduces vital capacity?

A decrease in thoracic wall compliance due to the diminished ability to expand the chest

What is surfactant?

A fluid secreted by the great alveolar cells

What is the pericardium?

A fluid-filled, double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart

Which statement about pain is true?

A pain scale allows patients to rank their pain.

All of the following are functions of the sternum except which one?

A protective plate for the lungs

What is a lever?

A rigid object used to lift something

Which statement is true regarding the anatomy of the nerves in the sympathetic nervous system?

A short preganglionic neuron leaves the spinal cord from the thoracic and lumbar regions and synapses with the post ganglionic neuron at the sympathetic chain of ganglia just outside the vertebral column.

Which statement accurately compares sprains and strains

A sprain is a tear in the ligament while a strain is a tear in muscle tissue or tendons.

What is a thrombus?

A stationary, unnecessary clot

What is a target tissue?

A tissue that contains receptors for a hormone

What is ATP?

A usable form of energy for the cell

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient because people with this blood type can accept blood from anyone?

AB

All of the following are antigens found on the surface of the RBC except which one?

AB+-

Which type of B cell constantly samples material from their environment, processes it, and then displays it for other cells to see?

APCs

All of the following cranial nerves have both motor and sensory functions except which one?

Abducens

A person doing jumping jacks is performing which set of muscle action?

Abduction and adduction

What can the results of a white blood cell differential test indicate?

Abnormal percentage of basophils

A stimulated muscle cell signals the release of what chemical from the synaptic knob?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following describes an event that occurs in the latent phase of a muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine is released and fits into the receptors on the muscle cell.

Which function of the respiratory system is the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled directly related to?

Acid-base balance

What condition results if the blood's pH is less than 7.35?

Acidosis

Which statement comparing action potential and local potential is false?

Action potentials are graded and local potentials are not.

Which statement is false regarding the symptoms of Addison's disease?

Addison's disease will cause a decrease in DHEA which will affect a male's ability to develop male sex characteristics.

Which type of lung cancer originates in the mucous glands of the bronchial tree in the lung?

Adenocarcinoma

In a reflex arc, what has the action potential carrying the signal to the CNS?

Afferent neuron

Which predisposing factor of disease cannot be controlled by the individual?

Age

Which of the following describes mechanisms that prevent inappropriate clotting?

All of the answer choices are correct. / Vessels coated with a platelet repellent to prevent them from sticking to vessel walls/ Circulation dilutes thrombin in the blood./ Anticoagulants interfere with pathways of clotting.

All of the following are functions of the nerve cell endings in the dermis except which one?

All of the answer choices are functions of the nerve cells in the dermis. Receptors for warm and cold / Receptors for pain and pressure/ Receptors for hair movement

During resting membrane potential, what is true about the neuron membrane?

All of the answer choices are true./The membrane is polarized./The outside of the membrane is positive./The inside of the membrane is negative.

All of the following items are composed of matter except which one?

All of the answer choices have matter. The air we breathe, The steam formed from boiling water, The fumes emitted from a vehicle

Which of the following is considered a formed element of blood?

All of the answers are correct. All of the answers are correct./ White blood cells

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?

All of the answers are correct. Functions of the lymphatic system include: fluid balance, lipid absorption, defense against disease, and immunity.

Which type of muscle tissue performs aerobic respiration?

All of the answers are correct/ Skeletal/ Cardiac / Smooth

Which of the following is not a target tissue for the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

All of the answers are target tissues for the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland./ Ovaries/ Thyroid / Adrenal cortex

Which of the following happens during inflammation?

All of the answers happen during inflammation. Blood vessels dilate. Fluid leaks out of blood vessels causing swelling. Blood flow to the injured area is increased.

All of the following are ways blood pressure is regulated except which one?

All of these answers are correct. Blood pressure and flow can be regulated locally (by the tissues), hormonally (by the endocrine system), or neurally (by the nervous system).

Which of the following combining forms describes an anatomical structure of the heart?

All of these answers are correct./ pericardi/o - ventricul/o - atri/o

All of the following are general categories of hormones except which one?

All of these answers are correct./Steroids/Amino acid derivatives/Proteins

What governs the speed of a reaction?

All of these are correct. **The concentration of reactants ***The temperature of the reaction. The presence of a catalyst

What is the function of apoptosis?

All of these are correct. Programmed cell death, To remove old, worn out cells. To remove cells that have fulfilled their function are no longer needed.

All of the following are functions of the hypothalamus except which one?

All of these are functions of the hypothalamus. /Temperature regulation/Sexual development/Autonomic functions

What is the function of the midbrain of the brainstem?

All of these are functions of the midbrain./To direct sensory messages to the thalamus/Visual attentiveness/Auditory attentiveness

All of the following are types of hemopoiesis except which one?

All of these are types of hemopoiesis. There are three types of hemopoiesis: thrombopoiesis, leukopoiesis, and erythropoiesis.

Which of the following does not describe the regulation of hormone secretion?

All of these describe a method of hormone secretion.

What is gray matter of the spinal cord composed of?

All of these make up the gray matter of the spinal cord. The gray matter is composed of dendrites, cell bodies, and short unmyelinated neurons.

Which of the following muscles has an insertion on the mandible?

All of these muscles insert on the mandible./ Temporalis/ Masseter/ Platysma

Which statement about reflexes is true?

All of these statements are true. A reflex is an involuntary, predictable, motor response to a stimulus without conscious thought. It is a very fast response, used often as a protective device.

Which of the following can help a physician develop a diagnosis?

All of these will help a physician develop a diagnosis

If Amy has type AB blood, what blood type can she receive?

All the answers are correct. A /B/ AB

All of the following are functions of the intervertebral disks except which one?

Allow nerves to exit between vertebrae

What does the combining form alveol/o mean?

Alveolus

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acid

What chemical in saliva partially breaks down carbohydrates during the process of mastication?

Amylase

What is telomerase?

An enzyme present in cancer cells that repairs telomere damage during replication making the cancer cell immortal

What is the function of the vertebral foramen?

An opening that allows the spinal cord to pass through the vertebrae

What type of cellular respiration do muscle cells perform when they do not have oxygen?

Anaerobic

Which disorder results from insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry enough oxygen to maintain homeostasis?

Anemia

Which of the following is not one of the three lines of defense?

Antibiotic proteins

Which of the following does not fall under the first line of defense?

Antimicrobial proteins

What is matter?

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Blood is forced through what valve when leaving the left ventricle?

Aortic valve

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Artery

Which of the following is responsible for causing disability for more than 22 million adults in the United States?

Arthritis

Gavin turned 4 years old and received vaccinations at his yearly physical examination. What type of immunity will Gavin develop from the vaccinations he receives?

Artificial active immunity

In the forearm, all flexors originate where?

At the medial epicondyle of the humerus

What structure sends the electrical impulse to stimulate the ventricles to contract?

Atrioventricular node

Which term refers to shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell size?

Atrophy

Which of the following statements describes the function of eosinophils in the second line of defense?

Attack worm parasites.

Rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, and myasthenia gravis all are examples of what kind of lymphatic disorder?

Autoimmune

What causes the skin conditions psoriasis and scleroderma?

Autoimmune disease

The lungs are housed in which of the following anatomical regions?

Axial

Which part of the neuron carries the nerve impulse?

Axon

What part of the axon is called the trigger zone?

Axon hillock

Which type of skin cancer is the most common?

Basal cell carcinoma

What type of neuron is the olfactory cell?

Bipolar

Which of the following represents the pathway for smell that will trigger an emotional reaction?

Bipolar neuron - CN I - temporal lobe - hypothalamus and amygdala

Which of the following represents the pathway for equilibrium in the correct order?

Bipolar neurons of CN VIII - medulla oblongata - pons - cerebellum

Which of the following represents the pathway for hearing in the correct order?

Bipolar neurons of CN VIII - pons - midbrain - temporal lobe

Which statement is true regarding gas exchange?

Blood leaves the left side of the heart to carry oxygen through the capillaries to the body's tissues.

Which diagnostic exam can indicate whether there are abnormal cells in the bone marrow?

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton?

Bones of the neck

What is the purpose of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?

Both answers are correct. Intercalated discs allow atrium or ventricles to contract simultaneously./ Intercalated discs allow fast electrical transmission between cells.

What is the function of LH?

Both of these are correct. Testosterone secretion / Ovulation

All of the following are muscles of the thigh or leg except which one?

Brachialis

In the case of a genetic disorder, how can the genetic code be changed?

By a mutagen

How is blood type determined?

By mixing the serum of blood with different types of serum to see if agglutination occurs

What cranial nerve is the optic nerve?

CN II

The Achilles tendon attaches the calf muscles to what bone?

Calcaneus

Which class of disease is characterized by uncontrollable cell growth?

Cancers

What is the smallest of all blood vessels?

Capillary

What are the four types of organic molecules?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Which diagnostic test injects contrast dye through a catheter into the heart?

Cardiac catheterization

Which of the following is an adaptation that allows the heart to have oxygen readily available?

Cardiac cells are rich in myoglobin.

All of the following are adaptations that allow the heart to use aerobic respiration for energy except which one?

Cardiac cells have fewer mitochondria.

Which of the following is a correct statement about cardiac muscle?

Cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary.

The lymphatic system is closely connected to what other system?

Cardiovascular

Which of the following is the function of calcitonin?

Causes osteoblasts to deposit bone, reducing blood calcium levels

What is a sinus?

Cavities within the bone

Which organelle regulates what enters and exits the cell?

Cell membrane

Between the vertebrae and what layer of meninges is the epidural space?*** Dura mater The brain can be divided into what four subdivisions?

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

Starting at the superior end of the spinal column, name the type of vertebrae in order.

Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Which of the following is a sign of a third-degree burn?

Charring

Which of the following lists the levels of organization of the human body in the correct order?

Chemical level, organelle level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, systems level, organism level

What are pyrogens?

Chemicals released by activated macrophages that raise the body temperature

What kind of receptor is the olfactory hair?

Chemoreceptor

What produces CSF?

Choroid plexus

Which statement correctly compares chromatin to chromosomes?

Chromatin is loosely arranged DNA in the cell's nucleus while the cell is not dividing while chromosomes are tight compact bundles of DNA present during cell division.

What type of leukemia usually occurs in adults over 70 years of age?

Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia

What part of the eye produces aqueous humor?

Ciliary body

What muscle action means to make a circle with part of the body?

Circumduction

Which of the following is true about closed reduction?

Closed reduction sets bones in proper alignment without using surgery.

All of the following are functions of the skeletal system except which one?

Communication

What type of bone is dense and highly organized?

Compact bone

Which term describes the ability of a muscle cell to shorten with force?

Contractility

Which nutrient important to the blood helps the enzymes necessary to produce hemoglobin?

Copper

What structure marks the separation of the atria from the ventricles?

Coronary sulcus

All of the following are types of ribs except which one?

Costal ribs

Which of the following types of bonding is characterized by two or more atoms sharing electrons to fill their outer shells?

Covalent bond

All of the following describe an anatomical term of direction except which one?

Cubital

What type of cell does the stratum basale contain?

Cuboidal

Which disorder is characterized by excess cortisol or corticosteroid levels in the blood that result from hypersecretion of ACTH from the pituitary gland?

Cushing's syndrome

When considering developmental disorders, when does the damage to the brain that causes the disability occur?

Damage to the brain can occur prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally.

How is cognitive function affected by aging?

Declines

Which skin condition is characterized by ulcerated tissue caused by the pressure of a bony prominence in the body and another surface?

Decubitus ulcers

Which of the anatomical terms of direction describes the relation of the hypodermis to the epidermis?

Deep

What is the relationship between bone deposition and bone reabsorption in people 45 and older?

Deposition < Reabsorption

What muscle action means to lower the shoulders or open the jaw?

Depression

Which category of childhood diseases is characterized by an event that disrupts the normal development of the child?

Developmental disorder

What disorder is characterized by an inability to regulate blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin?

Diabetes mellitus

All of the following have an origin on a part of the ribs except which one?

Diaphragm

Which of the following is not a part of the PNS?

Diencephalon

Which statement regarding dorsal and ventral roots is correct?

Dorsal roots carry afferent messages, while ventral roots carry efferent messages.

If a person stands on his or her heels with their toes pointing up, what muscle action is he or she performing?

Dorsiflexion

Which of the following is a symptom of myxedema?

Drooping eyelids

Between the vertebrae and what layer of meninges is the epidural space?

Dura mater

How is functional residual capacity calculated?

ERV + RV

When discussing levers in the muscular system, which term does the insertion of the muscle describe?

Effort

What type of cartilage is found in the ear?

Elastic cartilage connective tissue

What is the function of elastic fibers in the skin?

Elasticity

A nerve conduction study assesses the conduction of nervous impulses along peripheral nerves by using what?

Electric stimuli

Which function is directly related to the fact that the skeletal system is a mineral reservoir?

Electrolyte balance

Which cells produce gastrin?

Endocrine cells

Which of the following categories does phagocytosis belong to?

Endocytosis

What is the origin of the frontalis muscle?

Epicranial aponeurosis

Skin is composed of what two layers?

Epidermis, dermis

Which of the following statements correctly describes epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissues cover and line all body surfaces including organs, vessels, and ducts.

All of the following cells in the blood have DNA except which one?

Erythrocytes

If a person points the soles of his or her feet away from each other, what muscle action is he or she performing?

Eversion

Which statement correctly describes kyphosis?

Exaggerated abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae

What is the function of capillaries?

Exchange fluids and other materials between the tissues and the blood.

Which answer choice lists the layers of the abdominal wall from most superficial to deepest?

External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominus

What artery serves the lower limb?

External iliac artery.

Which of the following terms refers to a muscle that has an origin located in a different body region than its insertion?

Extrinsic

What does the term extrinsic refer to in regard to muscle?

Extrinsic describes a muscle that has an origin and insertion located in different body regions.

What is the connective tissue that surrounds several muscles of an area forming muscle compartments?

Fascia

Which of the following is an example of a sign of disease?

Fever

Which of the following is not one of the three types of cartilage?

Fibroelastic cartilage connective tissue

What is the function of Peyer's patches?

Fight any bacteria moving into the small intestine from the colon.

All of the following are functions of the mucous membrane lining of the sinuses except which one?

Fill the sinus with air

What is the term for a muscle that holds an origin stable for another muscle?

Fixator

What is the function of the rectus abominus?

Flex the spine

What is the name of the large opening in the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity?

Foramen magnum

What part of the retina contains only cones and is the area of sharpest vision?

Fovea centralis

All of the following are a type of mechanoreceptor except which one?

Free nerve endings

How does a frontal or coronal plane separate the body?

Front from back

Which of the following bones is not a facial bone?

Frontal

Where is the Broca's area?

Frontal lobe

Which of the following terms describes an anatomical plane that separates the body front from back?

Frontal or coronal

The cerebrum is divided into what four major lobes?

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Which statement about general senses is true?

General senses are simple receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, tendons, and organs.

Which category of childhood diseases is caused by inherited genes which have been passed to children by their parents?

Genetic disorder

What ocular disorder results in an increase in intraocular pressure?

Glaucoma

What term describes the antibodies found in plasma?

Globulin

All of the following muscles make up the hamstring except which one?

Gracilis

Which term refers to the fact that the amount of stimulation determines how much sodium enters the cell?

Graded

What disorder is characterized by an antibody made by white blood cells that mistakenly fits into the TSH receptor of the thyroid gland and acts like TSH?

Grave's disease

Which disorder causes hyperthyroidism?

Graves' disease

What are the folds on the cerebrum that allow for extra surface area?

Gyri

The stratum basale dips into the dermis to form what?

Hair follicle

Which disorder causes hypothyroidism?

Hashimoto's disease

Which of the following features can be found on the humerus, radius, and femur?

Head

Which organ is surrounded by the pericardium?

Heart

What blood test measures the percentage of erythrocytes to whole blood?

Hematocrit

Which type of paralysis affects one side of the body

Hemiplegia

What type of anemia can be caused by the destruction of red blood cells?

Hemolytic anemia

What muscular disorder is characterized by a part of the viscera protruding through the muscular wall?

Hernia

What type of messenger does the endocrine system use?

Hormones

What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?

Humerus

What is the proximal long bone of the arm?

Humerus

The phospholipids in the cell membrane are composed of what?

Hydrophobic chains and hydrophilic heads

They are broken down to free amino acids which are then recycled to the bone marrow.

Hydroxyl ions

What condition results if the cornea and lens focus the image behind the retina?

Hyperopia

Which immune disorder involves an overreaction of the immune system to an allergen?

Hypersensitivities

How is vital capacity calculated?

IC + FRC

Which of the following statements about how we perceive odor is false?

If there is a threshold stimulus at the trigger zone of the olfactory cell, an action potential is generated and passed to a synapse within the olfactory bulb of CN II.

Which class of disease results from the inability of the body to effectively defend itself?

Immune disorders

Which type of disease results from an infection caused by a microorganism?

Infectious disease

Which class of disease is caused by pathogens?

Infectious diseases

Which of the following is not an anatomical cavity in the body?

Inguinal

All of the following are functions of mucus and mucous membranes except which one?

Initiate tissue repair.

The bony labyrinth is in what section of the ear?

Inner ear

Which of the following terms refers to the attachment of a muscle to the bone or structure that does move when the muscle contracts?

Insertion

What causes gangrene?

Insufficient blood supply that is associated with an infection

What structure separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle?

Interventricular septum

What does the term intrinsic refer to in regard to muscle?

Intrinsic describes a muscle that has an origin and insertion located in the same body region.

If a person brings the soles of his or her feet together so they are facing each other, what muscle action is he or she performing?

Inversion

Which disorder is characterized by abdominal pain and discomfort, a change in the frequency of bowel movements, and a change in the consistency of stool?

Irritable bowel syndrome

Which test is used to diagnose color blindness?

Ishihara test

Which statement is false regarding cerumen?

It contains lysozymes and a high pH to deter bacteria.

Which statement about endochondral ossification is true?

It forms the long bones, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvis, and limb bones of the developing fetus.

Which statement about intramembranous ossification is false?

It forms the long bones, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvis, and limb bones of the developing fetus.

What statement about conjunctivitis is false?

It is not contagious.

Which statement is true about the hormone oxytocin?

It stimulates uterine contractions and the release of milk.

What will happen to a protein that is produced that needs to affect another cell?

It will be transported out of the cell.

What is the hard, waterproof protein that fills keratinocytes?

Keratin

A person moving their jaw to the side is performing what muscle action?

Lateral excursion

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

Laterally in the oropharynx

Which tumor originates in blood-forming tissues in the red bone marrow?

Leukemia

Which statement about the effects of aging on the endocrine system is true?

Levels of hormones decline with age.

What are the bumps on the surface of the tongue called?

Lingual papillae

Where does the blood from the capillaries of the stomach and intestine go?

Liver

Which of the following organs is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

Liver

Which organs function to remove old, worn out red blood cells?

Liver and spleen

Which type of memory has the potential to last a lifetime?

Long term

The dorsal cavity houses all of the following organs except which one?

Lungs

Which of the following structures is considered part of the lower respiratory tract?

Lungs

What lymphoid tissue removes anything that may be potentially harmful in lymph?

Lymph nodes

In what tissue would lymphoma originate?

Lymphoid

Which of the following can indicate a disease may be present?

Malaise Inflammation Abnormal diagnostic test results All of the answer choices can indicate the presence of disease.

Which statement describes a malignant tumor?

Malignant tumors spread to other areas of the body.

All of the following gonads are endocrine glands except which one?

Mammary

What type of receptor detects pressure?

Mechanoreceptors

What is the function of tactile disc?

Mechanoreceptors for light touch

The brainstem is composed of what four parts?

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, reticular formation

Which statement best describes meiosis?

Meiosis is a type of cell division that involves sperm and egg cells.

Which of the following are not found in the dermis

Melanocytes

Mary Beth has just turned 12 years old and is entering puberty. Which statement is true regarding her hormone levels?

Melatonin is low.

Which of the following bones are located in the hand?

Metacarpals

The ossicles are part of what section of the ear?

Middle ear

All of the following organelles play a part in synthesizing and processing proteins except which one?

Mitochondria

Which statement about gas transport is true?

Most of the oxygen is transported in the blood by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin, and most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions.

What is a function of the abducens nerve

Motor for eye movement

What is a function of the abducens nerve?

Motor for eye movement

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

Movement

Which of the following is atrophy?

Muscle mass decreases with age.

What is a mistake in replication called?

Mutation

Which muscular disorder does not result from an injury or trauma?

Myasthenia gravis

What allows the action potential to travel quickly?

Myelination of the axon

The functional units of a muscle cell are composed of what?

Myofibril

What condition results if the cornea and lens focus the image ahead of the retina?

Myopia

What is a power stroke?

Myosin pulling on actin to draw Z-lines toward the center, shortening the sarcomere Correct

What is considered the nail's growth center?

Nail matrix

Mary got the chicken pox from her little brother when she was 6. She will most likely not contract this disease again. What type of immunity is described in this scenario?

Natural active immunity

What structure separates the right atria from the left atria?

None of these answers are correct. On the inside of the heart, the interatrial septum separates the two atria from each other, and the interventricular septum separates the two ventricles.

What is the function of the dermal papillae at the base of the hair follicle?

Nourishment

Which organic molecules are responsible for composing DNA as the genetic material of the cell?

Nucleic Acids

Which of the following is not a symptom of inflammation?

Numbness

Which blood type is considered a universal donor because it can be given to anyone?

O

Which step in determining a diagnosis involves collecting information from the patient?

Obtaining a medical history

Which of the following statements about how we perceive odor is true?

Olfaction is coupled with gustation (taste).

Which two types of neuroglial cells produce myelin?

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

What muscle action means to bring the thumb to the palm?

Opposition

Which of the following is a symptom of acromegaly?

Organ enlargement

Osteoblasts perform all of the following functions except which one?

Osteoblasts break down bone when necessary.

Which statement is false regarding mineral deposition in bone?

Osteoblasts produce the bone's hydroxyapatite crystals.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is commonly used to diagnose which of the following skeletal conditions?

Osteoporosis

Which condition is characterized by a malignant tumor of the bone?

Osteosarcoma

All of the following are layers of hair except which one?

Outer cortex

Vibrations of what structure create waves within the perilymph of the cochlear tube?

Oval window

Which wave on the ECG shows the depolarization of the atria?

P

Which equation is true?

PCO2 Tissues > PCO2 Capillary

Which of the following statements correctly list the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor?

PN2 is 78.6% of 760 or 597 mmHg, PO2 is 20.9% of 760 or 159 mmHg, PCO2 is 0.04% of 760 or 0.3 mmHg, and the remainder 3.7 mmHg is the partial pressure of water vapor.

The arrangement of what feature in the dermis creates unique fingerprints?

Papillae

Which term refers to hormones that work on neighboring cells without having to go through blood to get to target tissue?

Paracrine

Which endocrine gland secretes PTH?

Parathyroid

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for general senses like touch?

Parietal

Which diagnostic test evaluates the function of clotting factors within the blood?

Partial thromboplastin time

Which of the following is not a method of elimination of hormones from the body?

Passive transport

The right and left pelvic girdle along with the sacrum and coccyx form the what?

Pelvis

What part of the long bone is a source of osteoblasts?

Periosteum

Which of the following respiratory infections causes the loss of cilia in the respiratory epithelium which results in the accumulation of mucus and debris causing a whooping cough?

Pertussis

What lymphoid tissue is located at the distal end of the small intestine, just before the opening to the large intestine?

Peyer's patches

All of the following bones are found only in the ankle and foot except which one?

Phalanges

What is another name for throat?

Pharynx

Which of the following structures is considered part of the upper respiratory tract?

Pharynx

All of the following are functions of the cones in the retina except which one?

Photoreceptors for non-color vision

Which digestive parasite crawls out the anus to lay their eggs, which causes an itching sensation?

Pinworms

If you spin a tube of blood in a centrifuge, what is the top straw-colored layer composed of?

Plasma

If you spin a tube of blood in a centrifuge, which component of the blood is the most abundant?

Plasma

Lymph is similar to what other bodily fluid?

Plasma

The thoracic cavity can be subdivided into which two cavities?

Pleural and pericardial cavities

Which condition results from air being introduced in the pleural cavity between the pleural membranes?

Pneumothorax

What is the function of the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?

Points of attachment for muscles by tendons

What type of feedback loop does the process of mineral deposition use?

Positive-feedback mechanism

Which of the following anatomical terms of direction refer to the dorsal side of the body?

Posterior

Which statement is true about potassium during resting membrane potential?

Potassium can freely cross the neuron cell membrane.

What term describes the amount of tension in the myocardium of the ventricular wall?

Preload

Which treatment plan may involve a recommendation to eat healthy and exercise regularly?

Preventive

All of the following are functions of lactic acid in sweat except which one?

Produce a scent that influences behavior

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Progressive brain disease characterized by dementia

A patient lying on his/her ventral or anterior surface, face down would be in what position?

Prone

All of the following skin conditions are infections of the skin except which one?

Psoriasis

Which skin condition is characterized by an overgrowth of skin cells and improper keratinization?

Psoriasis

What structure takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to pick up oxygen?

Pulmonary trunk

Blood leaves the right ventricle through what structure?

Pulmonary valve

What structure returns blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary veins

Which diagnostic exam uses an infrared light to determine the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood?

Pulse oximetry

Which forms of an element can be used as a diagnostic tool?

Radioisotopes

Which bones are long bones of the forearm?

Radius and ulna

Which answer choice lists the correct order of a reflex arc?

Receptor, afferent neuron, integrating center, efferent neuron, effector

If you spin a tube of blood in a centrifuge, what is the bottom layer composed of?

Red blood cells

Which phase of a contraction is calcium actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Refractory phase

What are the two ways in which wounds heal?

Regeneration and fibrosis

Which of the following statements describes the function of basophils in the second line of defense?

Release histamine to promote inflammation.

Which part of the brainstem is important for arousal as it determines whether sensory messages will be consciously noticed?

Reticular formation

A person bringing part of the body backward is performing which muscle action?

Retraction

Which organelle is responsible for assembling amino acids into proteins?

Ribosomes

How does a sagittal plane separate the body?

Right from left

What is the name for the procedure used to quantify the extent of a burn?

Rule of nines

All of the following neuroglial cells are found in the CNS except which one?

Schwann cells

Which skin condition is a type of autoimmune disease that results in excess connective tissue in the skin and various organs?

Scleroderma

What is the most common abnormal curvature of the spine?

Scoliosis

Which cutaneous gland produces sebum?

Sebaceous

What type of burn is also referred to as a partial thickness burn?

Second-degree burn

What hormone tells the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidic chyme?

Secretin

What is a function of cranial nerve five?

Sensory for pain

Which statement compares sensory and motor neurons?

Sensory neurons carry afferent or incoming messages to the brain, while motor neurons carry efferent or outgoing messages away from the brain.

Which of the following statements is false regarding serous membranes?

Serous membranes are found in the thoracic and cranial body cavities.

What type of bone resembles a sesame seed and grows in tendons where there is a lot of friction?

Sesamoid bone

Which of the following lists the number of each type of vertebrae correctly?

Seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, one sacrum, and one coccyx

Which part of the hair extends out from the skin's surface?

Shaft

Which condition is characterized by pain in the lower front leg along the tibia that commonly occurs after the level of physical activity changes?

Shin Splints

Which statement about the effects of aging on the nervous system is false?

Short-term memory is not affected by aging.

A heartbeat is started by what structure?

Sinoatrial node

Which type of muscle tissues performs anaerobic respiration?

Skeletal

Which of the following statements correctly compares skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, while cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary.

What is the body's largest organ?

Skin

Which diagnostic test may show the presence of scabies mites that have burrowed into the skin and deposited their eggs?

Skin scraping

What theory of muscle contraction involves thick myofilaments grabbing thin myofilaments and pulling them toward the center of the sarcomere?

Sliding filament theory

What are the nutritional requirements for the nervous system's function?

Sodium and potassium

Which statement about special senses is false?

Special senses are simple receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, tendons, and organs.

Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids are examples of what category of hormone?

Steroids

Which of the following is NOT a shape of an epithelial cell?

Stratified describes the arrangement of epithelial cells, not the shape.

What type of epidermal cells composes the eponychium of the nail?

Stratum corneum cells

What is the function of collagen fibers in the skin?

Strength

What term describes the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per beat?

Stroke volume

All of the following are parts of the humerus except which one?

Styloid process

CSF circulates between the ventricles and what?

Subarachnoid space

Where do the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts deliver lymph?

Subclavian vein

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the body through what structure?

Superior and inferior vena cavae

If you can hold soup in the palm of your hand without spilling it, what muscle action are you performing?

Supination

In standard anatomical position, the palms are in what position?

Supine

Which anatomical term of position describes the anterior surface facing up?

Supine

What is the function of the endoneurium?

Surround the axon of an individual neuron

How does the process of sweating help the body regulate temperature?

Sweat produced on the skin will evaporate and cool the body if body temperature is too high.

Which of the following statements is true regarding signs and symptoms of disease?

Symptoms cannot be measured.

What is the term for muscles that have the same action?

Synergists

The gastrocnemius and soleus perform what action?

Synergists for plantar flexion

Which wave on the ECG shows the repolarization of the ventricles?

T

Which type of T cell is affected by HIV?

T Helper cells

Which cells are involved in both humoral and cellular immunity?

T helper cells

What releases interleukin-2 to activate humoral immunity?

THelper cell

Which hormone is not produced by the hypothalamus?

TSH

What structure produces an oil to help lubricate the eye?

Tarsal gland

Which cells are involved in cellular immunity?

Tcytotoxic cells

Which group of muscles below are synergists?

Temporalis and masseter

What is at the end of each axon?

Terminal arborization

Where does a sensory signal go after passing through the midbrain?

Thalamus

Which statement about the Spanish flu is false?

The Spanish flu occurred in 1819.

Which statement best describes the receptive field?

The ability of each neuron in the skin to detect a stimulus in a given area

Which of the following describes tidal volume?

The amount of air moved in a normal breath (inspired or expired) at rest

What is the definition of functional residual capacity?

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after the expiration of a normal breath at rest

Which of the following describes expiratory reserve volume?

The amount of air that can be forcefully expired beyond the amount expired in a normal breath at rest

Which of the following does not happen during atrial diastole?

The atria depolarize and contract together creating decreased volume and higher pressure in the atria than the ventricles.

What is considered standard anatomical position?

The body is upright, the legs are close together, the feet are flat on the floor, the arms are close to the sides, and the face and palms of the hands are facing forward.

What is homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain a steady internal environment

What is inflammation?

The body's normal immune response to injury and disease

What is ankylosis?

The destruction of cartilage between joints eventually leading to fusion of the articulating bones

Which of the following statements describes the epidermis?

The epidermis is the skin's most superficial layer.

Which of the following describes the periosteum?

The fibrous covering of the diaphysis

Which statement describes palliative treatment?

The goal of treatment is to make a patient more comfortable.

In the lever where the biceps brachii flexes the elbow, what is the effort?

The insertion of the muscle on the radius

What is the hypodermis?

The layer of adipose tissue beneath the dermis

What is a prime mover?

The main muscle of the synergist to perform the action

What are the three bony lateral ridges in the nasal cavity called?

The nasal chonchae

Which statement is true regarding the speed of communication by the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?

The nervous system responds to stimulus quicker than the endocrine system.

Which of the following correctly describes the atomic number?

The number of protons

What sends information to the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata concerning pH, CO2, and O2?

The peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries and central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata

Which of the following is true regarding the elimination of clots?

The process of dissolving clots is called fibrinolysis.

What will happen if the ribosome reads a faulty mRNA which calls for a tRNA that brings an amino acid that is still correct, due to the redundancy of the genetic code?

The protein that is produced will be correct.

Which of the following regarding transfusion compatibility is false?

The recipient's cells must survive the donor's antibodies.

Which statement lists all of the components of the respiratory membrane?

The respiratory membrane is composed of the thin layer of water with surfactant in the alveoli, the single squamous cell alveolar wall, and the single cell capillary wall.

Where are the adenoids located?

The roof of the nasopharynx

What structure protects the pituitary gland?

The sella turcica

What factor affects hair texture?

The shaft's cross-sectional shape

If a solution has a pH of 12, which of the following statement is incorrect?

The solution will release hydrogen atoms when added to water.

Melanocytes reside in what layer of the epidermis?

The stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis has cells that are actively growing and dividing to produce new epidermis?

The stratum basale

Which of the following is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

The stratum corneum

Which of the following is not a layer of the epidermis?

The stratum keratum

The stratum basale lies deep to which layer of the epidermis?

The stratum spinosum

What is epidemiology?

The study of how disease affects the overall health and well-being of a population

What is metabolism?

The sum total of all chemical reactions in the human body

What is the endocardium?

The tissue that lines the heart's four chambers

Which statement about spinal nerves is incorrect?

The ventral roots contain ganglion and the dorsal roots do not.

Which of the following happens during ventricular diastole?

The ventricles then repolarize and relax.

Wounds that heal by fibrosis result in what?

The wound is healed with scar tissue and normal function is not restored.

Wounds that heal by regeneration result in what?

The wound is healed with the same tissue that was damaged and normal function is restored.

How many cervical vertebrae are in the spinal column?

There are 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar.

What happens to the four globin chains when hemoglobin is broken down by the liver and spleen?

They are broken down to free amino acids which are then recycled to the bone marrow.

What purpose do mediators of inflammation serve?

They cause blood vessels to dilate

What is true about protein hormones?

They must bind to receptors on the cell membrane.

What is true about steroid hormones?

They must bind to receptors within the cell either in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

The femoral region refers to which part of the body?

Thigh

All of the following have the stratum lucidum layer of the epidermis except which one?

Thin skin

What is the difference in thick skin and thin skin?

Thin skin does not have the stratum lucidum layer while thick skin does.

What type of burn involves the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis?

Third-degree burn

What procedure removes fluid from the chest through a needle or tube?

Thoracentesis

Which disorder is characterized as inflammation of the vein caused by thrombosis?

Thrombophlebitis

Organ enlargement

Thyroid

Which gland secrets calcitonin?

Thyroid gland

Styloid process

Tibia

Which muscle dorsiflexes and inverts the foot?

Tibialis anterior

Which statement describes hyperplasia?

Tissue growth is achieved by an increase in the number of cells.

Which of the following statements correctly describes nervous tissue?

Tissue that allows for communication through chemical and electrical signals

What is the function of tactile corpuscles found in the skin?

To allow skin to feel fine touch

What is the function of dendritic cells in the skin?

To protect the skin from pathogens

Why does the human body use cellular respiration?

To release energy within the bonds of the glucose molecule

What is the function of glucagon?

To stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose

Where does a protein usually go immediately after being formed?

To the Golgi complex

Protein synthesis involves which two stages?

Transcription and translation

Which of the following stages of protein synthesis reads the mRNA strand and assembles a protein based on the sequence of codons present on the mRNA strand?

Translation

Which statement incorrectly describes active transport?

Transport of materials from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

All of the following muscles flex the elbow except which one?

Triceps brachii

All of the following are types of neurons except which one?

Tripolar

Which type of neuron has one process that serves as the dendrite and axon?

Unipolar

Which of the following types of neurons have sensory functions?

Unipolar and bipolar

What is the correct order of the pathway involving multiple neurons for touching ice and saying cold?

Unipolar neuron, spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, thalamus, parietal lobe, frontal lobe

Which of the following is involved in static equilibrium?

Utricle and saccule

What is the correct sequence of events in the inflammatory process?

Vasodilation - margination - diapedesis - chemotaxis - phagocytosis

What type of infection causes warts?

Virus

Which part of the pleural membrane is in direct contact with the lungs?

Visceral

Action potentials are graded and local potentials are not.

Vision

Why is vitamin D production by the skin important to the body?

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption.

All of the following statements describe functions of water except which one?

Water chemically bonds molecules to form electrolytes.

When can a differential diagnosis be used?

When signs, symptoms, and results of the diagnostic examination do not yield enough information to diagnose the patient with a specific disease

What blood test measures the number of leukocytes in the blood?

White blood cell count

Which of the following statements correctly describes white matter and gray matter?

White matter in the brain and spinal cord is a concentration of myelinated axons, and gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is a concentration of dendrites.

What part of the spleen serves as a reservoir for lymphocytes and macrophages?

White pulp

All of the following are effects of aging on the respiratory system except which one?

With age, less mucus accumulates in the respiratory tract because the ciliated escalator becomes more efficient.

Which statement regarding X-rays is false?

X-rays and DEXA scans both measure bone density.

What part of the sternum can be broken during CPR?

Xyphoid process

All of the following terms mean adrenal gland except which one?

aden/o

All of the following terms mean clot except which one?

agglutin/o

Which of the following combining forms means joint?

arthr/o

Anatomy is defined as the study of _____.

body structure

Which of the following combining forms means bronchus?

bronchi/o

Which of the following combining forms refers to a part of the ear?

cochle/o

All of the following combining forms refer to a bone in the hip except which one?

condyl/o

Which of the following combining forms means thirst?

dips/o

Pathology is defined as the study of

disease

Which of the following combining forms means tough?

dur/o

Which of the following combining forms mean hard?

kerat/o

All of the following terms mean blood except which one?

leuk/o

Which of the following combining forms means lower back?

lumb/o

Which of the following combining forms mean black?

melan/o

Which of the following combining forms refer to the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord?

mening/o

If a plane is exactly down the midline of the body, this is called

midsagittal

Which of the following combining forms means spinal cord?

myel/o

Which of the following combining forms means muscle?

myo/o

Which of the following combining forms mean nail?

onych/o

Which of the following combining forms means straight?

orth/o

What is the function of neuroglia?

protection and support

Which of the following combining forms means lung?

pulmon/o

All of the following combining forms mean skin except which one?

seb/o

The cell membrane contains all of the following except __________.

secretory vesicle

Which combining form does not mean nose?

sinus/o

Which of the following combining forms means strength?

sthen/o

Infarction is defined as __________.

sudden tissue death resulting from the loss of blood supply

Anatomy and physiology are defined as the study of _____.

the body's structure and how those structures function

What is incidence of disease?

the number of new occurrences of the disease

What is cornification?

the process of epidermal cells filling with keratin and moving to the surface of the epidermis to form a durable waterproof layer

Which of the following combining forms means thymus gland?

thym/o

The dorsal cavity can be subdivided into which two cavities?

vertebral cavities